Cerebrovascular diseases refer to brain lesions caused by cerebrovascular diseases. Cerebrovascular disease is also called stroke, stroke or cerebrovascular accident. Cerebrovascular diseases are common and frequently-occurring diseases that endanger human health. Because of its high mortality and disability rate, it poses a great threat to human health.
2. What are the risk factors of cerebrovascular diseases?
(1), Age: This disease is more common in middle-aged and elderly people over 55 years old.
(2) Gender: The incidence of male is higher than that of female.
(3) Family history: People with a family history of cerebrovascular diseases have an increased risk of cerebrovascular diseases.
(4) Hypertension: Hypertension is the most important risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases. Blood pressure is directly proportional to the occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases. Whether systolic or diastolic blood pressure increases, it will increase the risk of cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral infarction.
(5) Abnormal cerebral vascular development: such as congenital intracranial aneurysm and cerebral vascular malformation.
(6) Heart disease: Heart disease can increase the risk of cerebrovascular disease. These diseases include rheumatic heart disease, coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation and infective endocarditis.
(7) Diabetes: Diabetes patients have an increased risk of cerebrovascular diseases.
(8) Hyperlipidemia: Hyperlipidemia can promote cerebral arteriosclerosis and cause cerebrovascular diseases.
(9) Hematological diseases and abnormal hemorheology: Hematological diseases and abnormal hemorheology can promote cerebrovascular diseases.
(10), Smoking: Smoking will increase the risk of cerebrovascular diseases.
(1 1), drinking: excessive drinking, alcoholism and chronic alcoholism are risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases.
3. What are the common inducing factors of cerebrovascular diseases?
In many clinical patients, the sudden onset of cerebrovascular diseases is very common due to excessive joy, anger, overwork in playing mahjong, excessive exertion and cold weather. Therefore, middle-aged and elderly people should maintain emotional stability, avoid overwork, actively participate in physical exercise, enhance the body's cold resistance, and prevent the occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases.
4. What are the types of cerebrovascular diseases? What are the common symptoms?
(1), transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as transient ischemic attack, the onset is sudden, manifested as transient dizziness, numbness of limbs, blackness in front of eyes, diplopia, aphasia, fall, transient memory loss, and the symptoms develop rapidly and disappear rapidly, generally lasting for several seconds to dozens of minutes, and fully recovering within 24 hours.
(2) Cerebral infarction: it mostly occurs during quiet rest, and often presents headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, hemiplegia, hemiparalysis, hemianopia and aphasia after waking up, and most patients are conscious.
(3) Cerebral hemorrhage: Most patients have sudden onset, and their blood pressure rises obviously at the onset, with symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, lethargy or coma, hemiplegia, hemiparalysis, hemianopia and aphasia.
(4), subarachnoid hemorrhage: most of the sudden onset, severe headache, neck pain, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms.
(5) Cerebral venous thrombosis: headache, aphasia, hemiplegia, hemianopia, different degrees of consciousness disorder, seizures and other symptoms.
5. What are the symptoms of cerebrovascular disease?
If patients have the following symptoms, they should be alert to the occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases:
(1), weakness, numbness or paralysis on one or both sides of the body, upper limbs, lower limbs or face.
(2) One eye or both eyes suddenly blurred vision, or decreased vision, or diplopia.
(3) Difficulties in verbal expression or understanding.
(4), dizziness, loss of balance, or any accidental fall, or unstable gait.
(5) Headache (usually severe and sudden).
6. What should I do if I suspect cerebrovascular disease?
Cerebrovascular disease is an emergency. All emergency measures, admission, CT examination and neuroprotective treatment must be completed within 6 hours, preferably within 3 hours, so that patients can get timely treatment.
(1), once you suspect cerebrovascular disease, immediately call the emergency number 120 (the patient's family or bystander) and transport it to the nearest hospital in the fastest and safest way. The personnel on the ambulance should immediately notify the emergency room of the hospital. When the patient arrives at the emergency room of the hospital, the emergency department will do a head CT examination to make a clear diagnosis and get treatment as soon as possible.
