Pneumoconiosis is a systemic disease that mainly causes diffuse fibrosis of lung tissue by inhaling productive dust for a long time in occupational activities and staying in the lung.
There are 13 kinds of legal pneumoconiosis listed in the occupational diseases catalogue stipulated in China's Occupational Diseases Catalogue: silicosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, graphite pneumoconiosis, carbon black pneumoconiosis, asbestos pneumoconiosis, talc pneumoconiosis, cement pneumoconiosis, mica pneumoconiosis, ceramic worker's pneumoconiosis, aluminum pneumoconiosis, welder's pneumoconiosis and foundry worker's pneumoconiosis. According to the diagnostic criteria of pneumoconiosis and pneumoconiosis, silicosis
2. Which kinds of pneumoconiosis patients have the most in China?
According to the data of previous special surveys of occupational diseases in China and the data of occupational disease reports published by the Ministry of Health in recent ten years, silicosis and coal workers' pneumoconiosis have always been the most important pneumoconiosis in China, accounting for about 90% of the total number of reported cases of pneumoconiosis.
3. What occupations and jobs are exposed to dust?
Dust is the most important occupational hazard factor in China at present, and pneumoconiosis is also the most important occupational disease in China. It can be said that in the process of industrial production, dust exists anytime and anywhere. The main occupations and types of work are:
(1) Mining of metal ore and nonmetal ore: It is the industry with the most serious dust hazard. In metal or nonmetal mines, the types of workers who are most exposed to dust are drillers, blasters, pillar workers and transporters. In coal mines, the main types are drivers, coal miners and porters.
(2) Mechanical manufacturing: First of all, the mechanical manufacturing industry is mainly engaged in manufacturing metal castings, including sand mixing, sand mixing, molding, casting boxes and sand cleaning.
(3) Smelting: In metal smelting, the crushing, sintering and beneficiation of ore can produce a lot of dust, and smelting workers are widely distributed in iron and steel smelting and other metal smelting industries.
(4) Building materials: refractories, glass, cement manufacturing, stone mining, processing, crushing, screening, mixing, molding and firing, and ceramics used as raw materials for enamel industry. Mainly contact with silica dust and silicate dust.
(5) Road construction: including tunneling and laying in railway and highway construction.
(6) Hydropower industry: construction of tunnels and underground power stations in the water conservancy and electric power industry.
(7) Others: such as stone tablets and stone mills.
4. Can the cotton gauze mask play a dustproof role?
In 2000, the State Economic and Trade Commission issued the Standard for the Equipment of Labor Protection Articles (for Trial Implementation), which clearly requires that gauze masks should not be used as dust masks. Because the general cotton gauze mask can only block a part of dust, and its dust blocking principle is mechanical filtration, that is, when dust collides with gauze, it will block some large particles of dust in abrasive cloth through layers of barriers. However, some fine dust, especially dust less than 5 microns, will enter the respiratory system through the gauze mesh, while dust less than 5 microns can directly enter the alveoli, which has the greatest impact on human health, and wearing more layers will not enhance the protective effect. Therefore, cotton gauze masks can't play a dustproof role.
5. What are the clinical manifestations of pneumoconiosis patients?
The main clinical manifestations of pneumoconiosis patients are cough, expectoration, chest pain and dyspnea. In addition, some patients may have wheezing, hemoptysis and some systemic symptoms.
The cough of early pneumoconiosis patients is not obvious, but it can be obviously aggravated with the progress of the disease. Especially when suffering from chronic bronchitis or lung infection, cough can be very serious. Smokers cough more obviously than non-smokers.
Pneumoconiosis patients will have expectoration even if they cough very little. The sputum of coal workers' pneumoconiosis patients is mostly black, in which coal dust particles can be clearly seen. If complicated with pulmonary infection and chronic bronchitis, the amount of sputum is obviously increased, and the sputum is yellow, sticky or lumpy, which is often difficult to cough up.
Almost every pneumoconiosis patient has chest pain, which may be more common in silicosis and asbestosis patients. The position of chest pain is not fixed, mostly localized; The nature of pain is not serious, generally dull pain, swelling pain, needle-like pain and so on.
Dyspnea is related to the severity of the disease. The occurrence of pulmonary complications can obviously aggravate the degree and development speed of dyspnea, and can involve the heart and cause pulmonary heart disease.
6. What items are included in the occupational health examination for dust operations?
Occupational health examination of workers exposed to dust can be divided into four types: pre-job, in-job, post-job and post-job medical follow-up. Different physical examination items are different. Generally speaking, in addition to occupational history, symptom inquiry and routine medical examination, X-ray high-voltage chest films, electrocardiogram and lung function examinations are needed before, during and after taking up the post, and only X-ray high-voltage chest films are needed for medical follow-up after leaving the post. See the Technical Specification for Occupational Health Surveillance (GBZ 188-2007) for specific inspection items and cycles.
7. Can pneumoconiosis be cured? Can pneumoconiosis be prevented?
At present, there is no specific medicine and radical cure for pneumoconiosis. Give priority to comprehensive treatment, that is, active symptomatic treatment, prevention of complications, strengthening nutrition and life rules, and appropriate physical exercise. Some drugs for treating silicosis, which have been studied in China for many years, have been observed in clinical trials to relieve symptoms and delay the progress of the disease, but the exact efficacy needs to be observed and evaluated.
