First, the status quo of early childhood education in China
Children are the flowers of the motherland. They are very delicate, easily hurt by the outside world and need the careful care of teachers and parents. Since the 1990s, the state has attached great importance to early childhood education and continuously invested a lot of money. At the same time, a large number of social forces also contributed.
According to relevant data, as of 20 10, there were 34,000 kindergartens in China, including 83,400 private kindergartens, accounting for 62.2% of the total number of kindergartens in China, which provided a large number of preschool children with opportunities to receive education. At the same time, under the influence of this environment, the overall level of kindergarten education in China has also been greatly improved, and various unique preschool education institutions have emerged one after another, such as art training kindergartens and bilingual teaching kindergartens, which have greatly improved the overall level of preschool education and enabled children to obtain better and more comprehensive training.
Second, the main tasks of early childhood education
2. 1 Cultivate children's curiosity and interest.
For young children, the whole world is full of infinite charm. In children's eyes, there are too many truths in the world waiting for them to explore, which is why children like to ask questions, and these questions are often all kinds of strange. Some people may think this is ridiculous, but the author thinks that the curiosity and interest of children shown by these questions are the most primitive desire of human beings to seek knowledge and explore, and they are a precious thing. As far as preschool education is concerned, what preschool teachers should do is to protect and cultivate children's innocence and curiosity to the maximum extent, to teach and tolerate children as patiently as possible, to answer questions for children, and to keep children's vigorous and active desire to explore, which is of great help to children's independent learning and knowledge accumulation in the future.
2.2 Realize children's self-development.
Everyone is born different and has his own unique personality and talent, which often has great help and influence on his future development. In the actual process of preschool education, teachers need to respect children's personality and give them freedom of activities as much as possible. Of course, this respect does not mean indulgence and connivance, but at the same time, we should actively guide and cultivate children, support them to have their own unique personality and style, and lay a solid foundation for their future quality development.
2.3 Cultivate children's good habits
Mr. Ye Shengtao, a famous educator, once said that "education is to form good habits", and the formation of habits often takes a long process, which is the subtle result of people's daily life. Childhood is an important period for human beings to form habits and sprout rationality. Therefore, an important task of preschool education is to cultivate children's good habits. The formation of good habits plays an extremely important role in children's future growth and development, and even directly affects their lifelong development. Therefore, our kindergarten teachers must pay full attention to it.
Third, the common methods of early childhood education
3. 1 Entertainment
Love to play is a child's nature, and it is also the most important means of early childhood education, because for children, games not only provide them with a space to relax, but also help their hands-on ability, teamwork ability and communication ability. For preschool teachers, how to integrate education with games is also a major assessment standard to reflect their educational ability.
3.2 Education prosecution
It can be said that almost every child grows up immersed in the joy of "listening to stories". Every child's story is a wonderful adventure and challenge for children. In children's simple thoughts, stories carry their fantasies and hopes for the future.
3.3 Micro education
Habit formation often comes from trivial matters in life. For children, some trivial things in the adult world may have a deep impression on them and imitate and learn from them. For this reason, teachers' daily behavior habits and "trivial matters" in the process of education have also received deep attention in early childhood education, and educating people in the micro is a major focus of early childhood education in China.
Fourthly, the reform and improvement of early childhood education in China in the future.
4. 1 realize small class teaching and teach students in accordance with their aptitude.
Because there are a large number of children in China, but there are few schools that carry out early childhood education and the number of kindergarten teachers is limited, many kindergartens now adopt the teaching mode of large class size, most of which are 35 students, with at least 25 students. Such a population size is actually challenging for kindergarten teachers, because children are young and naughty, and it is obviously difficult for a kindergarten teacher to observe every child, discover its uniqueness, teach students in accordance with their aptitude and encourage their personalized development.
4.2 Enrich activities, create opportunities, and pay attention to the cultivation of self-confidence and innovative ability.
Children are the fastest age to accept knowledge and external things in a person's life, and also the most fragile age of a person's mind. The shaping of personality in early childhood has an important influence on people's life. As the saying goes, seeing the old at the age of three is the importance of early childhood education at this stage, so the educational guidance at this stage will affect a person's life. Many kindergartens only teach simple knowledge, such as addition and subtraction, letter learning, and some kindergarten teachers will criticize children for failing quizzes, and even do corporal punishment, which will do great harm to children's minds. Such hard education will make a large number of children lose self-confidence and be afraid of innovation. Therefore, kindergartens in China should carry out some lively activities to help children learn and make them study happily. At the same time, we should pay special attention to the cultivation of preschool teachers' quality, so that they can help children build up their self-confidence, cultivate their correct quality and cultivate their innovative ability in teaching.
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Factors affecting early childhood education
family factors
Childhood is the golden age of psychological development. Because, this is the initial formation period of people's personality psychology, and the influence on children will last for a lifetime (some psychological diseases of adults can be traced back to their childhood, where the causes or traces of diseases can be found). However, at this time, due to the immature psychological development of children, they are easily influenced by bad factors in the environment, resulting in some psychological deviations. Among many factors that affect children's mental health development, family is particularly important. The influence of family factors on early childhood education mainly comes from two aspects.
