Novice parents have to know!
Regarding the situation of newborns, Huang Liangdi, director of Pediatric Chest Department of Wan Fang Hospital, pointed out that the most common clinical symptoms are jaundice, galactorrhea, galactorrhea and diaper rash. Zhuo Xiangying, an attending physician in the Department of Pediatric Neonatology of Tai 'an Hospital, added that it is also common to have more gums.
What are the common conditions of newborns?
The common situations of newborn birth are listed in chronological order as follows:
Condition 1 "jaundice
Three to five days after the baby was born, Director Huang Liangdi said that jaundice would begin to appear. Most of them are physiological jaundice, but if the baby has poor appetite, little milk and insufficient nutrition, the jaundice index may exceed the standard, and physiological jaundice will become pathological jaundice. When the jaundice index is greater than the blood concentration, the jaundice amount is per 100C. C exceeds 15 ~ 16 mg, which may require hospitalization phototherapy. If the baby eats well, has enough water, urinates smoothly and defecates on time, the jaundice index will not be too high. Therefore, the weight gain is smooth and jaundice is not easy to occur; If you lose too much weight, you are prone to jaundice.
Dr. Zhuo Xiang Ying explained that jaundice does not appear at birth, but it will gradually accumulate. When the baby's skin is obviously yellow or the blood test is abnormal, it will take about 2 ~ 3 days.
physiological jaundice
The so-called physiological jaundice, Dr. Zhuo said that it is obviously normal for babies who drink breast milk. As for the baby who drinks formula milk, if there are no other pathological problems, jaundice begins to appear about 2 ~ 3 days after birth, and the skin is the yellowest for one week, then slowly falls down and recovers in about 2 ~ 3 weeks.
As for breast-fed babies, jaundice lasts for a long time and subsides slowly. A week after birth, their skin is the yellowest, and then they will not continue to grow taller or recede. The jaundice value may remain between 1 1 ~ 12, and will gradually recede after the full moon. But if it is still obviously yellow after two months, we should pay attention to it. It may not be caused by breast milk, but by other reasons.
Although some people think that when the jaundice is too serious, don't let the baby drink breast milk, Dr. Zhuo Xiang Ying thinks: "This method is effective, but it is not necessary. Breast milk jaundice subsides slowly, but it is actually harmless to the baby. If you stop breastfeeding because of this, there may be no milk after feeding. It's a pity to sacrifice the opportunity of breastfeeding!
Pathological jaundice
Director Huang Liangdi said that some jaundice is caused by pathological factors, including silkworm pox, metabolic diseases, or other infections. Dr. Zhuo Xiang Ying explained that infection will reduce the liver's ability to metabolize jaundice, leading to prolonged jaundice.
Regarding the jaundice phenomenon of the baby with bean disease, Dr. Zhuo Xiang Ying pointed out that the slow retreat of the baby with bean disease is due to the defect of red blood cells. The treatment method is the same as the general one. When the jaundice value is found to be too high, you should seek medical treatment. If the jaundice value is not too high, you can let it go back on its own.
How should parents evaluate jaundice after the baby comes home? Director Huang Liangdi said that the first thing to look at is whether the baby's face is yellow, but sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between yellow and red. At this time, you can hold your baby's nose and let go to observe the skin color. Because the part of the alar is hard, it is easier to observe.
Gently squeezing will open some capillaries of the skin, and it will look better when you look at the background color of the skin. If the face is yellow, further check the baby's chest or thighs. If the skin color is yellow to the thigh, it means that the degree of jaundice is high. It is recommended to seek medical advice as soon as possible. If not, you can observe it for a while.
Scene 2: Spitting and Spilling Milk
When spitting milk more than 2 ~ 3 times a day, it should be noted that it may be caused by gastrointestinal obstruction.
The reason why the baby is easy to spit or spill milk, Director Huang Liangdi said, is because the baby's milk consumption will gradually increase, the stomach will not open so quickly, and the milk will overflow and spit out after drinking for a long time. When he overflows and spits milk, he will feel uncomfortable, often fidgeting and crying.
