Zinc is one of the important trace elements necessary for human body. As a component of various enzymes, it is widely involved in various metabolic activities. Zinc deficiency can cause anorexia, short stature, sexual maturity disorder, low immune function, rash and hair loss. Zinc deficiency in children is mainly manifested in poor appetite, slow growth and development, apathy, abnormal taste, pica and anorexia, night blindness, skin infection, delayed wound healing, fetal malformation and decreased immune function. Zinc deficiency in adolescence can cause sexual maturity disorder.
Second, the physiological function:
Iodine: promote the basic metabolism of the body and promote lipid metabolism.
Zinc: promote normal growth and development, tissue repair and regeneration, protect skin health, promote immune function, promote appetite, normal substance metabolism and various endocrine gland functions.
Third, the food source:
Iodine: sea salt and seafood.
Zinc: oysters, herring, meat, liver, eggs, whole wheat, brown rice, soybeans, peanuts, walnuts, almonds, Chinese cabbage and white radish.
clinical picture
Iodine deficiency occurs in the critical period of embryonic brain development (from 6 months of pregnancy to one year after birth), which is prone to cretinism; Goiter often occurs in childhood.
Zinc deficiency can produce the following symptoms:
1. When anorexia and zinc deficiency occur, taste bud function, taste acuity, appetite and food intake decrease. The activity of digestive enzymes containing war, such as carboxypeptidase A, decreased, and the digestive ability also weakened.
2. Poor growth and development, zinc deficiency hinders the synthesis of nucleic acid and protein, resulting in reduced food intake and affecting children's growth and development. Children with zinc deficiency are often lower in height and weight than normal children of the same age, and in severe cases, they have dwarfism. It has been reported at home and abroad that the body length and weight of children with zinc deficiency recover quickly after zinc supplementation. Zinc deficiency will affect children's intellectual development, and zinc supplementation is effective in severe cases.
3. Adolescent sexual retardation, such as too small testis and penis of male genitalia, low testosterone content and low sexual function; Female breast development and menstrual cramps are late; Both male and female pubic hair appear late. After several weeks to several months of zinc supplementation, secondary sexual characteristics appear, and the above symptoms are alleviated or disappeared.
4. Children with zinc deficiency in pica may like to eat dirt, wall skin, paper, cinder or other foreign bodies, and zinc supplementation is effective.
5. Children vulnerable to zinc deficiency may have various infections, including diarrhea, and their cellular and humoral immune functions may be reduced.
6. Slow wound healing: zinc deficiency can lead to delayed or poor healing of wound tissue, ulcer surface and surgical knife edge.
7. When serious zinc deficiency occurs in the skin and mucous membrane, various rashes, bullous dermatitis, recurrent oral ulcers, long-term unhealed lower limb ulcers and different degrees of hair loss may occur.
8. Effects on skin and hair: Zinc-deficient skin is prone to inflammation, hair is yellow and fragile, and it is easy to break off.
9. Fetal growth retardation, multiple malformations, pregnant women and pregnant animals with severe zinc deficiency can all cause fetal growth retardation and various malformations, including neural tube malformations. The parturient suffers from uterine inertia, prolonged labor and excessive bleeding.
10. susceptibility to night blindness: zinc deficiency can limit the activity of vitamin a reductase in liver and retina, reduce retinal binding protein and cause night blindness.
1 1. Others, such as mental disorder or drowsiness, and night blindness caused by decreased serum vitamin A, prolonged dark adaptation time and vitamin A metabolic disorder.
prevent
First, how to prevent iodine deficiency from diet?
(1) It is recommended to eat iodized salt for foods with more iodine, and foods rich in iodine should be added to the diet, such as kelp, kelp, laver, marine fish and Chinese cabbage. Because iodine is lively and easy to volatilize, it is necessary to pay attention to seal the bottle containing iodized salt (preferably brown bottle) and put salt after cooking.
(2) Eating more vegetables, fruits, minerals and vitamins plays a positive role in regulating physiological functions and substance metabolism, and must be fully supplemented. Vegetables and fruits contain a lot of vitamins and minerals.
(3) Use food with caution. In some plant foods, there are anti-thyroid hormone substances: such as cabbage, cabbage, cauliflower, radish and other vegetables, try to eat less. Heating can destroy it, so this kind of food must be heated and cooked before eating.
Second, how to prevent zinc deficiency from diet?
The daily supply of zinc is: 3 mg for 0-6 months; February 7-65438+5 mg; 1- 10 years old10 mg; ; > 10 years old15 mg; ; Pregnant and lactating women 20 mg. Advocate breastfeeding. At ordinary times, we should advocate a balanced diet and give up the habit of picky eaters, partial eclipse and snacks. In the case of possible zinc deficiency, such as premature infants, artificially fed children, malnourished children, persistent diarrhea, extensive burns, etc., zinc should be supplemented appropriately.
The zinc content in human milk is high, reaching 306μmol/L(2000μg/dl), and the absorption and utilization rate of zinc in human milk is also high, so breast-feeding infants is beneficial to prevent zinc deficiency. But complementary food should be added on time with the growth of age. If there are many kinds of foods fortified with zinc on the market, we should pay attention to their zinc content. If we eat a variety of foods rich in zinc for a long time, too much zinc will lead to poisoning. Excessive intake of zinc can cause acute zinc poisoning, accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea, and inhalation of zinc mist can cause low fever and flu-like symptoms; Chronic zinc poisoning can lead to anemia and iron deficiency, and animal experiments can damage liver, kidney function and immunity.
treat cordially
(a) according to the etiology, treatment of primary disease.
(2) Diet therapy Colostrum is rich in zinc, and it is encouraged to eat more animal foods rich in zinc. For example, egg yolk, fish, lean meat, poultry eggs, oysters, animal offal, beans, nuts, etc. are all rich in zinc, so you should arrange your diet reasonably every day.
(3) Zinc gluconate is usually used as a zinc supplement. The daily dose is 0.5- 1.0 mg/kg zinc, which is equivalent to 3.5-7 mg/kg zinc gluconate. The course of treatment is generally 2-3 months. Other preparations such as zinc sulfate, zinc glycyrrhizinate and zinc acetate are rarely used. Long-term intravenous infusion of high energy, daily zinc consumption: premature infants 0.3 mg/kg; 5-year-old full-term baby 0.1mg/kg; > 5 years old, 2.5 ~ 4 mg/day.