(2) It is forbidden to turn the patient's head back and forth, loosen the patient's underwear and remove the pillow (the patient's family and the people present).
(3), family members and bystanders should accompany the patient to the hospital, timely provide the patient's condition.
7. What are the first-aid methods for cerebrovascular diseases?
(1), general emergency: venous access is established routinely, and the first bottle is given normal saline, avoiding sugary solution; Correct hyperglycemia and high fever; Temporarily fasting water and giving nasal feeding to patients with dysphagia or coma; Insert the catheter if necessary.
(2) Keep respiratory tract unobstructed: remove mucus and vomit in oral cavity and nasal cavity in time. When the patient has too much phlegm and can't cough up, it should be sucked out in time to provide oxygen to the anoxic person, and tracheal intubation or tracheotomy should be carried out if necessary.
(3) Control of blood sugar: Many patients with cerebrovascular disease have a history of diabetes in the past, and their blood sugar should be measured immediately after admission. If their blood sugar rises, they should receive insulin treatment.
(4) Vital signs: closely observe vital signs (body temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure), find abnormalities in time and deal with them as soon as possible.
(5) Treatment of blood pressure: If systolic blood pressure 180mmHg and diastolic blood pressure 105mmHg, blood pressure will not be lowered temporarily. If the systolic blood pressure is lower than 90mmHg, antihypertensive drugs should be given.
(6) Body temperature control: For patients with a body temperature greater than 38.5 degrees and bacterial infection, antipyretic drugs and early antibiotics should be given to reduce the body temperature below 37.5 degrees as soon as possible.
(7) Maintain the balance of water and electrolyte: depending on the condition, determine the infusion amount, monitor the electrolyte and correct its disorder.
(8) According to the condition, drugs such as lowering intracranial pressure, neuroprotective agent and traditional Chinese medicine are given.
(9) Actively treat diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes and hyperlipidemia.
8. What are the non-drug treatments for cerebrovascular diseases?
(1), bed rest: patients should stay in bed and move patients as little as possible, especially patients with cerebral hemorrhage, to prevent sudden changes in their heads when turning over.
(2) Pay attention to diet and nutrition: patients with disturbance of consciousness and dysphagia should be given nasal feeding. The nasal feeding solution can be milk, eggs, rice soup, broth, vegetable juice, boiled water, etc. The amount of nasal feeding per person per day is about 1500-2000ml, which is infused in six times. To prevent the reflux of nasal feeding liquid. The speed of nasal feeding should not be too fast. Check whether the nasal feeding tube is in the stomach before nasal feeding, try not to suck sputum for a short time after nasal feeding to prevent vomiting, and reduce the amount of nasal feeding every time when gastric juice reflux.
(3) Pay attention to keep warm: Cerebrovascular diseases mostly occur in cold winter. A cold will not only raise blood pressure, but also easily reduce the body's resistance, leading to pneumonia. Therefore, we should do a good job of keeping warm below the neck, pay attention to the neck and shoulders on the chest, and pay attention to the feet on the lower limbs. Coma patients should be careful not to burn when using hot water bottles.
(4) Prevention of bedsore: First of all, prevent bedsore. Patients need to sleep on an air cushion bed to keep their skin dry and their sheets clean and flat. Change wet sheets such as urine in time. Turn over regularly, usually once every 2 hours, especially the prominent parts such as sacrum, hip and scapula, so pay attention to protection. For example, once bedsores are formed, antibiotic powder or ointment should be applied locally.
(5) Smooth defecation: constipation is not good for hypertension and cerebral hemorrhage, because forced defecation can easily lead to hypertension and even cerebral hemorrhage again, so we should actively prevent constipation, eat more fresh fruits and vegetables, and keep the stool smooth.
