The development, reliability and validity of the psychological adaptation scale for college students in the new campus are as follows:
Through interviews with 46 college students and literature analysis, 40 questions were compiled and tested in 170 college students. After project analysis and exploratory factor analysis, the 1 1 question with * * 3 factors was finally retained. The retest sample is 625 college students, and confirmatory factor analysis supports the three factors extracted. The model fits well, and the reliability and validity of the scale meet the requirements of psychometrics.
Keywords: new campus; College students; Psychological adaptability; Factor analysis
1 Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) clearly points out that health refers to a state of good physical, mental and adaptive ability, not just that you are not sick or strong. It can be seen that adaptability is of great significance to individual health. As psychologist P Janet said, people are in the process of constant adaptation all their lives. Through the interaction with the surrounding environment, individuals constantly adjust themselves to achieve harmony and health.
College students are at the critical stage of their lives, and they need to face and deal with various problems in the process from students to social people. Psychological adaptability largely determines whether we can successfully pass this stage of development. In order to better cope with problems and adapt to society, we must first accurately understand and scientifically evaluate our own situation. At present, university towns have been or are being built in most parts of the country. The new campus will become the main area for global universities to train students in the future. However, it is found that the psychological adaptability of college students in the university town is more special and severe because of the environmental conditions, study and life conditions and the way of communication between teachers and students in the new campus. Therefore, the development of scientific, effective and targeted evaluation tools is of great practical significance for understanding and coping with the psychological adaptability of college students and ensuring the smooth construction and development of university towns.
At home, some achievements have been made in the research of psychological adaptation tools, such as China College Students' Adaptation Scale (CCSAS)[ 1], College Students' Learning Adaptation Scale [2], College Students' Interpersonal Adaptation Scale [3], College Students' Learning Adaptation Scale [4] and College Students' General Situation Questionnaire [5]. Although there are many tools in this field, most of them are survey scales for freshmen or ordinary students. There are few psychological adaptation tools for college students specially designed for the new campus. In order to meet the needs of theoretical research in this field, we can better find and deal with the psychological adaptation of college students in the new campus in reality. Therefore, on the basis of the existing research results, the psychological adaptability scale of college students in new campus is compiled.
2 preparation process
The preparation of the psychological adaptability scale for college students in the new campus is completed in three stages. First of all, interview the content of college students' psychological adaptability; Then, on the basis of interviews and literature research, a preliminary questionnaire is compiled and tested through theoretical conception; Finally, based on the analysis of the initial test data, the revised scale was retested to verify its effectiveness.
2. 1 interview
2. 1. 1 interviewee
Facing the unfamiliar college life, college students show more adaptability problems. As a new campus of colleges and universities, the University Town has moved into it, except for most freshmen. As a special group in a special period and environment, both freshmen and newly moved seniors will face adaptation problems. The interview in the study selected 46 students from Guizhou Normal University and Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the new campus of Guizhou University Town. There are 22 freshmen and 24 juniors; Boys 15, girls 3 1.
2. 1.2 interview process
In this study, semi-structured interviews and behavioral event interviews were used. On the premise of informed consent, participants were interviewed one-on-one by pre-trained examiners. The interview includes four questions, including (1). How do you feel about getting used to it? (2) What events or situations did you see that your classmates could not adapt to? (3) What events or situations do you find difficult to adapt to? Please write at least 10 events according to the adaptation difficulty. (4) Tell me about an event that you find most difficult to adapt to. What was the actual situation at that time? What was your actual psychological feeling at that time? What's your reaction? What is the impact result? The interview lasts about 30 minutes.
2. 1.3 interview data collation and preliminary questionnaire preparation
The following steps are used to sort out the original recordings of interviewees: (1) After the interview, the recorded information will be converted into written materials as soon as possible to ensure the timeliness and accuracy of the materials; (2) In the process of sorting out the information recorded for the first time, constantly reflect on various problems existing in the interview process and correct inappropriate questioning methods in time; (3) On the premise of ensuring that the written materials are completely consistent with what the interviewees said, the content mining software ROST is used to carry out word frequency and cluster analysis on the materials. Finally, five factors about psychological adaptability are obtained: (1) learning adaptability, such as? In the preparation stage of CET-4, are you afraid that you can't get through, can't remember words, can't sleep at night, and are you tired in class? Wait; (2) Adaptation to life, such as? The food in the canteen tastes terrible. There's no other choice but the canteen? Wait; (3) Interpersonal adaptation, such as? The relationship between roommates is difficult to deal with. The old dormitory is broken up. Shall we regroup? Wait; (4) environmental adaptation, such as? I'm not used to the weather here, the humidity is very high. For physical reasons, I have been adapting to the weather here. Only when you get used to it can you live well here? Wait; (5) Role adaptation, such as? When I am unhappy, I feel that I can't find someone close to me to talk to. You think everything is one person without a partner? Wait a minute.
On the basis of the above analysis, combined with the existing research results, the new campus college students' psychological adaptability scale is compiled around five core dimensions. Finally, a preliminary measurement table containing 40 items of 5 factors was formed. The lower the score, the better the psychological adaptability of the subjects, and there are reverse questions. Likert5 is used in the scale, and the degree of conformity between the item description and the actual situation of the subjects is as follows? Completely consistent, relatively consistent, average, not quite consistent, completely inconsistent? Decreasing step by step, the score is? 5、4、3、2、 1? .