What is milk spillage?
The so-called milk overflow means that milk flows out of the corners of the mouth and nostrils. Director Huang Liangdi explained that it is normal to overflow milk, because the esophageal sphincter of the newborn is not very mature and its contraction is not very strong, so if the posture is slightly moved, the contents in the stomach will easily flow backwards.
What is spitting milk?
Spilling milk is because some milk in the upper part of the stomach is full; As for spitting milk, Director Huang explained that the lower part of the stomach contracted and squeezed out like a balloon, which made the food spit out in a jet shape and spit it out far away. Spitting milk is morbid; Overeating is physiological.
In addition to the blockage in the lower part of the stomach, the baby will spit milk. Dr. Zhuo Xiang Ying said that gastroesophageal reflux is also one of the factors leading to spitting milk. Gastroesophageal reflux in adults is that gastric acid runs to the esophagus, causing a burning sensation in the chest; Infants also have gastroesophageal reflux, that is, milk flows from the stomach into the esophagus, which is caused by the immature cardia at the junction of the stomach and esophagus. Generally speaking, when the stomach is digesting and peristalsis, the cardia is closed to avoid excessive peristalsis and excessive pressure, and the food in the stomach is squeezed upward. However, the baby's cardia has not developed well. If he drinks milk for a long time, his stomach will squirm and push the milk up. In addition, he will cry and twist, which is more likely to lead to spitting milk. However, this is normal.
Spit milk more than 3 times a day, pay attention!
But the baby will not spit milk regularly because the cardia is not well developed. Dr. Zhuo reminded that if the baby does not twist or cry every meal, it will spit milk, which is not normal. When spitting milk more than 2 ~ 3 times a day, it should be noted that it may be caused by gastrointestinal obstruction.
Therefore, when the frequency of spitting milk is about one day 1 time or one day 1 time for 2 ~ 3 days, and the baby's weight continues to increase, don't worry too much. If you vomit too much, you can't absorb nutrients and lose weight. Pay attention. Generally speaking, it is mainly based on the baby's weight and the number of vomits.
How to calculate the amount of spit milk?
Dr. Zhuo Xiang Ying said that the baby vomited 5 C. C and 10C. C.C., and the amount spit out is very small, just like spilling milk. It may be that overeating leads to gastroesophageal reflux, rather than spitting a lot of milk. The so-called large amount of spit milk means that the amount of spit milk is close to more than half of what you eat.
2 ideas to reduce milk overflow
As for the ways to improve the baby's milk spillage, Director Huang Liangdi said that if the milk spillage is large, we might as well consider reducing the milk quantity and changing it to a small amount of meals. Like feeding every four hours, because the interval is long, the baby will drink a lot when he is hungry, and he will vomit if his stomach can't hold up. He thought, "don't feed so much every so long." In addition, if the frequency of baby spitting milk increases, it may be pyloric stenosis or intestinal obstruction. It is recommended to seek a pediatrician for evaluation and treatment as soon as possible.
Except for a small amount of meals, Dr. Zhuo Xiang Ying explained that the feeding posture can be adjusted, and gastroesophageal reflux is more likely to occur when lying down than sitting down.
Moreover, a baby who is prone to milk overflow should not be laid down immediately after eating milk. You can hold him straight for a while, even until he is completely asleep, because a completely asleep child won't twist, which can reduce the situation of milk spilling. In addition, the baby can also slightly raise the upper body when lying flat, and don't lie flat completely.
Situation 3: Too much chewing gum.
Newborns have a lot of gums, which is caused by blocked nasal tubes. When the baby is born, the nasolacrimal duct is not fully developed, so it will not be so smooth, but the tears are normally secreted, so there will be more tears, or the tears will become colloid after drying. Dr. Zhuo Xiang Ying also pointed out that the obstruction of nasolacrimal duct often leads to different degrees of obstruction in both eyes, resulting in more gum in one eye and less gum in the other eye. Usually after a few months, the nasolacrimal duct will grow out.
