Historical background and their respective meanings:196365438+1On October 29th, Zhou Enlai pointed out in his speech at the Shanghai Science and Technology Work Conference that it is necessary to realize the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense and science and technology, which is referred to as "four modernizations" for short. The key to building China into a powerful socialist country lies in the modernization of science and technology.
What is industrial modernization? Zhou Enlai's view is: "Without modern technology, there would be no modern industry." Industrial modernization is mainly the modernization of industrial technology, and its basic content is mechanization, automation, electrification and chemicalization of industrial production. All aspects of industry are equipped with the latest technology in the world. 1961March 20th, Zhou Enlai said: At present, there are 70 million employees in the United States, 50 million in the Soviet Union and 50 million in ours, but the industrial level is quite different. Therefore, whether from the domestic situation or compared with the international situation, the number of our employees is relatively large. At present, the production level of steel and coal is so low that so many workers are not needed. He advocated starting with compressing the labor force and improving labor productivity and industrial production level. The solution is to change from a "small earth group" to a "small ocean group", and to change the sea tactics into the use of technology to improve the level of mechanization. He pointed out that the labor consumed by "small clods" is almost two to one compared with mechanization. We investigated eight industries, including pig iron, steelmaking, coal mining, non-ferrous metals, timber, capital construction, machinery industry and short-distance transportation. Small soil group needs 6.5438+0.3 million people, and mechanization only needs 6 million people. Therefore, it is necessary to speed up the transformation of "small earth group" and quickly turn to "small ocean group" Zhou Enlai: 196 1 Speech at the Guangzhou Central Working Conference on March 20th. "Xiaoyang Group" is not industrial modernization, but compared with "Xiaotu Group", it will obviously greatly shorten the distance from industrial modernization. To realize industrial modernization, we must master and apply the latest technologies such as atom, electron and jet. "Now is the industrial level in the sixties, which is the level of atoms, electrons and jets. Such an industrial level has more varieties, higher quality, stricter specifications and more complicated technology. " Selected Works of Zhou Enlai Economy, p. 425th. Management modernization is one of the contents of industrial modernization. In 1950s, Zhou Enlai constantly emphasized the promotion of specialization and cooperation in industrial production. In 1960s, when discussing the pilot trust, Zhou Enlai proposed to deny the direction of "big and complete, small and complete" and set up a trust. "We should attach importance to cooperation with the outside world and the region, including cooperation in the production and supply of raw materials, products and spare parts. And we shouldn't do everything ourselves. " He criticized the mistake of valuing quantity over quality in industrial management and attached importance to using more people instead of adopting advanced technology. It is advocated that "trust should be operated in accordance with economic methods and managed in accordance with the requirements of economic laws". Ibid., pp. 547-55 1.
What is national defense modernization? Zhou Enlai said: "Advanced national defense, that is, atoms, electronics, missiles and aviation, should develop faster in order to establish a modern national defense industry and a modern national defense force." Ibid., p 405. The modernization of national defense is mainly to master and apply the modernization of national defense industry and national defense forces based on cutting-edge science and technology. The core of national defense modernization is to build a powerful modern revolutionary army. This army "should not only know how to use modern equipment, but also know its performance and principle." Selected Works of Zhou Enlai, vol. 2, p. 278. In terms of modern equipment, in addition to the cutting edge, there are routines. 1June 8, 962, Zhou Enlai pointed out: "The present routine is not the routine in the Second World War. Cutting-edge mainly refers to atoms, electrons, missiles, supersonic aircraft and so on. Others are routines, all of which are routines of modern science and technology. " Selected Works of Zhou Enlai Economy, p. 495.
What is scientific and technological modernization? Zhou Enlai's exposition on agricultural modernization, industrial modernization and national defense modernization is naturally linked with scientific and technological modernization. His view that the key to the four modernizations is the modernization of science and technology is an important conclusion based on rich perceptual knowledge and thoughtful rational sublimation. Modernization of science and technology mainly refers to introducing the most advanced scientific achievements in the world to various departments in China, equipping all aspects of China with the latest technology in the world, and making China reach the international advanced level in science and technology. At that time, the concrete symbol of Zhou Enlai's scientific and technological modernization was to master and apply modern science and technology such as atom, electron and supersonic speed. On June 8th, 1962, Zhou Enlai said, "It's not the 1930s or the 40s, but it's close to the 1970s. Now is the era of atomic electronics, and the technical level has improved rapidly, which was not available during World War II. In the age of atoms and electrons, many things have changed. In this sense, they can only be gradually realized and gradually improved. It is impossible to reach the sky in one step, and we must have a correct understanding. " Selected Works of Zhou Enlai Economy, p. 493. Here, he not only pointed out the concrete signs of the modernization of science and technology, but also put forward the method of "gradual realization and gradual improvement".
Some researchers summarized the basic viewpoints of Zhou Enlai's four modernizations thought as agriculture as the foundation, industry as the leading factor, national defense as the guarantee, and science and technology as the key, and discussed them as a framework. From one point of view, this study has its advantages. That is, from the position and role of agriculture, industry, national defense and science and technology in social and economic development, it answers why we should take the four modernizations as strategic goals and the relationship between them. There is no doubt that the study of Zhou Enlai's four modernizations needs to contact these issues. However, there are historical and logical defects in this generalization and its research. Historically, Zhou Enlai first put forward the concept of "four modernizations" in September of 1954, and the "four modernizations" as the strategic goal of social and economic development were formed from the end of 1959 to the beginning of 1960. However, the idea that agriculture is the foundation and industry is the leading factor has been formed by Zhou Enlai in Several Relations between the Current Financial Situation and the New China Economy 1949 in February. As for the role of national defense and science and technology in social and economic development, Zhou Enlai also discussed it in his works in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Logically speaking, Zhou Enlai's thought of four modernizations has its clear connotation and extension. First of all, what is the four modernizations? This obviously goes beyond the judgment that "agriculture is the foundation, industry is the leading factor, national defense is the guarantee, and science and technology are the key". Secondly, answer why we should take the four modernizations as the strategic goal. "Agriculture is the foundation, industry is the leading factor, national defense is the guarantee, and science and technology are the key" is one of the important reasons, but not the whole reason. Finally, the answer to how to realize the strategic goals of the four modernizations is beyond the functional framework of agriculture, industry, national defense and science and technology.