Litchi stone and litchi are the fruits of litchi in Sapindaceae, also known as Danli and litchi. Originated in South China, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Taiwan Province, Yunnan and other places are the most cultivated. Harvest the fruits from June to July every year when they are ripe, peel off the shells, and take the aril (litchi meat) for fresh use or dry in the sun for later use.
The fruit is heart-shaped or spherical, and the peel is mostly scaly, bright red, purplish red, turquoise or bluish white. When the aril is fresh, it is translucent and fatty, juicy and sweet.
Litchi is rich in sugar, protein, vitamins, fat, citric acid, pectin, phosphorus, iron and so on, which is beneficial to human body. Commonly known as "Longan", it is a rare specialty in the south subtropical region of China, and it is known as "Longan" in the south and "Ginseng" in the north in history. Longan fruit is rich in nutrition and has been loved by people since ancient times. It is regarded as a precious tonic with obvious nourishing effect.
Li Shizhen once commented that "longan is a good resource" in Ming Dynasty. According to the analysis, the pulp contains total sugar 12.38 ~ 22.55%, reducing sugar 3.85 ~/kloc-0.16%, total acid 0.096 ~ 0. 109%, and vitamin c43./kloc-0. Besides fresh food, longan can also be processed, dried, canned and fried. Longan has many functions, such as strengthening yang and benefiting qi, nourishing heart and strengthening spleen, nourishing blood and calming nerves, moistening skin and beautifying face. Can be used for treating anemia, palpitation, insomnia, amnesia, neurasthenia, and physical weakness after illness and postpartum. Modern medical practice has proved that it also has the effects of beauty beauty and prolonging life.
Longan is very picky about the production environment, and there are limited places to grow longan in the world. Generally applicable to subtropical areas with mild climate and no severe frost. Therefore, longan has always been called a good fruit in Lingnan, because it can be eaten fresh and used as medicine, and the market is in short supply. Citrus is not only a cool fruit, but also the most important commercial fruit in the world. It is the most widely cultivated fruit tree in subtropical area of China and the most important fruit tree in Guangxi. Including sweet orange, wide-peel orange, grapefruit, kumquat, lemon and so on, mainly planted in Guangxi, each with many excellent varieties.
There is a fruit city in the west of China, Nanchong, Sichuan, which mainly produces citrus and other fruits.
According to the ancient book Gong Yu, oranges produced in China, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei and other places have been listed as tributes in the Xia Dynasty 4000 years ago. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, citrus production developed further. Historical records? The Biography of Su Zou (written by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty) records that "Qi will lead to the sea of fish and salt, and Chu will lead to the garden of oranges and pomelo", which shows that Chu (Hubei, Hunan and other places) and Qi (Shandong and other places) pay equal attention to the production of oranges, fish and salt, and Historical Records also mentions: "There are thousands of oranges in Jiangling, Shu Han. It can be seen that citrus production had a considerable scale at that time.
Citrus juice is delicious, rich in sugar, organic acids, minerals, vitamins and other ingredients, and has high nutritional value. Citrus is also an important raw material for medicine and food industry. In addition to fresh food, pulp can also be processed into canned food, fruit juice, jam and so on. Hesperidin, essence and pectin can be extracted from pericarp. Plum is sweet in taste, big in fruit, thin in skin, shiny, thick in flesh, small in stone, crisp and fine in quality, juicy, high in acidity, rich in various amino acids needed by human body, sweet in acid, especially rich in fruit acid and vitamin C, semi-finished products of Zhaoan Prunus mume, dry and wet plums, elastic, light yellow, the peel is not easy to crack, and the contents are not easy to lose during processing. In addition, in the curing process, no other additives are added, only a proper amount of salt is added, and the shelf life can reach more than 12 months. The quality exceeds that of Nangaomei, which is popular in Japan. It conforms to Japanese national pickling standards and is well received by the Japanese market. Known as "the king of preserved fruit" and "natural green health food".
The components of Prunus mume have the following characteristics:
1, low sugar and high acid (total sugar 1.3%, total acid 6.4%), its t value (sugar-acid ratio) is only 0.2, which is 1/72 of Yali and 1/8 of Apricot, even lower than lemon. Therefore, green plum is an excellent natural sour raw material. Natural organic acids have many physiological regulating functions and are the main functional components of plum blossom.
2. It has a reasonable calcium-phosphorus ratio of 1: 1. Compared with other fruits, it not only has a reasonable proportion of calcium and phosphorus, but also has a high absolute amount, so it is a good raw material for producing children's food and old-age food.