* * * eye socket, promote the development of nasolacrimal duct.
Parents can also help the baby's eye socket. The purpose of * * * is: 1 The passage of nasolacrimal duct is very small, and the gums are easily blocked, so * * * can squeeze out the gums from it. 2.*** can promote development. However, even if you don't * * *, you will grow by yourself, mainly because of timeliness. If the nasolacrimal duct is still blocked at the age of/kloc-0, let an ophthalmologist check it.
In addition, although gums are mostly caused by obstruction of nasolacrimal duct, it may also be inflammation of baby's eyes. So the way to distinguish is: inflammation, there will be a red reaction, just like conjunctivitis, bloodshot eyes, swollen eyelids, eyes that look big and small.
What is a nasolacrimal duct?
The nasolacrimal duct is the place where the eyes communicate with the nose. Dr. Zhuo Xiang Ying explained that people should secrete tears at any time, otherwise their eyes will be killed. But when they secrete tears, there should be a place to dredge them, otherwise they will overflow, and the place to dredge them is the nasolacrimal duct.
Situation 4: Skin problems
The black door in the mother will run to the baby through the placenta.
How to deal with the common skin problems of newborns, including peeling, toxic erythema, acne, seborrheic dermatitis, sweat rash, diaper rash and so on.
1. Peeling is normal. Director Huang Liangdi explained that when the fetus is still in the mother's body, the skin is soaked in amniotic fluid. After the baby is born, the skin will slowly fall off and put on new skin. It's normal for newborns to change their skins, so don't worry too much.
2. Toxic erythema
So far, medicine has not confirmed the cause of toxic erythema in infants for a long time. Dr Zhuo Xiang Ying pointed out: "Toxic erythema is a normal phenomenon. Toxic erythema is characterized by patches of rashes, like mosquito bites and blisters in the middle. Toxic erythema may grow all over the body, but it will disappear immediately after a few hours, maybe in the morning and in the afternoon, and become normal skin; But it didn't take long to find another one growing elsewhere.
For the method of distinguishing whether it is mosquito bite or toxic erythema, if it is a rash caused by mosquito bite, it will take several days to reduce the swelling; But toxic erythema usually disappears in a few hours. Moreover, where the clothes are covered on the body, mosquitoes can't bite; But toxic erythema will still grow.
Usually children start to grow up about 5-6 days after birth, but not after the full moon. The older generation called it "fetal poison" and thought that the mother's careless diet during pregnancy caused the toxin to stay in the body, but in fact it had no medical basis and no toxicity. However, not every newborn will grow up.
3. Neonatal acne
The principle of neonatal acne is the same as acne. Dr Zhuo Xiang Ying takes acne as an example. Because of the imbalance of hormones in the body, acne will grow. Babies will also be unbalanced.
When he is still in his mother's body, the estrogen on his mother will run to him through the placenta, so when the baby is born, the blood contains a lot of estrogen, and the reproductive system has not yet developed, so it is impossible to secrete hormones by itself; Therefore, from the birth of very tall women, Hermon will decrease instantly, resulting in drastic changes and acne. If there is no inflammation, there is no need to rub the medicine deliberately. The mother Hermon in the baby will gradually disappear in about half a month to a month, and the acne will be gone.
For the prone parts of neonatal acne, Director Huang Liangdi explained that it may be near the forehead, cheeks, chin and neck, and it is characterized by being red, thin and small, like a rice-like rash. However, if the area of the rash is getting bigger and bigger, a little purulent, or even oozing liquid, such as acne purulent or skin looks rotten, oozing transparent yellow liquid, indicating that the inflammation is more serious, it is necessary to see a doctor.
The reason why the baby's skin is inflamed is because he is in a sterile environment when he is in the amniotic fluid in his mother's belly. Babies are exposed to the air after birth. The air is full of dust and bacteria. Once it touches the skin, it will test his skin immune system. Some babies have sensitive skin. After dirt is attached, the skin is prone to allergic reactions and local rashes. In severe cases, it may become dermatitis or eczema. If there are many eczema sites, we should pay attention to whether it is atopic dermatitis.
