Winter and spring are the high incidence seasons of respiratory infectious diseases, and sudden weather changes are also prone to disease.
Different respiratory infectious diseases have different clinical manifestations. Generally, the onset is urgent and there are fever symptoms.
The most common disease in winter is influenza. So is a cold and flu the same thing? Actually, cold and flu are two different diseases. What we usually call a cold refers to the common cold: it is an upper respiratory infection caused by many viruses, mycoplasma or bacteria. Generally, there is an obvious history of catching cold, and the symptoms are mild, mainly sore throat, cough, stuffy nose and runny nose, no fever or only low fever. Influenza: It is caused by influenza virus, and generally manifests as acute onset. The symptoms of systemic poisoning are obvious, such as fever, fatigue, headache, body aches, etc., and the respiratory symptoms are mild, such as cough and runny nose.
I. Influenza
Influenza is a common acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus. Influenza viruses can be divided into human influenza virus, swine influenza virus, equine influenza virus and avian influenza virus, among which human influenza virus can be divided into three categories according to the antigenicity of its nuclear protein: influenza A virus, also known as influenza A virus; Influenza B virus, also known as influenza B virus; Influenza C virus, also known as influenza C virus.
When an influenza epidemic occurs, it will spread rapidly and often lead to outbreaks, epidemics and even worldwide pandemics. There have been many global influenza pandemics. At the end of World War I, 500 million people fell ill and 20 million people died, with a mortality rate of 4%, that is, 4 people died in 100. 1946 ~ 1947, 1957 ~ 1958, 1968 ~ 1969 once again swept the world. The swine flu virus infection in 2009 caused a global epidemic. From the discovery of the first case on May 2 to July 3, more than 7,700 cases were diagnosed and 332 cases died in just two months. It can be seen that in modern times, advanced medicine, timely prevention, or hard to prevent.
Influenza is mainly transmitted through the air and enters the human body through the respiratory tract. If you talk, cough or sneeze, you will vomit a lot, which may spread the flu. Influenza patients are the main source of infection, which is the birthplace of the virus.
Respiratory infection caused by influenza virus can be said to be very difficult to treat, and generally depends on the body's own immune system to resist. Usually, the so-called treatment of influenza is basically based on symptoms. For patients with high fever and severe systemic pain, analgesic and antipyretic drugs (aspirin) can be used. Traditional Chinese medicines, such as Ganmao Granules and Banlangen Granules, can be used/0/~ 2 days before onset, which can relieve symptoms, but have no antiviral effect. Those with severe symptoms of high fever and poisoning should be given infusion and physical cooling, and the complications of the disease should be closely observed. If there is secondary bacterial infection, appropriate antibacterial drugs should be used for pathogenic bacteria as soon as possible. There are two drugs that can prevent influenza virus from invading human cells, which are more effective, namely amantadine and rimantadine. These two drugs are most effective in the early stage of the disease. At present, the newly developed drug Tamiflu is very effective against influenza virus.
This year's epidemic swine flu virus is influenza A virus, which carries HlNl subtype swine flu virus strains, including DNA gene fragments of avian influenza, swine flu and human influenza virus, and has the characteristics of Asian swine flu and African swine flu virus. In other words, swine flu is characterized by the "three in one" of bird, pig and human influenza.
Swine flu virus usually does not infect humans. Occasionally, it usually happens to people who have direct contact with infected pigs, such as farm workers.
The new swine flu virus spreads among people through sneezing, coughing and physical contact. But people don't get swine flu from eating pork or pork products. When pork is heated to 7 1℃, it can kill swine flu virus. The flu season is in winter and spring, and now summer is coming. Sunlight can kill the flu virus. Therefore, when the flu is prevalent, we don't have to panic, but we can do four things to prevent it:
First, wash your hands often, including your nose and mouth. If you are sick, stay at home and limit contact with others.
Second, the room should be ventilated frequently, clothes should be aired more, cooked food should be eaten more, and people should gather less.
Third, avoid physical contact, including shaking hands, kissing and eating.
Fourth, people with flu symptoms or signs should seek medical attention in time.
Why can't we humans use influenza vaccine to prevent influenza before the influenza epidemic? This is because the influenza virus has strong variability, and the virus that is popular every time is not necessarily the previous virus, but a new virus. Influenza A virus can easily evolve and exchange genes, and the genetic material of the virus includes eight independent RNA fragments. In order to replicate themselves, viruses enter living cells and occupy the cellular system there, making them make new copies of viral protein and other viral RNA. These fragments are then assembled into a new virus that leaves the host cell and continues to infect other cells. Therefore, we can only develop new influenza vaccines after the emergence of new influenza viruses.