2.2 Initial measurement of scale
2.2. 1 subject
Using the method of cluster sampling, we distributed 180 questionnaires with 40 topics in Huaxi Campus of Guizhou Normal University, and effectively recovered 170 questionnaires, with an effective recovery rate of 94.4%. Among them, there are 48 boys, 22 girls/kloc-0, 73 ethnic minorities and 97 Han people.
Participants completed the questionnaire on a voluntary basis, and the average time to complete a questionnaire was 10 minute. Data analysis was completed by SPSS 20.0 statistical software.
2.2.2 Project Analysis
T-test and overall correlation analysis were used in the project analysis. (1) independent sample t-test: the subjects were divided into three groups according to the high-end 27% and the low-end 27% of the total score, that is, the high group, the middle group and the low group, and the independent sample t-test was carried out on the high group and the low group, with the exception of 18, 33 and 38 questions, P = 0. (2) The total relevance of the questions, except the question 18, r=0.036, p=0.64 1, is significantly related to the total score. Based on the above two kinds of analysis, questions 18, 33 and 38 were deleted, and the remaining 37 questions were used for exploratory factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis
In order to test whether the survey data is suitable for factor analysis, Bartlett spherical test was carried out on the data, and the test value was 1940.909, P < 0.005, which reached a significant level, indicating the possibility of * * * enjoyment factors among projects. At the same time, the sample suitability measure KMO is 0.785, which indicates that the data sample is suitable for factor analysis.
Principal component analysis was used to conduct exploratory factor analysis for 37 items in the questionnaire. * * * 26 items with vague distribution in each dimension were deleted, leaving 1 1 questions. Bartlett spherical test and KMO test are carried out again for the remaining items, which meet the statistical requirements of factor analysis. Finally, the number of factors is determined by exploratory factor analysis. According to the theory of factor analysis and referring to the practical experience of existing researchers in compiling questionnaires, the following criteria are mainly adopted to determine the number of factors: (1) The characteristic value of factors is greater than1; (2) Conform to the gravel inspection chart; (3) The extracted factors can explain the change of at least 3% before rotation; (4) Each factor includes at least three items. [6] There are three factors whose eigenvalues are greater than 1 after variance maximization rotation, and the variance explanation rate is 53.82 1%. Do you see it? Factor analysis gravel map? .
Factor analysis gravel map
It can be seen from the gravel map that the characteristic roots of three factors * * * are greater than 1, and the last three factors are rotated orthogonally, and the results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 shows that the main loads of t2, t5, t6, t7, t 1 1 are on the coefficient 1, which is named "? Interpersonal adaptation? ; T 1, t3 and t 10 are loaded by a factor of 2 and named as? Environmental adaptation? ; The load factor of T4, t8 and t9 is 3, named? Learn to adapt? .
reliability testing
Adopt internal consistency? The reliability of the coefficient test scale and the factors of the scale? The coefficient is between 0.7 and 0.8. Summary table? The coefficient is 0.847, and the results are shown in Table 2.
2.3 Scale retest and validity test
2.3. 1 subject
Taking undergraduates in Huaxi University Town, Guizhou Province (Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang Medical College and Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine) as the investigation object, controlling the distribution of gender, grade and specialty, 657 questionnaires were distributed by stratified sampling, 652 questionnaires were recovered, and 625 questionnaires were valid, with an effective rate of 95.6438+03%. 3 12 for boys and 313 for girls; Freshman 207, sophomore 205, junior 213; Science and engineering 3 10, literature and history 3 15; There are 256 ethnic minorities and 369 Han people.
Participants completed the questionnaire on a voluntary basis, and the average time to complete a questionnaire was 5 minutes. SPSS20.0 and AMOS20.0 statistical software were used for data analysis.
Data analysis and results
SPSS20.0 was used to investigate the correlation between various factors and the total score. The results are shown in Table 3.
As can be seen from Table 3, the correlation between each factor meets the statistical requirement of 0. 1 ~ 0.6, and the correlation between each factor and the total score is between 0.6 and 0.8, reaching the statistical requirement of 0.3 ~ 0.8. After the statistical test of AMOS20.0, the model test results are shown in table 4.
As can be seen from Table 4, x2/df < 5. It can be considered that the fitting of the model is acceptable. At the same time, the values of fitting indexes NFI, IFI and CFI are between 0.85 and 0.90, and RMSEA = 0.06 1 < 0.08, which shows that the model fits well, and the comprehensive indicators show that the scale has good structural validity [7][8].
3 discussion
On the basis of existing research, through investigation and statistics, the Psychological Adaptation Scale for Freshmen was compiled. The final scale adopts Likert 5-point evaluation method, including three factors: interpersonal adaptation, environmental adaptation and learning adaptation, with 1 1 specific items. In the process of compiling the scale, firstly, the relevant contents of college students' psychological adaptability are collected from the existing literature, and the relevant items are determined by combining the interview results. The whole process is carried out in strict accordance with the scientific standards and procedures for compiling the scale, which ensures the reliability and validity of the scale. The source of all the questions in the scale was analyzed through interviews, and the scale was compiled with reference to the existing similar scale materials, so that the scale was more applicable. The structure of the scale is determined by exploratory factor analysis and tested by confirmatory factor analysis. The results show that all the indexes of the model meet the reasonable standards, and the data are well fitted and have good structural validity. Internal consistency of scale? The coefficient is 0.85, which shows that the scale has good reliability. Generally speaking, the new campus college students' psychological adaptability scale has good reliability and validity, and all indicators meet the ideal psychometric requirements, so it can be used as an evaluation tool for college students' psychological adaptability in the new campus.