4. Seborrheic dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis looks like a piece, like a wound scab, with yellow debris, often appearing in places with more sebaceous glands such as scalp and eyebrows. Fat leakage means that fat leaks out because sebaceous glands are too strong. Dr Zhuo Xiang Ying said that the exuberance of sebaceous glands in some newborns may be related to maternal hormones. This is a transitional phenomenon. Usually, after 1 ~ 3 months, the situation will become less. Just do general cleaning, no baby oil or medicine.
In addition, it is also found that newborns with allergic constitution are prone to atopic dermatitis. Because their sebaceous glands are more developed, seborrheic dermatitis is also more obvious. Therefore, in addition to observing the seborrheic dermatitis of the baby, if there is erythema and secretion on the cheek, it will itch, which may be atopic dermatitis.
5. Sweat rash
Sweat rash is very common in Taiwan Province province, and Dr. Zhuo pointed out in particular: "Sweat rash is more common in winter than in summer. Because it is hot in summer, parents will let the baby wear less, but the cold weather in winter will make the child wear a lot, and adults will wear two pieces, which may make the baby wear four or five pieces, leading to overheating and red spots. If you keep ventilated and cool, the rash will disappear in a few days.
In addition, if the baby covers too much, it will increase perspiration. Sweat evaporation can dissipate heat, and the limbs dissipate more heat, so the hands and feet become cold, which makes parents worry that the baby's hands and feet are cold and continue to help him add clothes, but in fact it is the opposite. In fact, parents may wish to check the baby's body. If the baby's hands and feet are cold and his body is sweating, the correct way is to dry the sweat, reduce clothes and let the body dissipate heat. After a while, his hands and feet will slowly recover.
6. Urticaria
Baby's buttocks are too thick or don't change diapers immediately after defecation, which is easy to get red buttocks.
If the baby's buttocks are wrapped too thick, or if the diaper is not changed immediately after defecation, it is easy to get red buttocks. In addition, some diaper rash can cause candida infection. Dr. Zhuo explained that Candida is a mold. People's skin has mold. If the skin is not inflamed and has no defect, it can't hurt the skin. However, in a hot and humid environment, the mold on the body will invade normal skin and cause inflammation. The most common athlete's foot is caused by candida infection.
As for the identification method, diaper rash is red, and candida infection is a round rash with peeling and desquamation. Generally, diaper rash does not need treatment, and candida infection needs local rubbing. Preventive measures, it is recommended not to let the baby wear too much, pay attention to changing diapers. In addition, breast-fed babies are prone to defecation and diaper rash, so newborns should change diapers frequently in the first month.
As for other skin problems, Director Huang Liangdi explained that in addition to the baby's skin being allergic to unclean air, sometimes drinking milk can also cause allergies. For example, some allergic babies will get a rash because they can't adapt to milk protein.
Situation 5: Defecation problem
Every baby defecates in different times and shapes. Usually three days after giving birth, the mother is ready to leave the hospital and go home. The medical staff in the hospital didn't let the mother take it home until they were sure that the baby was all right. Dr Zhuo Xiang Ying pointed out: "At this time, the appearance of newborn feces is the standard basis, so we can make a comparison. 」
The stool is watery when drinking breast milk.
Generally speaking, the defecation status of breast-fed infants is different from that of formula-fed infants. Director Huang Liangdi explained that babies who drink breast milk may defecate six or seven times a day; It only takes 3 or 5 days to get rid of it. Feces are thin, sticky and sour, with little constipation and diarrhea.
Dr. Zhuo also added that babies who drink breast milk will defecate more often, and almost immediately after feeding, and the amount of feces may be less. After entering the second month, the frequency of defecation is obviously reduced, even once every few days, mainly because breast milk is completely absorbed.
Drink formula milk, the stool is sticky.