On the one hand, it is the degree of family harmony. There is no doubt that a harmonious, friendly and caring family environment is definitely beneficial to children's physical and mental health. However, the disharmonious family environment often does some harm to children's psychology. In this environment, children lack care and security, their enthusiasm for learning is not high, and their willingness to communicate with other children is not strong. Therefore, it is very important to create a harmonious family environment.
On the other hand, the quality of parents also has a certain impact on early childhood education. Parents with higher knowledge level and moral cultivation pay more attention to early childhood education, which has great enlightenment to early childhood education.
Family factor is one of the most basic factors that affect early childhood education, because children are exposed to family for the first time after birth. Therefore, parents should attach importance to the construction of a harmonious family environment, improve their own quality and moral cultivation, and exert a subtle influence on their children in life. At the same time, parents should also strengthen communication with young children and build a bridge of communication.
(2) Educational facilities
With the rapid development of social economy and science and technology, preschool education facilities are not what they used to be. Perfect pre-school education facilities are the hardware foundation of pre-school education, and also the guarantee to stimulate interest, develop thinking and exercise. Playing is children's nature, and entertaining is always one of the important ways of early childhood education. Let children show their talents and tap their potential in the process of playing, which needs perfect educational facilities as support. At present, in the construction of educational facilities in kindergartens, there are often some high-tech educational facilities, which can not only realize the educational function of traditional education, but also exercise children's abstract thinking and develop their intelligence with the cooperation of kindergarten teachers, thus playing a multiplier role in preschool education. Educational facilities play a vital role in preschool education.
(C) Campus environment
Campus environment is of special significance to children's development, which is determined by the characteristics of children's physical and mental development and the educational value of campus environment. A warm and harmonious campus environment can make children lively, rational and good at communication. In a sense, the campus environment is an important living condition for children. Therefore, the walls, floors and even spaces of kindergartens can be places where teachers and children can exert their imagination and creativity, ranging from a theme to a painting, which can be seen everywhere, reminding children anytime and anywhere, effectively enhancing the subtle role of education, thus achieving good educational results. For example, we pay attention to creating an educational environment for the activity room, and put forward different requirements for the interior decoration of each class, so that each activity room can cultivate children's sentiments in a distinctive style. The theme decoration of senior one is wool. Here, the skills of knitting, hooking and pasting are fully displayed, from the theme painting spring outing, tadpoles looking for their mothers to a string of grapes and lifelike foxes, all of which reflect the uniqueness of teachers. They use the four indoor beams to play a reasonable role and dress up as warm spring, warm summer, mature autumn and simple and dignified winter in turn, which has a unique flavor. The artistic and literary features of the middle class are picture-in-picture, with leaves and stamens inlaid with pictures of stories, such as pigs eating watermelon, three monks, Snow White and seven dwarfs. The picture is vivid, which makes children want to see and say, and improves their oral expression ability.
Teachers.
If preschool education facilities are the hardware part of preschool education, then teachers are naturally the software part of preschool education. Traditionally, a good team of teachers is the prerequisite for the success of education, and teachers' ability is often one of the potential manifestations of educational achievements. Especially for preschool education, teachers' behavior often has a far-reaching impact on children's behavior habits during kindergarten because of their strong plasticity. Therefore, the requirements for preschool teachers' own quality and teaching ability are self-evident. Since preschool education is mainly concentrated in 3-6 years old, children's intellectual development, habit cultivation, hobbies and other aspects need the guidance and education of preschool teachers. Research shows that before the age of 5, people's intelligence develops fastest. Compared with the normal intelligence level of 18, 50% of the intelligence was acquired before the age of 4, and 30% was acquired at the age of 4 ~ 8. It can be seen that the speed of intellectual development in early childhood is amazing. Therefore, the quality and education level of preschool teachers are the key to preschool education and follow-up education.
Several teaching methods of preschool education
(1) Example method
Example, also known as normal education method, is an educational method to influence children with the help of others' good thoughts, good morality and good behavior. The power of example is infinite, with great appeal and persuasiveness. It educates children with concrete, vivid and lofty images, which is easy for children to understand and imitate. To educate children with examples, we should choose typical ones to make them educational and practical.
(B) the actual exercise methods
Practical exercise is the most effective way to form and consolidate children's thoughts, behaviors and habits. This method is to let children participate in various activities and practices, so that they can get practical exercise. So as to cultivate children's good moral behavior habits and achieve the goal of unity of knowledge and action and consistency of words and deeds.
(three) praise and criticism, reward and punishment
This is an indispensable moral education method for children. Praise and reward are positive comments on children's good thoughts and behaviors, so that those who are praised and rewarded can clearly understand their own strengths and further consolidate and improve them. This method not only educates individuals but also cultivates the spirit of collectivism. There are many ways to praise and reward, such as oral praise, written praise and awarding prizes. Criticism and punishment are negative comments on children's bad thoughts and behaviors. The purpose is to let children overcome shortcomings and mistakes, help children distinguish right from wrong, and make clear the direction of efforts.