Application and prospect of intelligent materials in electronic industry?

The development and large-scale application of intelligent materials will trigger a major revolution in the development of materials science. Generally speaking, the application of smart materials in electronic industry has seven functions, namely, sensing function, feedback function, information identification and accumulation function, response function, self-diagnosis, self-repair ability and adaptive ability. The idea of intelligent materials comes from bionics (bionics is to imitate some unique functions of creatures in nature to make tools for human use, such as imitating dragonflies to make airplanes. ), its goal is to develop a kind of material that can become "living" and has various functions similar to biology. Therefore, intelligent materials must have three basic elements: perception, driving and control. However, the existing materials are generally single and difficult to meet the requirements of intelligent materials, so intelligent materials are generally composed of two or more materials to form an intelligent material system. This makes the design, manufacturing, processing, performance and structural characteristics of smart materials all involve the forefront of materials science, making smart materials represent the most active aspects and the most advanced development direction of materials science. In the field of architecture, scientists are working hard to develop materials that can make bridges, high-rise building facilities and underground pipelines self-diagnose their "health" and intelligent materials that can "cure diseases" themselves. British scientists have developed two kinds of "self-healing" fibers. These two kinds of fibers can sense the cracks in concrete and the corrosion of steel bars respectively, and can automatically bond the cracks in concrete or prevent the corrosion of steel bars. The fiber used to bond cracks is a porous hollow fiber made of glass fiber and polypropylene. When it is mixed into concrete, it will be torn when the concrete is excessively buckled, thus releasing some chemicals to fill and bond the cracks in concrete. Anti-corrosion fiber is wrapped around the steel bar. When the acidity around the steel bar reaches a certain value, the coating of the fiber will dissolve, releasing substances from the fiber that can prevent the steel bar from being corroded in concrete. In aircraft manufacturing, scientists are developing smart materials with the following functions: when the aircraft encounters eddy currents or violent headwinds in flight, the smart materials in the wings can quickly deform and drive the wings to change shape, thus eliminating the influence of eddy currents or headwinds and enabling the aircraft to fly smoothly. Aircraft self-diagnosis monitoring system for damage assessment and life prediction This system can judge the sudden damage and cumulative damage of the structure by itself, and predict the service life of the aircraft structure according to the flight experience and damage data, thus greatly reducing the number of grounded maintenance and daily maintenance costs under the condition of ensuring safety, and making commercial aircraft obtain considerable economic benefits. In addition, some people imagine using smart materials as coatings to coat the fuselage and wings. When the fuselage or wing is under pressure, the coating will change color as a warning. In medicine, intelligent materials and structures can be used to make prosthetic limbs with tactile response without motion control. These artificial limbs can imitate the smooth movement of human muscles, and use their controllable shapes to restore strength, and skillfully grasp fragile objects, such as paper cups filled with water. Automatic drug delivery system is also an area where smart materials can display their talents. Japan has introduced a polymer which can expand and contract according to the concentration of glucose in blood. When the glucose concentration is low, the polymer strip will shrink into small balls, and when the glucose concentration is high, the small balls will stretch into strips. Using this characteristic, this polymer can be made into artificial pancreatic cells. Injecting this polymer-encapsulated insulin pellet into the blood of diabetic patients can simulate the application of pancreatic tubules in human cells. When the blood sugar concentration is high, the particles release insulin, and when the blood sugar concentration is low, the insulin is sealed. In this way, the patient's blood sugar concentration will always remain at a normal level. In the military field, the smart skin that can detect sensors such as laser and nuclear radiation is implanted into the skin of aerospace vehicles, which can be used for monitoring and early warning of enemy threats. The United States is studying the future ballistic missile monitoring and early warning satellite, and implanting various smart skins such as nuclear explosion optical fiber sensors and X-ray optical fiber detectors into the composite skin. This kind of smart skin will be installed on the surface of the space-based defense system platform to monitor and warn the enemy threats in real time and improve the anti-destruction ability of the weapon platform. Smart materials can also reduce the noise of military systems. The US military has invented an intelligent material that can be coated on submarines, which can reduce the noise of submarines by 60 decibels and shorten the time for submarines to detect targets by 100 times. In addition to the above aspects, another important development symbol of smart materials is shape memory alloy, or memory alloy. This alloy can remember its shape after being formed at a certain temperature. When the temperature drops below a certain value (phase transition temperature), its shape will change; When the temperature of warm shape memory alloy rises above the phase transition temperature, it will automatically return to its original shape. At present, the basic research and application research of memory alloys are relatively mature. Some countries have made self-expanding antennas for satellites with memory alloys. After being welded into a certain shape at a slightly higher temperature, it is folded at room temperature and launched on a satellite. After the satellite is on the sky, due to the strong sunlight, the temperature will rise and the antenna will automatically expand. In addition, some people made automatic shutters for windows with memory alloys. When the temperature rises to a certain extent, the window will open automatically, and when the temperature drops, the window will close automatically. Bras with memory alloy as support frame are also very distinctive. Bra can be rubbed and cleaned in water at will, but it will automatically keep its shape when worn on the body, which can change within a certain range according to the change of the wearer's body shape.