For babies who drink formula milk, the frequency of regular defecation is usually 1 ~ 2 times a day, up to 3 times. Director Huang reminded: "If you have diarrhea 6-7 times a day, it may be diarrhea, which needs attention. The feces of children who drink formula milk are muddy, sticky or soft, which is relatively green. Dr. Zhuo analyzed that because milk powder is not easy to absorb, it will supplement a lot of iron and get rid of the iron that has not been absorbed, which will make the stool green.
Three conditions lead to bloody stool 1. Intestinal mucosa shedding.
If your stool is bloodshot for more than 3 days, you'd better see a doctor.
It is usually necessary to pay special attention to finding bloodshot in the baby's feces. However, Dr. Zhuo said that sometimes it is normal to have bloodshot. He explained that there are mucous membranes on the intestinal wall of the gastrointestinal tract, just like the skin, because metabolism will fall off, but usually the amount of mucous membrane falling off is very small, which is not easy to see with the naked eye, especially for babies fed formula milk, because there are many residues in the stool, it is difficult to see mucus.
However, the feces of breast-fed babies may be seen because they are water-like and mixed with some mucus. If the mucosa falls off a lot, even the microvessels below will fall off together, and some micro-bleeding will occur. It's just congestion, not bleeding. It won't bleed continuously. If it happens continuously or even more, it may be an abnormal phenomenon, such as gastroenteritis and bacterial infection.
2. constipation
In addition, bloodshot stool may also be due to frequent defecation, mild diarrhea in the stomach, or constipation of the baby, which leads to the rupture of stool due to excessive force. Director Huang Liangdi reminded that if you have bloodshot stool for more than 3 days, you'd better see a doctor.
Dr Zhuo Xiang Ying added that there is bloodshot in the stool caused by anal fissure, and the bloodshot is separated from the stool, and the blood sticks to the stool, not the blood of the stool itself. However, the most important thing is to improve the baby's constipation, otherwise the wound will heal, and it will recur soon, and the wound is difficult to heal.
3. Gastroenteritis
When parents were observing the baby's stool, Director Huang pointed out that it was found that the shape of diarrhea stool was muddy and scattered, and some undigested particles were normal. If the stool is watery and hardly digested, it may be enteritis.
When the baby has gastroenteritis, he will cry because of his stomach pain and don't want to drink milk. When the stomach is uncomfortable, you may vomit, even your stomach will swell, and in severe cases you may have a fever. Therefore, Dr. Zhuo reminded: "In addition to observing the stool, it depends on whether the child has other abnormalities. 」
Director Huang concluded that the color of the baby's defecation in one month should be between yellow and green, but it is by no means gray. If the stool is solved, we should pay attention to the possible diseases in the biliary system, such as biliary atresia and hepatitis. In biliary atresia, bile is blocked, bile is lacking, stool is not stained, and feces are gray.
Is defecation abnormal? Compare with yourself!
There is also a very important point, Dr. Zhuo Xiang Ying reminded: "Baby's defecation, compare yourself with yourself. I used to urinate 3-4 times a day, but suddenly I didn't urinate for several days, and I looked uncomfortable. Or the original sparse stool suddenly becomes very hard; Or the formed stool suddenly becomes thin water, etc. And suddenly changed dramatically. At the same time, the baby is uncomfortable crying, not eating milk and vomiting, which means that he may be sick.
Situation 6 "Respiratory system breathing howls? Respiratory tract development
When the baby is born, the nose will make the sound of "ㄡㄥ, ㄡㄥ", especially after one month. Director Huang Liangdi analyzed that the main reason is that the cartilage system covering the larynx is not fully developed. When the baby grows up, the demand for air increases, but his respiratory tract is not fully developed, including around the nose, throat or vocal cords. Air entering will cause obstruction, so it will make a sound when breathing. Just like a window, if you only open a small crack, the air will come in and howl when the wind is strong.
The baby's loud breathing may also be caused by "soft throat". Director Huang explained that because the throat structure is soft, when breathing, there is negative pressure in the chest to open the lungs. If the respiratory tract is unstable, atmospheric pressure will depress the throat structure and cause it to collapse, that is, it will make a hiccup-like sound.