3. The content of 3.VB is as high as 5.6mg/ 100g, which is hundreds of times that of other fruits, and VB2 is in a very stable and highly acidic environment, which is the outstanding advantage of ebony. The provinces with the largest pear production in China are Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Yunnan. The main pear producing area is Yantai, Shandong Province, and the cultivated varieties are Huangxian Changba pear, Qixia Dashuixiang pear, Laiyang ancient pear (Cili), Laixi crystal pear and Xiangshui pear. Hebei Baoding, Handan, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai and other places, the main varieties are Yali pear, Xuehuali, Round Yellow pear, Green Sydney, Red pear and so on. In Suizhong, Beizhen, Yixian, Jinxi and Fuxin of Liaoning Province, there are autumn Pak Lei, Yali pear and Qiuzi pear. Anhui Dangshan and its surrounding areas are crisp pear producing areas; Gaoping, Shanxi is the producing area of huanghuali, and Yuanping mainly produces huanghuali and avocado. Lanzhou, Gansu Province is famous for producing winter pears. Jinchuan Sydney and Cangxi Sydney in Sichuan; Korla fragrant pears and crisp pears in Xinjiang, and western pears in Yantai and Dalian are also well-known at home and abroad. Jinding Xie Hua crisp pear, a traditional specialty in Ningling County, Henan Province (see photo). During the reign of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty, he paid tribute to the court. This kind of pear has a layer of golden yellow fruit spots around its stalk, which makes it crisp and delicious, hence the name. It is characterized by golden color, tender skin and crisp meat, and sweet juice without residue. In addition to being eaten directly, it can also be processed into canned food, and can also be used for wine making and pharmacy. At present, the research on pear trees in China
It has achieved fruitful results, and its representative variety is China Honghua Crispy Pear, which was successfully cultivated by Zhumadian Forestry Research Institute. It is the first excellent pear variety with red flowers, red leaves and red fruits in the world. Its flowers and fruits are gorgeous, the pulp is white and delicate without sand cells, crisp and sweet, and the quality is excellent.
6. Grapes
Grape is the fruit of grape, which is a deciduous vine and one of the oldest plants in the world. Grapes are native to Europe, West Asia and North Africa. According to archaeological data, the earliest grape growing area was between Caspian Sea and Black Sea in Asia Minor and its south bank. About 7000 years ago, grape cultivation began in South Caucasus, Central Asia, Syria, Iraq and other regions. Most historians believe that Persia (today's Iran) was the first country to make wine. Greece is the first country in Europe to grow grapes and make wine. It is produced in the north of the Yangtze River basin in China, mainly in Xinjiang, Gansu, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong and other places. The stem and vine are as long as 10 ~ 20m. Simple leaves, alternate. Flowers are small and yellow-green, forming panicles. Berries are round or oval, and the fruits have different colors, such as white, blue, red, brown, purple and black. The fruit ripens from August to 10. Grapes have been cultivated in China for more than 2,000 years, which is said to be Han.
On behalf of zhangqian. There are many kinds of grapes, there are thousands in the world, which can be divided into two categories: wine grapes and edible grapes. There are two major cultivated varieties in the world: European varieties and fox grapes. According to their different origins, they can be divided into oriental strains and European strains. Longan, seedless white, milk and black-bone chicken heart, which have been cultivated for a long time in China, belong to the oriental variety group. "Rose fragrance" and "Jialiniang" belong to European varieties. Fresh use or dry in the shade. Grape is the oldest fruit. According to paleontologists, the fossils of grape leaves and seeds were found in Cenozoic tertiary strata, which proved that grapes existed more than 6.5 million years ago. Some scholars believe that there were plants similar to grapes 230 million to 67 million years ago. Cherry varieties include red light, early red, pioneer, big purple, early big fruit and Robin needles. Among them, Hongguang and Xianfeng are the most common varieties, and they are also two high-quality varieties in cherry. The red light is slightly reddish, and the short-cooked red light tastes sweet and slightly sour. Pioneer has deep red color, long fruit handle and pure and sweet taste of mature pioneer.
Deciduous trees The plant height can reach 8 meters. The shoots are glabrous or slightly hairy. The leaves are ovoid to ovoid, 7~ 16 cm long and 4~8 cm wide, with an acuminate apex, a rounded base, double serrations of different sizes on the edges, glands on the serrations, hairless or hairless on the upper surface and fluffy on the lower surface; The petiole is 0.8~ 1.5 cm long, pubescent, and there are two glands near the top. 3~6 flowers form a raceme with a diameter of 1.5~2.5 cm, and the first leaf is open; Pedicel is about 65438 0.5 cm long and pubescent. Calyx tube cylindrical, pubescent; Sepals ovoid or oblong-triangular, reflexed after flowering. The petals are white. Stamens are numerous; Ovary glabrous. Drupe, nearly spherical, without furrows, red, with a diameter of about 65438 0 cm. The flowering period is March-April, and the fruiting period is May. Guava leaf
Alias Bale Chicken Yaguobazi Chicken Shit Baba
Distribution guava is a tropical fruit tree with strong adaptability. Originated in tropical America, 16 ~ 17 century spread to tropical and subtropical regions of the world, such as North America, Oceania, New Zealand, Pacific Islands, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, North Africa and Vietnam. /kloc-introduced to China at the end of 0/7. Now Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi and other provinces are all cultivated, and some places have escaped into wild fruit trees.
