Food graduation thesis model essay on food safety under WTO system
First, the impact of food safety on international trade.
Throughout the ages, the competitive environment of national sovereignty that bullies the weak and fears the hard has never changed. The intensification of technical barriers between countries is also accompanied by the gap in technical level between developed and developing countries. Backward countries must be careful to guard against more and more health and quarantine measures for animal and plant diseases and various even bizarre inspection and testing items. This unreasonable measure that hinders international trade will gradually turn into a reasonable and halo-like non-tariff trade barrier in the business circles of developed countries.
Two. Food safety rules of SPS protocol
( 1)? Based on science? Implement relevant measures
Article 5, paragraph 7, of the SPS Agreement stipulates that four conditions must be met for member countries to take temporary health and quarantine measures: to take temporary measures when the relevant scientific basis of member countries is insufficient; According to the relevant information, including the information of animal and plant health and quarantine measures implemented by international organizations and other member parties, take some animal and plant health and quarantine measures temporarily; Members should seek to obtain necessary supplementary information in order to assess risks more objectively; Members shall accordingly evaluate animal and plant health and quarantine measures within a reasonable period of time. The four conditions are interlocking, interrelated and indispensable.
(B) the food safety rules of TBT agreement under the WTO system
Under the WTO system, the "TBT agreement" is to prevent member countries from using their technical level to exercise unfair technical barriers to trade, and the agreement naturally includes standards for food quality requirements. TBT Agreement stipulates that the formulation of standards, technical regulations and conformity assessment procedures should be based on the corresponding standards, principles or recommendations formulated by the International Organization for Standardization, and the implementation of the three norms should not cause unnecessary obstacles to international trade. Secondly, by establishing the consultation point system and notification system and notifying each other in advance, the transparency of technical regulations and certification procedures is greatly improved, which makes it easier for exporters to adapt to the requirements of importing countries and greatly reduces the technical barriers to international trade.
Third, countermeasures.
(A) the establishment of a food legal system
As China enacted two food safety laws, namely, "People's Republic of China (PRC) Entry-Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine Law" and "People's Republic of China (PRC) Entry-Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine Law Implementation Regulations" in 199 1 997 respectively, by 20 10, the food safety laws and regulations were basically not revised or improved. The times are changing with each passing day and the environment is unpredictable. The old law has not adapted to the social relations under the new situation, and there are obvious contradictions with the current law. Strengthening the revision of food safety laws and regulations is the primary task of China food legislation at the beginning of 2 1 century. Today, China finally passed the Food Safety Law, which improved the whole and details of food safety and ended the food safety legal system in China. Leaderless? The country, the whole legal system was established.
(2) Improve technical regulations and conformity assessment procedures.
Strong technical support is very important for food export inspection and safety and quality assurance. At present, it is imperative to change the growth mode of extensive economic with high consumption and low output and accelerate the pace of technological progress. Rejuvenating the country through science and technology and management innovation are good policies for governing the country, and high technology, high quality and strong products are inevitably the indispensable driving force of intensive economic growth model. What should enterprises adhere to in the increasingly perfect environment of laws and regulations? Win by quality? The strategy is to optimize the export structure of commodities, introduce and effectively absorb advanced management systems and high-end technologies from developed countries, and cultivate internal strength. Learning and adapting to the international standards of industrial commodity export, under the premise of systematically implementing the certification management of ISO family and EU series standards for export products, it is bound to concise the export procedures that meet the rules in the export work of enterprises, promote the gradual benign operation of enterprises, ensure the quality of export products and break through the basic conditions of trade barriers in other countries.
(3) Flexible use of dispute settlement mechanism
Flexible use of WTO dispute settlement mechanism has become a course that developing countries need to learn increasingly. Practice has proved that making full use of WTO laws to safeguard sovereign interests is the only wise move to effectively participate in the dispute settlement mechanism. Members of the World Trade Organization have equal status in the law of dispute settlement mechanism, and all members should learn to protect their rights and interests by law; It is commendable that India, a developing country, complained to the dispute settlement mechanism the most, won the case at the same time and benefited the most. India used the dispute settlement mechanism to defeat the improper restrictions of the United States and the European Union on its rice and seafood, and won a huge market space for its agricultural products export.
Model essay on food graduation thesis Part II: Food safety thesis in canteens in railway stations.
1 data and methods
1. 1 general information
57 canteens in 20 13 Guannei station area were selected as the research objects. Among them, 6 large canteens serving more than 200 people are all in cities, 19 medium-sized canteens serving 50-200 people, and the remaining 32 small canteens serving less than 50 people are all in remote stations.
1.2 method
In accordance with the "Standards for Quantitative Grading Management of Food Hygiene Supervision", we adopted hygiene license and quarterly and periodic hygiene supervision to carry out quantitative grading management of scattered canteens in the station area, and used the "Approved Grading Table for Quantitative Grading Management of Catering Units" for investigation and grading, and divided the canteens into A, B and C grades. The investigation contents included personal hygiene and physical examination of employees, tableware hygiene and disinfection, raw material procurement and storage hygiene, processing hygiene and environmental hygiene.
Two results
Of the 57 canteens in the station area, only 1.8% (the whole city 1 large canteen) was rated as Grade A in terms of credibility and risk classification, 30.7% as Grade B and 67.5% as Grade C. Of the 57 canteens in the station area, only 1 large canteen was rated as Grade A, and five large canteens were rated as Grade A. ..
3 discussion
In the key supervision and inspection project of daily supervision and quantitative grading management of food safety 14, employees do not have valid health certificates, the setting, layout, zoning and area of places are unreasonable, the facilities for washing, disinfecting and cleaning tableware are not complete, raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products are stored separately, and the warehouses, food storage sites and toilets with obvious signs are not standardized. In addition, the management system is not implemented, the hygiene habits of employees are poor, the account information is incomplete, and supervision is difficult to implement, which has laid a great hidden danger for catering safety. In 20 13, the overall food safety level of the canteens in Guannei Station was low, with 39 C-type canteens accounting for 67.5%, 17 B-type canteens accounting for 30.7%, and only 1 A-type canteens accounting for 1.8%. Among the above three types of canteens, large-scale canteens in cities are better, followed by medium-sized canteens, and Sashido in remote stations is the worst. The ideal state should be to eliminate grade C, reduce grade B, improve grade A [1], and strengthen the food safety management of grade C and B canteens. At present, this monitoring station is responsible for the daily hygiene supervision and management of nearly 100 canteens in its jurisdiction. Due to the scattered canteens in the station area, except for the unified distribution of ingredients in urban and suburban stations, most remote stations can only purchase ingredients nearby, and the quality is difficult to guarantee. At the same time, due to the lack of professional supervisors and inconvenient parking, it is very difficult to fully implement the daily hygiene supervision and management tasks of scattered station canteens. Our initial thinking is that with the continuous improvement of the railway system information network and the formation of the Internet information sharing system, the railway logistics business visualization system will be widely developed and applied [2]; You can use the existing computer network and office microcomputer of the railway system. Monitoring probes are set at the key parts of each station canteen to realize remote monitoring, which can greatly reduce the workload of daily inspections by professional supervisors, facilitate the timely discovery of hidden dangers of catering safety and ensure the catering safety of station canteens.