So there will be three phenomena: 1. Poor air circulation and loud breathing; 2. Increase the volume when there is saliva or secretion; 3. difficulty breathing. But by 6 months, the throat structure is well developed and the voice will gradually become smaller. Only a few people can't grow up because of their soft throats, and they have difficulty breathing, causing vomiting, pneumonia and partial decline in cardiopulmonary function, and need surgery.
Give time until it grows!
Usually, when the baby is fully developed in 3 or 4 months, the nose will not make a sound. Therefore, Dr. Zhuo Xiang Ying pointed out: "Give time to develop. But if 1 or 2 years old is still like this, it may be that there is something wrong with the nose structure, so you should go to the otolaryngology department for examination. In addition, how to tell whether the sound made by the nose is allergic or cold? Generally speaking, you will have a runny nose when you have a cold. Too much runny nose will get stuck in the respiratory tract and often cough. Normal children occasionally cough because they want to clean up the blocked place, but they stop after coughing a few times or sneezing.
In addition, some babies have a stuffy nose and runny nose every day. When cleaning the baby, if the booger can be pulled out not far from the nostril or sucked out with a sucking ball, it can be cleaned. If the booger is in the nose, it's best not to clear it, so as not to push it deeper. Moreover, the nasal tube in the nose is narrow, and hard suction may cause injury, even bleeding silk, which makes the nasal congestion more serious.
Sensitive phenomenon ≠ allergic infants sneeze because their noses are not well developed and they are temporarily sensitive to cold air.
For babies who often sneeze, Dr. Zhuo pointed out that it is also because the nose is not well developed, so it is temporarily sensitive to cold air, but it does not mean allergies. For example, after taking a bath for a baby, he will sneeze because he is wet before drying his body. In fact, it is because he is sensitive to temperature changes. Dry your body and put on your clothes, and you'll be fine.
Situation 7: The endocrine system has a large chest and is affected by maternal hormones.
Sometimes it is found that newborns, especially baby girls, have large breasts and even secrete some milk, which is called "magic milk". Director Huang Liangdi explained that it is mainly caused by the mother's endocrine and lactation hormone metabolism. Occasionally, the breasts of male babies will be bigger, so parents don't have to worry too much.
However, when * * * is red and swollen, Dr. Zhuo Xiang Ying reminds that it may be inflammation of the breast. Inflammation occurs when breast tissue is subjected to * * * due to its rapid metabolism. It will be swollen and painful when touched, and it will make the baby cry. You need treatment at this time. If only the chest is hard, it is normal and disappears in about a month.
In addition to * * * swelling, sometimes a newborn baby girl will have menstruation-like conditions. Director Huang said: "It is also maternal hormones that act on the endometrium of baby girls. Although the female baby's uterus is not well developed, she has uterus and ovaries, which will react to the female's amaurosis, so just like the menstruation of adult women, the endometrium falls off and bleeds, so it is normal for the female baby to have slight bloodshot or mucus similar to leucorrhea, which will gradually disappear after the full moon. Parents can help her change diapers or take a bath, and then gently wipe the secretions with a cotton swab.
When should I take my baby to the hospital? Three indicators: activity, milk consumption and weight.
What condition does the newborn need urgent medical attention? Dr Zhuo Xiang Ying pointed out: "There are three observation points: activity, drinking milk and gaining weight. If these three conditions are all right, the baby is healthy. Even though he often cries, he eats well, exercises well and gains weight, just don't worry. Otherwise, when the baby is sick, such as cold, gastroenteritis, meningitis and so on. None of these three parts will be normal.
Normal babies change 5 diapers a day, and usually urinate soon after drinking milk. Therefore, it is very important to observe the baby's urine volume. If you drink less milk and don't eat well, your urine output will also decrease. If you change less than 3 diapers a day, it may lead to dehydration. The dehydrated baby's skin will become dry and inelastic. Mommy baby authorized to reprint. Unauthorized reprinting is prohibited.