What are the methods to prevent and treat hepatitis?

<1> Hepatitis A: It is an intestinal infectious disease transmitted through the digestive tract (fecal-oral route). Perfect preventive measures include controlling the source of infection, cutting off the route of transmission and protecting the susceptible population. The first thing to control the source of infection is to make correct diagnosis, isolation and treatment in time. Patients with hepatitis A should be isolated for at least 40 days from the date of onset, and those who have contact with hepatitis A should be under medical observation for 45 days. When there is an epidemic of hepatitis A in kindergartens, kindergartens should be temporarily stopped from accepting new students. All the children in the park should be under medical observation except for the isolated treatment of the sick children. Employees and nurses in the catering industry should have regular physical examinations, and patients with hepatitis should be transferred from their jobs immediately if they find them. After six months' observation, those who have recovered after various examinations can return to their original jobs. It is very important to do a good job in environmental sanitation, strengthen the management of diet, water source and feces, and eliminate flies.

Hepatitis A is a typical infectious disease, and viral feces can pollute water, vegetables, food and utensils, which can cause epidemic. For individuals, to develop good hygiene habits, such as not eating cold and unclean food, especially drinking water products, be sure to cook them; Dining in restaurants and food stalls with poor sanitary conditions, and implementing a separate meal system; Wash your hands with running water before and after meals or when in contact with patients. Patients' clothes, utensils, toys, secretions, excreta, etc. should be strictly disinfected to avoid epidemic. Inoculation of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine and attenuated live vaccine can effectively protect susceptible population. For people who have had close contact with patients, especially children, gamma globulin should be injected intramuscularly within 1 week.

[2] Hepatitis B: The perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus is mainly through blood, blood products and contaminated medical devices, and through close contact with sexual contact. Therefore, the following corresponding measures should be taken to prevent hepatitis B. Strengthen the management of blood donors and blood products to prevent hepatitis after blood transfusion. Blood donors and blood products are screened by sensitive detection methods. Hepatitis B patients and pathogen carriers are not allowed to donate blood, and HBsAg positive blood products are not allowed to be sold and used. Unscreened whole blood or potentially dangerous blood products shall not be used for clinical treatment. Medical units should conscientiously do a good job in the supervision and inspection of hepatitis after blood transfusion, record all blood donors in each case, and notify the blood bank of the list of possible hepatitis B virus carriers to remind them. Advocating blood donation without compensation and putting an end to the phenomenon of "selling blood" can greatly reduce the occurrence of various blood-borne infectious diseases including hepatitis B, establish a strict disinfection and isolation system, implement disposable syringes, and prevent iatrogenic transmission. Medical and preventive injections require one needle and one tube, and blood collection needles, acupuncture needles, surgical instruments, skin scraping needles, probes, endoscopes, oral instruments and other medical instruments and appliances should be disinfected once. Patients' blood and other body fluids must be strictly disinfected to avoid polluting hospital equipment and instruments. Drug addicts, especially intravenous drug addicts, must be strictly detoxified. Prevent close contact and sexual transmission. When the spouse or sexual partner is a hepatitis B patient or virus carrier, the healthy party should be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, and it is safer to have sex after producing protective antibodies. Wearing condoms during sexual intercourse is a simple and effective preventive method. Investigation shows that HBV carriers in families, kindergartens, schools and military camps may spread the virus through close contact with their daily lives. Therefore, members of these families and institutions should be generally vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, and those who are antigen-positive should be isolated in classes or rooms.

Block perinatal transmission from mother to child. If women are hepatitis B patients or pathogen carriers, especially those with positive HBV replication index, anti-HBV treatment should be actively carried out before pregnancy to inhibit or eliminate the virus and reduce or eliminate the chance of mother-to-child transmission. Infants are vaccinated against hepatitis B immediately after birth. If the mother's HBV replication index is positive, the baby should be injected with hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) within 6 hours after birth, and then vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine as soon as possible.

Vaccinate against hepatitis B to protect the susceptible population. At present, the main targets of hepatitis B vaccination in China are newborns and preschool children, followed by close contacts of hepatitis B patients and pathogen carriers (especially sexual contacts), medical and health workers, patients who need blood transfusion or hemodialysis, etc.

[3] Hepatitis C: The mode of transmission is similar to that of hepatitis B, so the prevention method is basically the same as that of hepatitis B, except that hepatitis C vaccine which can be widely inoculated in susceptible population has not been developed yet. The main preventive measures of hepatitis C are to strengthen the management of blood donors, advocate voluntary blood donation, and strictly disinfect and isolate the system to prevent iatrogenic transmission. The screening of blood donors includes the detection of hepatitis C virus antibody, hepatitis C virus nucleic acid and serum alanine aminotransferase. Those with positive or abnormal test results may not donate blood.

〈4〉 Hepatitis D: It is a defective virus and needs the assistance of hepatitis B virus to complete the replication process. Therefore, the infection of hepatitis D virus can only occur in HBsAg positive people, and the prevention method is the same as that of hepatitis B. HBsAg examination of blood donors can significantly reduce the incidence of hepatitis D after blood transfusion. Vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine and elimination of HBsAg carriers are the most effective measures to avoid and control hepatitis D virus infection. It should be reminded that HBsAg positive people should not be closely exposed to the mixed infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus to avoid infection with hepatitis D virus.

〈5〉 Hepatitis E: It is transmitted through digestive tract, and the preventive measures are the same as those of hepatitis A ... It mainly adopts a comprehensive prevention and control strategy of cutting off the transmission route, including extensive health publicity and education, improving environmental sanitation, and strengthening the management of water sources, food, patients and feces. It is of great significance to emphasize drinking water hygiene, prevent water pollution, and advocate drinking boiled water instead of raw water. Hepatitis G and D viruses are transmitted through blood, and the preventive measures are the same as those of hepatitis B and hepatitis C, and hepatitis B virus is transmitted through digestive tract, and the preventive measures are the same as those of hepatitis A and hepatitis E..