Taiwan Province guava is a fruit tree belonging to the genus Psidium in Myrtaceae, with very soft meat, rich gravy, sweet taste and almost seedless, which is close to pear and Taiwan Province Daqingzao. Its oval fruit, from milky green to milky white in color, is extremely beautiful, and it is also a first-class slimming fruit. Guava fruits are spherical, oval, oval and pear-shaped, with green, red and yellow skins and white, red and yellow pulp. The meat is tender, crisp and sweet, refreshing and comfortable, and it is often not greasy. It is the best fruit for beauty.
Nutritional analysis
Guava is rich in nutrition, which can stimulate appetite and promote children's growth and development. It contains a lot of vitamin C, potassium, iron, carotene and so on. It contains protein, fat, sugar, vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus and iron. Guava has high nutritional value. In terms of vitamin C, it is higher than oranges, bananas, papaya, tomatoes, watermelons and pineapples. It is also rich in iron, calcium and phosphorus. The iron content in seeds is more than other fruits, so it is best to eat them together. Eating more can prevent aging, eliminate toxins in the body, and is also the first-class fruit to lose weight. Fruit has the effects of treating diabetes and lowering blood sugar, and leaves can also treat diarrhea. Astringe and stop diarrhea, diminish inflammation and stop bleeding. Leaves and fruits: acute and chronic enteritis, dysentery, indigestion in children; Fresh leaves: external use to treat traumatic injury, traumatic bleeding and scabies. Plum plants. ) is the fruit of Rosaceae plum, commonly known as "dinosaur egg". It is produced in most parts of China. Harvest the ripe fruits in July and August, wash them, remove the core and keep them fresh, or dry them in the sun. Full, round, exquisite and beautiful, with sweet taste, it is one of the traditional fruits that people like to eat. It can be eaten fresh, canned and pickled, and is one of the main fruits in summer.
1. Promote digestion: Plum can promote the secretion of gastric acid and digestive enzymes and increase gastrointestinal peristalsis. Therefore, eating Li Neng can promote digestion and increase appetite, which is a good food for people with gastric acid deficiency, fullness after eating and constipation;
2. Clearing liver and promoting diuresis: Fresh plum meat contains a variety of amino acids, such as glutamine, serine, amino acids, proline and so on. Raw food is of great benefit to the treatment of ascites due to cirrhosis;
3. Lowering blood pressure, stopping diarrhea and relieving cough: Mume kernel contains amygdalin and a lot of fatty oil. Pharmacology has proved that it has obvious diuretic and antihypertensive effects, can accelerate intestinal peristalsis, promote the discharge of dry stool, and also has the functions of relieving cough and eliminating phlegm;
4. According to "Compendium of Beauty and Materia Medica", plum blossom has a good cosmetic effect on facial fat, which can "remove the dark side of powder" and "make the face shiny", and has a good effect on sweat spots and dark spots on the face. Apple is rich in sugar, organic acids, cellulose, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols and flavonoids, and is called "all-round healthy fruit" by scientists.
Hypolipidemic: The human experiment of Japan Fruit Research Institute showed that after eating two apples a day, the triglyceride level in subjects' blood decreased by 265,438+0% after three weeks, and the high triglyceride level was the chief culprit of arteriosclerosis. After apple pectin enters the human body, it can combine with bile acids, absorb excess cholesterol and triglycerides like a sponge, and then excrete it. At the same time, the acetic acid decomposed by apple is beneficial to the catabolism of these two substances. In addition, vitamins, fructose and magnesium in apples can also reduce their content.
Lowering blood pressure: Excessive sodium is an important factor causing hypertension and stroke. Apples contain enough potassium, which can be combined with excess sodium in the body and excreted, thus lowering blood pressure. At the same time, potassium ion can effectively protect blood vessels and reduce the incidence of hypertension and stroke. Dr Susan Arlich, a famous British pharmacologist, found that polyphenols and flavonoids contained in apples can effectively prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Prevention of cancer: A study by Hirosaki University in Japan confirmed that polyphenols in apples can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, while a study in Finland is even more exciting: flavonoids contained in apples are an efficient antioxidant, not only the best vascular cleaner, but also the bane of cancer. If people eat more apples, the risk of lung cancer can be reduced by 46%, and the risk of other cancers can also be reduced by 20%. The latest research by the French National Institute of Health Medicine also tells us that proanthocyanidins in apples can prevent colon cancer.
