According to our observation and analysis, there are many forms of adolescent mental health problems, which are mainly manifested as: learning difficulties, exam anxiety, difficulties in coping with setbacks, adolescent psychological distortion, emotional instability, poor self-control, low psychological endurance, weak will, lack of self-confidence, memory loss, inattention, poor thinking, unstable academic performance, fighting, swearing, lying and other behaviors.
We classify the above phenomena, which can be roughly divided into: learning problems, interpersonal problems, emotional problems, personality disorders and adolescent psychological problems.
1, learning problems account for most of the current psychological problems of teenagers.
Although the education department has been vigorously promoting quality education in recent years, the shadow of exam-oriented education has been bothering the majority of teenagers. In addition, parents' high expectations for their children also put teenagers under great learning pressure. According to a survey conducted by Beijing Middle School Students' Current Affairs Daily (65438-0998), 34% of the middle school students interviewed said that they sometimes "hold back from crying because of too much homework"; 58% of the students surveyed said that "parents are not satisfied with their grades". According to the survey, 45% of the middle school students surveyed feel that the current study pressure is too great, nearly half of them are often blamed for worrying that their academic performance can't meet their parents' expectations, and 57% of the middle school students are worried that "exam results are directly related to their own destiny and future". The psychological pressure of young students' study is increasing, which leads to listlessness, loss of appetite, insomnia, neurasthenia, decreased memory effect, slow thinking and other symptoms.
Test anxiety plays a prominent role in teenagers' learning psychological problems. Most children have test anxiety, but the severity is different. Examination anxiety can cause children some physical obstacles, the most common ones are headache, dizziness, poor sleep and poor diet. Children who are seriously anxious about exams are often fidgety before exams. If serious test anxiety often occurs, it may lead to the formation of timid, nervous and uneasy personality and psychological characteristics.
2, interpersonal problems
The interpersonal relationship of teenagers mainly includes parent-child relationship, teacher-student relationship and classmate relationship.
Improper handling of parents' relationship leads to teenagers' adverse psychological reactions. When children are young, the contradiction between parents and children is not prominent. However, with the growth and development of children and the aging of parents, communication between them becomes more and more difficult. Especially when children are in adolescence and parents are in menopause, the problem is more prominent. Some children will have depression and depression, and some children will have strong rebellious psychology.
Improper handling of the relationship between teachers and students has a self-evident psychological impact on children. The main problems are rebellious psychology caused by teachers' incomprehension and distrust of students, depressive psychology and aggressive behavior caused by teachers' cognitive deviation. If the teacher lacks understanding, patience and love, and can't give enthusiastic guidance and help, instead, he blames blindly, and students will be disappointed. What's more, if teachers lack respect for students and casually devalue children's values, it will cause serious psychological trauma to children.
Making friends and getting along with classmates will directly affect the quality of study and life of teenagers. Children want to have an accepted sense of belonging among their classmates and seek the understanding and trust of their classmates and friends. If the relationship between classmates is not harmonious or even tense, some classmates will show loneliness.
2. Emotional problems
A survey of 7,050 middle school students by Wang Jisheng, a researcher at the Institute of Psychology of China Academy of Social Sciences, shows that 44. 1% of them are "hot and cold to their classmates", 35.8% are "close to the teacher, but alienated from the teacher", 73% are "high and low in homework mood", and 8 1. These data vividly prove the emotional instability of today's teenagers. Emotional instability is mainly caused by immature psychological development. Parents' personality characteristics, parenting styles and teachers' treatment of children will also affect children's emotional stability.
3. Personality disorders
Personality is the sum of individual psychological characteristics, which reflects a person's psychological essence and is also the basis of various mental symptoms and reflections. Personality disorder is a serious psychological problem, which is manifested in the deviation of personality structure and personality characteristics from normal people. Among the current adolescent personality disorders, dependent personality and schizophrenic personality are more common. The outstanding obstacles of dependent personality are lack of independence, lack of self-reliance, lack of independent opinion, being at a loss when encountering things, and often being in a passive position when dealing with interpersonal relationships. Generally speaking, dependent personality begins in childhood and becomes more obvious after puberty. Children's personality characteristics are mainly the overprotective upbringing of their parents. Schizophrenic personality is characterized by introversion, withdrawn, timidity, lack of communication with others, poor adaptability and social adaptability, and often unable to adapt to the new environment.
4. Adolescent sexual psychological problems
Relevant data show that the puberty of children in China comes early. With the improvement of nutritional level and the change of nutritional status, teenagers' sexual physiology is more and more advanced. According to a survey in Beijing, the age of first nocturnal emission for boys in Beijing has advanced from 65,438 06.6 years in the 1960s to 65,438 03.7 years in the 1990s, and menarche for girls has advanced from 65,438 04.5 years in the 1960s to 65,438 02.2 years in the 1990s. Physical development is advanced, while sexual psychological maturity is relatively lagging behind. The conflict between them has brought many psychological problems to teenagers. For example, the closed psychology of adolescence is mainly manifested in the external manifestations tend to be closed and occluded, and the increasingly rich and complex internal activities coexist in the same individual. It can be said that closed psychology is a universal and special symbol of adolescent psychology.
At the same time, the physiological upheaval of adolescence will inevitably cause emotional agitation of teenagers. This turbulent emotion is sometimes explicit and sometimes implicit, but although they are excited, happy or distressed and depressed, they seem calm on the surface; They have things they want to tell others and secrets they want to tell others, but they are silent when they meet their parents or teachers. If this situation is not understood, there will be depression and anxiety and depression.
First, the family roots of adolescent psychological problems
1, family education is the basis of adolescent psychological development.
Family is the basic unit of social life and the most important and universal social organization in human life. Family life is the most important part of human life. It plays a very important role in the formation of individual psychology and the development of personality, and family education is one of the most important functions that families play in society.