Second, tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease, which is caused by the infection of human lungs by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Commonly known as "consumption", it is a chronic and slow-onset infectious disease, which occurs in young people. It can occur all year round.1Teenagers aged 5 to 35 are the peak age of tuberculosis. The incubation period is 4 ~ 8 weeks. 80% of them occur in the lungs, and other parts (cervical lymph, meninges, peritoneum, intestines, skin and bones) can also be infected. It is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract, and the source of infection is tuberculosis patients who are exposed to bacteria. After the founding of New China, people's living standards have been continuously improved, and tuberculosis has been basically controlled. However, in recent years, with the spread of environmental pollution and AIDS, tuberculosis has come back and the incidence rate is getting lower and lower. The main manifestations are fever, night sweats, general malaise, cough, expectoration, hemoptysis, chest pain and dyspnea.
/kloc-in the 0/9th century, tuberculosis claimed countless lives and was called an incurable disease. The advent of antibiotics, BCG and chemotherapy drugs is a landmark victory in the history of human struggle against tuberculosis.
The treatment of tuberculosis is mainly chemical drugs, and the commonly used drugs are isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, pyrazinyl, ethambutol and thiosemicarbazone. The application of chemotherapy should follow the following five principles:
1. Early. Once diagnosed, take medicine immediately;
2. combination. Two or more anti-tuberculosis drugs are used in combination to ensure curative effect, prevent drug resistance and reduce toxic and side effects;
3. Appropriate amount.
4. regularity. Avoid omissions and interruptions;
5. The whole journey. Generally speaking, it takes more than one year to stop taking medicine. At present, short-term intensive treatment is mainly used in China. Under the supervision of doctors, the course of treatment is generally 6 ~ 8 months.
Third, prevent respiratory infectious diseases.
1. Wash your hands frequently, sneeze and cough, and wash your hands with soap and tap water after clearing your nose; Don't touch your face, eyes and mouth before washing your hands, and get rid of the habit of picking your nose and rubbing your eyes: avoid germs from your hands invading your body; You can't wash your hands immediately outside. You can sterilize your hands with sterile wet tissues.
2. Always ventilate, and room ventilation is very important. If in the epidemic season, avoid going to public places with poor air circulation and dense population.
3. Drink plenty of water and keep the nasal mucosa moist, which can effectively resist the invasion of viruses and enhance the metabolic function of the body. Work and rest regularly, combine work and rest, keep enough sleep and work and rest regularly, and avoid excessive fatigue.
4. a balanced diet, eating more fruits and vegetables containing vitamin c and high-calorie and high-protein foods can enhance the resistance to viral and bacterial infections.
5. Persisting in exercise, exercising and strengthening physical fitness can effectively improve the vitality of the autoimmune system. Pay attention to keep warm, the weather changes greatly, and clothes should increase or decrease with the temperature change.
6. Vaccinate to prevent corresponding infectious diseases. Avoid contact. If you have symptoms similar to a cold and fever, especially persistent fever, headache, joint pain and cough, you should receive treatment immediately.
Health guide
How to deal with patients with respiratory infectious diseases?
First of all, patients who are recuperating at home should be confined to a certain range of activities during isolation and should not go to public places. Keep the indoor air fresh and often open the window for ventilation. Ventilation can reduce the number of pathogens and pathogenic microorganisms.
Secondly, family members should wear masks when contacting patients, and the continuous use time of masks should not exceed 4 hours. Don't forget to change clothes and take a bath after touching the patient. Patients' daily necessities should be dedicated and kept clean and disinfected after the isolation period. Pottery and glass tableware are boiled and disinfected, and the water surface is soaked in sterilized items. When the water boils, start timing, usually 15 ~ 30 minutes.
Thirdly, mix sputum and bleaching powder for disinfection, with the ratio of 5: 1 and the disinfection time is 2 hours. Sputum cup, spittoon, etc. After each use, soak in a strong sterilization solution for 30 minutes, and then rinse with clear water.
Finally, after the patient was released from isolation, the indoor air, floor and furniture were disinfected. Close the doors and windows when spraying disinfectant, and open the window for ventilation after 1 hour; Wipe the floor and furniture with clean water after disinfection.