Antioxidant effect: The research team of Cornell University in the United States soaked the brain cells of mice in a liquid containing quercetin and vitamin C, and found that the antioxidant capacity of brain cells was significantly enhanced. Compared with other fruits and vegetables, quercetin in apples is the best, and red apples are better than yellow apples and green apples. Therefore, apples are the best food for patients with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Strengthening bones: apples contain mineral elements boron and manganese that can strengthen bones. A study in the United States found that boron can greatly increase the concentration of estrogen and other compounds in the blood, which can effectively prevent calcium loss. Medical experts believe that if menopausal women can consume 3 grams of boron every day, their calcium loss rate can be reduced by 46%, and menopausal women eat more apples, which is beneficial to the absorption and utilization of calcium and the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
Maintain acid-base balance: 70% of diseases occur in people with acidic constitution, and apples are alkaline foods. Eating apples can quickly neutralize excessive acidic substances in the body (including acid produced by exercise and acidic metabolites produced by acidic foods such as fish, meat and eggs), and enhance physical strength and disease resistance. According to the difference of drought resistance and water demand, fruit trees can be divided into three categories:
① Varieties with strong drought resistance, such as peach, apricot, pomegranate, jujube, fig, walnut and pineapple.
② Varieties with moderate drought resistance, such as apples, pears, persimmons, cherries, plums, plums and oranges.
③ Varieties with weak drought resistance, such as banana, loquat and bayberry.
Fruit trees need water, but the more water the better. Sometimes moderate water shortage of fruit trees can also promote the root system of fruit trees to take root deeply, inhibit the growth of branches and leaves of fruit trees, reduce the amount of pruning, make fruit trees enter the stage of flower bud differentiation as soon as possible, make fruit trees bear fruit early, and improve the sugar content and quality of fruit. 1. Irrigation time
Irrigation of fruit trees should be carried out before the growth of fruit trees is affected by water shortage, and don't wait until the fruit trees have shown water shortage in form. If irrigation is only carried out when the fruit shrinks and the leaves curl, it will cause irreparable losses to the growth and fruit of fruit trees.
Determining the irrigation time of fruit trees should be mainly based on the water demand of fruit trees in each phenological period and the soil moisture content at that time. Generally speaking, we should pay special attention to irrigation in four periods:
(1) water before flowering, also known as germination water. If there is enough water in the soil before and after the germination of fruit trees to the initial flowering stage, it can promote the growth of new shoots, increase the leaf area and lay the foundation for high yield. Therefore, in early spring, irrigation before flowering can effectively promote the germination, flowering and leaf growth of new shoots and improve the fruit setting rate. Generally, water can be irrigated before and after germination, and it is better to irrigate in advance.
(2) watering after flowering, also known as rush tip water. The growth of new shoots and the expansion of young fruits are the key periods of water demand for fruit trees, and the physiological functions of fruit trees are the most vigorous at this time. If the soil moisture is insufficient, it will cause the young fruit to shrink and fall off, and affect the absorption function of the root system, slow down the growth of fruit trees and obviously reduce the yield. Therefore, in case of drought during this period, irrigation should be carried out in time. Generally, irrigation can be carried out from 15 days after flower drop to before physiological fruit drop.
3 flower bud differentiation water, also known as flower formation and fruit protection water. As far as most deciduous fruit trees are concerned, it is the period when the fruit expands rapidly and the flower buds differentiate a lot, so it is necessary to irrigate them in time.
(4) Irrigation during dormancy, that is, irrigation in winter. Generally, it is carried out before the soil freezes, which can prevent drought and cold, is conducive to the development of flower buds, promotes the decomposition of fertilizers, and is conducive to the growth of fruit trees in the next spring.
2. Irrigation times
The irrigation times of fruit trees in each phenological period mainly depend on the precipitation and soil moisture in each period. Generally speaking, the above irrigation period can usually be irrigated once to meet the water demand of fruit trees in this period. In addition to these periods, when the soil moisture content of orchard is reduced to 50% of the field capacity, it must also be irrigated in time.
3. Irrigation quantity
The irrigation amount of fruit trees varies with the types, varieties, rootstock characteristics, age, soil quality and climatic conditions of fruit trees. The irrigation amount of drought-tolerant tree species such as jujube and chestnut can be smaller, and the irrigation amount of poor drought-tolerant tree species such as grape and pear is larger. Young trees should be watered less, so fruit trees can be watered more. The orchard in sandy land should be irrigated less, and the irrigation in saline-alkali orchard should pay attention to the groundwater level to prevent saline-alkali from returning. Generally, the most suitable irrigation amount for mature fruit trees is that the soil layer in the root system of fruit trees is completely wetted by water. Under the condition of adopting water-saving irrigation method, the irrigation depth to be reached is 0.4 ~ 0.5 m, and it can reach 0.8 ~ 1 m when the water source is sufficient.