The important function of family education is to develop people's psychology. This is because: first of all, the family is the place where individuals receive their earliest education, and parents are their children's first teachers. Family has an all-round influence on a person's intellectual and physical growth, the development of moral quality and the formation of personality characteristics. Second, children spend most of their lives at home, and their initial moral concepts and values are formed in the family. The formation of individual psychological attitude, psychological quality, psychological characteristics, personality and behavior habits is directly related to family environment and family education. Third, the educational views, ways and methods in the family, the style, habits and moral cultivation of family members, and the psychological quality, psychological development level, personality and personality characteristics of parents have a profound impact on children's minds. People's psychological development has its objective laws. Congenital heredity and physiological development are the material premise of human psychological development, and acquired environment and education are the key to human psychological development.
2. The influence of family relationship on teenagers' psychology.
At present, the family relationship in China is mainly husband-wife relationship and parent-child relationship, which is the most common family relationship in China today. The quality of these two family relationships has a very important influence on the normal development of teenagers' psychology.
The interpersonal relationship between husband and wife and the degree of cooperation between them largely determine the basic characteristics of the family, especially for the formation of children's personality. Family psychology research shows that if the relationship between parents is based on mutual love, mutual respect, mutual trust, mutual care and consideration, then children will be cultivated with the qualities of humanity, honesty and loyalty. On the contrary, if children see indifference, alienation and distrust in their parents' relationship, it will have a very negative impact on their moral growth, make them become indifferent and selfish, and hinder them from cultivating important moral qualities such as love and friendship. The bad influence of marital conflict on children's psychology and personality is enormous, because the psychological climate of the family is the closest social environment to children, which has created children's quality and cultivated some personality characteristics. Children grow up in an environment full of contradictions and noisy parents all day. The family atmosphere lacks peace, harmony, happiness and stability, and all the conditions necessary for the healthy development of children's psychology. In this way, children will be affected by psychological trauma and bad emotions, and may even cause nervous system disorders.
Parent-child relationship is the most stable relationship in family relationship, because it is irrevocable, and the stability of modern husband-wife relationship is being more and more strongly impacted. Parent-child relationship is irreplaceable because of its blood relationship. At the same time, once the parent-child relationship is created, it is permanent and cannot be changed by any external force. If parents and children can't understand each other, can't get along correctly, and parent-child relationship can't be handled well, it will bring serious consequences. For children, family is the first social group to learn specific forms and skills of interpersonal communication. Parents' attitudes towards them, such as enthusiasm, gentleness, respect or indifference, impatience or contempt, will directly affect their future communication with others. Different ways of communication between parents and children will have different influences on children's personality, morality and behavior. Many research results have proved that children's moral quality is directly related to the parent-child communication style in the family. Many important qualities of people, such as compassion, self-esteem and independence, depend on the good relationship between parents and children in many ways. The lack of loving relationship and spiritual closeness between parents and children is often the root of children's psychological underdevelopment or educational defects.
3. The influence of family rearing patterns on teenagers' psychology.
In family education, what kind of parenting style is adopted has a great influence on children's mental health growth. Some scholars have pointed out that an important reason for children's mental health problems at present is the bad parenting style.
Judging from the reality, parents' overindulgence and harshness are the two bad parenting styles that do the greatest harm to children's mental health. Overindulgent parenting is mainly reflected in the lack of care when parents get along with their children. They regard children as the apple of their eye, unconditionally meet all their requirements, make them in a special position at home and do everything for them. This has a great negative impact on children's personality and mental health. Practice has proved that children who grow up in a doting family will have the characteristics of depression, weak will, timidity, hesitation and poor emotional stability, and may also develop the characteristics of poor self-control, emotional fragility, unsociable and poor practical ability.
Severe and rude parenting methods can also lead to serious psychological problems for children. This kind of upbringing is too strict with children, and the education method is simple and rude. Children are often beaten and scolded, and they have no scruples about their self-esteem. It is easy for children to have the idea that their parents love them or not, which is extremely unfavorable for children to establish a positive self-image. At the same time, it will also make children form defective personality, such as self-centeredness, impulsiveness, indifference, indifference, aggression, depression, timidity, inferiority and loneliness. Seriously, it will lead to children's insanity and mental disorder.
4. The influence of family education content on teenagers' psychology.
Content determines the form, and the content of parents' family education for their children often determines their own parenting style. The establishment of teenagers' personality, the formation of habits and the cultivation of interests are all restricted by the content of family education. Generally speaking, modern family education includes ethics education, ideological quality education, basic norms of life, the formation of living habits, consumption concepts, labor attitudes and many other aspects. But in reality, there are many misunderstandings in the current family education in China, which are as follows: some parents attach importance to the cultivation of physical quality and ignore the cultivation of psychological quality; Attach importance to intellectual development and ignore the cultivation of non-intellectual factors; Pay more attention to knowledge transfer than ability training. This makes teenagers as strong as cows but as timid as mice and weak-willed; Tall but selfish and narrow-minded; Rich in knowledge but low in ability. From a specific point of view, China teenagers' ideal loss, moral anomie, psychological imbalance and other issues are closely related to this. Scientific family education should cover children's body, mind, intelligence, morality and many other aspects, and should be an all-round and three-dimensional cultivation and development of children.
The defect of family education content is not only manifested in the content of parents' conscious education for their children, but also in the negative influence of parents on their children unconsciously. For example, when parents are unhappy, they often vent their dissatisfaction with others and society at home. Over time, all family members, including children, will pay too much attention to the dark side of reality, leading to psychological imbalance and loss of faith. When children grow up in this environment, they often feel confused and helpless, and bad psychology is formed.