The key to the prevention of pneumoconiosis is to prevent the inhalation of harmful dust to the maximum extent. With proper measures, pneumoconiosis can be completely prevented.
8. What is the effect of lead on health?
Lead has no physiological effect on human body, but it will have many adverse effects. Lead is toxic to all systems and organs of the whole body. It mainly accumulates hematopoietic, nervous, digestive and renal systems; In addition, it has certain toxic effects on reproductive system and children's growth and development.
Effect of (1) lead on hematopoietic system
The effect of lead on hematopoietic system is mainly to inhibit porphyrin metabolism and affect hemoglobin synthesis, which leads to anemia. Anemia caused by lead poisoning includes not only the reduction of hemoglobin synthesis, but also the rupture of erythrocyte membrane caused by lead. Acute lead poisoning has obvious hemolysis, while chronic lead poisoning mainly affects hematoporphyrin metabolism, and hemolysis is not important.
(2) Effect of lead on nervous system
At present, the most studied is the effect of lead on nervous system. Lead is a poison that is extremely sensitive to human nervous system. In severe cases, lead poisoning encephalopathy may occur. Occupational lead poisoning encephalopathy is rare at present. This kind of situation is more common in non-occupational poisoning, which can occur both acutely and chronically, such as children picking up walls coated with lead paint or biting toys coated with lead paint; Adults may also drink lead-containing drinks for a long time. Lead can also cause toxic peripheral neuropathy, mainly involving motor function. The main clinical manifestation is extensor weakness, especially the most used muscle. Joint pain, gloves and socks-like sensory disturbance are often found in the distal limbs. In severe cases, there are "lead paralysis" or "hanging wrists".
(3) Effect of lead on digestive system
Lead poisoning can cause abnormal secretion and motor function of digestive system. There are often loss of appetite, metallic taste in the mouth, abdominal distension, constipation, nausea, dull pain in uncertain parts of the abdomen, etc. Abdominal colic (lead colic) suddenly occurred in moderate and severe patients. Acute lead poisoning, lead can directly damage liver cells, and can make arteriole spasm in the liver cause ischemia, leading to acute lead poisoning liver disease; Occupational chronic lead poisoning has no obvious damage to the liver.
(4) Effect of lead on kidney
Lead can cause renal tubular dysfunction and even damage. Early renal damage may recover after treatment, but it may lead to renal insufficiency in the later stage.
(5) Others: It has been reported that lead also affects the cardiovascular system and can cause hypertension; It can also affect the reproductive system, lead to infertility, abortion and teratogenesis of female workers, and also lead to the decrease of male sperm motility and the increase of abnormal sperm.
9. Under what circumstances can lead be exposed?
Occupations exposed to lead include: lead mining, metal smelting, lead melting and tin melting; Battery manufacturing and maintenance; Printing industry; Production and use of paint pigments; Welding and shipbuilding; Plastic manufacturing, chemical equipment and pipeline lining, manufacturing tetraethyl lead; Ceramic glaze, glass, cloisonne and pesticide manufacturing; Manufacturing alloy, bearing alloy, cable sheath and joint, lead trough and lead shield repair; Used to make ballast, such as shot put; Military production, etc.
Other exposure opportunities: taking Chinese medicine containing lead (such as black tin, lithuanian, Zhangdan or Huang Dan). ) to treat epilepsy and other diseases, eating lead white as alkaline noodles or gypsum by mistake can cause acute or subacute poisoning. Long-term use of lead cans or tin cans to burn wine and drink alcohol, and children picking up painted walls with lead or biting toys with lead paint can also cause poisoning, but it is generally not acute poisoning.
10. How did lead enter the human body?
Lead and its inorganic compounds can be absorbed through respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. It is generally not absorbed by the skin. Organic lead, such as lead acetate, can be absorbed through the skin in a small amount; Tetraethyl lead is easily absorbed through the skin.
1 1. How to prevent lead poisoning?
Workers exposed to lead should wear work clothes, but are not allowed to enter canteens, dormitories and other places. Wash your hands with soap before meals, take a shower and change clothes after work, and don't wash your work clothes with your family. Don't smoke or eat in the workshop. Wear a dust mask when the concentration of lead dust in the workshop is high. You should have regular health check-ups.
12. What occupations and jobs are exposed to cadmium?
In industry, it is mainly used for electroplating, preparing nickel-cadmium or silver-cadmium batteries, making cadmium yellow pigments, making alloys and coating electrodes, making cadmium rods for nuclear reactors or coating them on graphite rods as neutron absorbers, and cadmium stearate is often used as a plastic stabilizer. There are occupational exposure opportunities in cadmium smelting and the above applications of cadmium and its compounds.
13. What are the clinical manifestations of cadmium poisoning?
(1) acute poisoning
1) Inhalation poisoning: within a short time (
2) Oral poisoning: After eating acidic foods or drinks prepared or stored in cadmium-plated containers, symptoms of gastrointestinal irritation such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea may occur for several minutes to several hours, and in severe cases, sweating, collapse, dizziness, convulsions, dehydration shock and even death due to acute renal failure may occur. In addition, among the workers exposed to cadmium dust, a few people who eat, smoke or like to bite their fingers in the workplace may also have gastrointestinal symptoms due to the intake of cadmium dust from contaminated hands.