Emotional intelligence is the sum of a series of emotions, personality and interpersonal skills that affect people's response to environmental needs and pressures. He believes that EQ is an important factor to determine whether a person can succeed in life, which directly affects the whole mental health of people [15]. Bar-on put forward that emotional intelligence consists of five main components: individual internal components, interpersonal components, adaptability components, stress management components and general emotional components, in which individual internal components include five related abilities: emotional self-awareness, self-confidence, self-esteem, self-realization and independence; Interpersonal components include three related abilities: emotion, social responsibility and interpersonal relationship; The adaptability part includes three related abilities: reality testing, problem solving and flexibility. The stress management component includes two related capabilities: stress tolerance and impulse control; General emotional components include happiness and optimism. In this way, the EQ system consists of five principal components and 15 related abilities [16]. According to Bar-on, these 15 abilities are the most stable and effective components in emotional intelligence, which play a decisive role in the overall emotional well-being and the ability to cope with life.
Third, research methods and measurement of emotional intelligence
(A) research methods of emotional intelligence
In the early stage of emotional intelligence research, there was a phenomenon that only empirical paradigm was emphasized and empirical research was lacking. With the gradual deepening of emotional intelligence research, its research methods show a diversified trend and have achieved considerable results. For example, Rosenthal designed a non-verbal sensitivity test (PONS) to measure the ability to identify other people's emotional characteristics; Walter Mischel designed a marshmallow experiment to analyze the influence of impulse control, delayed gratification and resistance to temptation on future success. According to this view, seligman and seligman designed an optimism test, and then applied it to talent selection. In the research of artificial intelligence, "emotional intelligence" has attracted much attention. Professor piccard, its founder, thinks that if computers are really intelligent, suitable for people's needs and can interact with people naturally, they must have the ability to identify and express emotions, that is, artificial intelligence should have something called "emotional intelligence" [17]. Although the artificial intelligence research of emotional intelligence has just started, it has shown exciting prospects. The diversity and frontier of emotional intelligence research methods are gratifying, but there are still some shortcomings, the most important of which is to focus on qualitative research rather than quantitative analysis.
(B) the measurement of emotional intelligence
1. H EIS scale
Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) is a self-administered questionnaire developed by Schutle and others based on the emotional intelligence model of Salovey and Mayer( 1990). It has 33 items, which can be used to evaluate people's ability to perceive, understand, express, control and manage their own and others' emotions. The high scores of the scale are usually more positive, more impulsive, more clearly express their feelings, better recover, less emotional disorders and depression, more compassionate and more self-monitoring.
2. Multi-factor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS)
The scale was compiled by Mayer and others in 1998, and they published the revised version of the scale in 1999 [12]. The scale is an ability test, not a self-report test. Based on behavior, the scale measures the subjects' awareness, discrimination, understanding and control of emotions. It includes four dimensions and twelve tasks, namely, emotional perception (four tasks), emotional assimilation (two tasks), emotional understanding (four tasks) and emotional self-control (two tasks). The scale has two scoring methods: overall scoring and expert scoring. The construct validity, aggregate validity and discrimination validity of the scale are very high, and there is no report on predictive validity. The difference between the revised version and the old version is that the old version takes the consensus of the majority as the indicator of the correct answer, while the revised version takes the expert score as the criterion. In order to improve the revised MEIS again, Mayer, Salovey and Caruso compiled MSCEIT V 1.0 and MSCEIT V2.0 MSCEIT is a basic competency scale with 14 1 self-developed items, which is suitable for people above 17. The scale aims to measure the quality and degree of people performing tasks and solving emotional problems, rather than relying on personal subjective evaluation of their emotional skills.
3. Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire
The scale was compiled by Goleman et al. according to the refined emotional intelligence model proposed by Goleman 1998, which can measure the four factors and 20 abilities mentioned in the model. The scale has high content validity, but so far there is no research on the predictive validity of the scale. ECI contains all the contents of Goleman's emotional intelligence model, and it is a relatively complete emotional intelligence evaluation tool. The use requirements of the scale are also strict, and users must undergo special training in order to correctly explain and guide the measurement results. ECI can comprehensively evaluate the emotional ability of individuals and groups.
4. Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (EQI)
EQI, also known as Ba-Lun EQ Scale, was compiled and published by Ba-Lun Yu 1997. This scale is one of the internationally famous psychological scales. Including five principal component scales (including 15 subscale) and two validity scales, with a total of *** 133 questions. Among them, the principal component scale includes: introspection scale, interpersonal relationship scale, adaptability scale, stress management scale and overall emotion scale. The validity scale is optimistic impression and pessimistic impression respectively. EQI has high internal consistency reliability, retest reliability, aggregation validity and discrimination validity [18]. After its publication, the scale has been widely recognized and applied, and has been applied in many fields such as psychological counseling and treatment, human resources, personality, learning ability and so on. , and is considered by * * * as the first standardized emotional intelligence scale [19][20][2 1].
5. Work Ability Scale -Ei Version
WPQei is used to measure an individual's ability and quality. It is based on the conceptual model of emotional intelligence, including seven components: innovation, self-awareness, intuition, emotion, motivation, empathy and social skills. * * * There are 84 items. Employees can combine the information in the scale with their actual work situation at work to improve their emotional management ability purposefully.
In addition to the above scale, Chinese scholars also translated and revised the Emotional Skills Questionnaire compiled by Dr. Darwin B. Nelson and Dr. Gary R. Lowe on 1998 into Chinese version and put it into trial operation [22].
Three. abstract
With the increasing attention to emotional intelligence, the research on emotional intelligence will be further deepened in theory and application. Bar-on declared: "The era of emotional intelligence has begun" [9]. Great progress has been made in the study of emotional intelligence, but after all, the formal study of emotional intelligence is not long, and there are still many problems to be solved. As mentioned at the beginning of the article, how do academic circles give a unified concept to EQ? Is the academic competency model theory more convincing, or the practical mixed model theory better, or the best combination of the two, or are there other theoretical models to be discovered? How to cultivate and improve EQ? To answer these questions, we need to further explore the definition, theory, structure, research methods, measurement methods and applications of emotional intelligence. At the same time, the possible trend of emotional intelligence research is prospected and predicted: the research methods and measurement methods of emotional intelligence will continue to develop on the basis of diversification, and the social practicability of emotional intelligence scale will become a research hotspot in academic circles. Scholars and experts will study and form China's own localized emotional intelligence theory and scale.