(6) Prevention of Shoulder-hand Syndrome: Shoulder-hand syndrome caused by decreased upper limb activity in hemiplegic patients. It is characterized by shoulder pain and tenderness during abduction, flexion and external rotation of upper limbs; Wrist pain and swelling; Edema of distal hand joint. Severe shoulder weakness, tonic spasm and incomplete dislocation will aggravate shoulder pain and upper limb swelling. Prevention method: keep warm, especially when sleeping, and avoid showing your shoulders. When lying flat, the affected limb can be raised appropriately; When sitting, put the affected limb on the small table in front, give supportive suspension to the weak upper limb, instruct the patient to use the healthy upper limb to help the affected upper limb move passively and actively after getting up, and strengthen the functional exercise of shoulder, hand, elbow and wrist joints.
(7) Prevention of joint stiffness: The limbs of coma patients, especially wrists and ankles, should be placed in the functional position of joints, and cotton pads should be added to the compressed parts of each joint, and small pillows should be added under the knee joint.
9, cerebrovascular disease rehabilitation treatment should pay attention to what?
Patients with cerebrovascular diseases need the care of others because they are paralyzed in bed, and they are particularly worried that they will not be able to take care of themselves in the future, which will bring a lot of troubles to their families, and they are prone to psychological reactions such as anxiety and inferiority, and even suicidal tendencies in severe cases. Therefore, family members should enlighten patients in time, communicate with each other and have heart-to-heart talks, so that patients can feel the warmth of their families, help patients build confidence in overcoming diseases, carry out rehabilitation treatment, help patients recover some lost functions, and enable them to live independently.
(1), rehabilitation treatment should be carried out as soon as possible. Patients with cerebral infarction should be conscious and their vital signs should be stable, and they can be carried out after the disease stops developing for 48 hours. Patients with cerebral hemorrhage are conscious and their vital signs are stable, usually after 10- 14 days.
(2) Rehabilitation should be carried out under the guidance of a rehabilitation doctor. Different rehabilitation measures should be selected according to the patient's condition.
(3) Rehabilitation treatment of cerebrovascular patients should be carried out simultaneously with drug treatment.
(4) Patients should be protected during rehabilitation training to prevent complications. Rehabilitation treatment is mainly to improve abnormal exercise patterns and restore normal exercise patterns, followed by strengthening muscle strength training.
(5) Observe whether patients are depressed or anxious, because they will seriously affect the progress and curative effect of rehabilitation.
(6) Besides sports rehabilitation, attention should also be paid to speech, cognition, psychology, occupation and social rehabilitation.
(7) Rehabilitation is a long-term process, so we should pay attention to the importance of community and family rehabilitation.
10, which cerebrovascular patients can recover?
Patients with cerebrovascular disease can only recover from limb paralysis if they meet the following conditions.
(1), conscious, no serious mental or behavioral abnormalities.
(2) Vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure) are stable, and there are no serious complications or complications.
(3) Within 1-2 weeks after onset, the symptoms of paralyzed limbs no longer developed.
What should we pay attention to in the rehabilitation of daily living ability?
The recovery of daily living ability can increase patients' self-confidence and self-reliance, which is a sign of happiness in quality of life.
(1), the content of daily living ability can be skillfully broken down into several components, and then the integration exercises are carried out when each part is ready. Like wearing undressed pants.
(2) If they are unable to stand on their own feet, patients can be encouraged to give full play to their remaining mobility with the help of others. You can choose some auxiliary articles for daily life, such as special utensils for eating, sticky buttons, hand brushes, auxiliary articles for pulling shoes, etc.
12, how to prevent cerebrovascular diseases?
(1), regular physical examination, early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and other diseases.
(2) Eat a reasonable diet, quit smoking and limit alcohol, reduce the intake of sodium and fat, properly supplement protein, eat more fresh vegetables and fruits, and avoid obesity and overweight.
(3) Proper exercise.
(4) If you have symptoms of cerebrovascular disease, please go to the neurology department of the hospital immediately.