Ancient Olympic games
In 776 BC, the ancient Greeks stipulated that the 1 sports meeting should be held in Olympia every four years. During the Games, all Greek athletes and nearby citizens gathered in Olympia, a beautiful town in southern Greece. In 776 BC, when the 1 Olympic Games was held here, Dorian Klose won the championship in the 192.27-meter dash and became the 1 champion of the international Olympic Games 1 project. Later, the scale of the ancient Greek Games gradually expanded and became a grand event to show the national spirit. The winner of the competition can get a wreath of laurel, wild olive and palm. From 776 BC to 394 AD, the 293rd Ancient Olympic Games was held through 1 168. In 394 AD, the Olympic Games were banned by the Roman emperor Diodo VI 1.
Olympic legend
There are many legends about the origin of the ancient Olympic Games, the most important of which are the following two: 1 is an ancient Olympic Games held regularly to sacrifice Zeus, 1 is related to Heracles, the son of Zeus. Hercules is known as "Hercules" because of his infinite strength. He accomplished tasks that ordinary people could not accomplish in Elis city-state. In less than half a day, he cleaned the king's cowshed, but the king didn't want to honor his promise of giving away 300 cows. Hercules drove the king away in a rage. To celebrate his victory, he held a grand sports meeting in Olympia. That's why there will be the Olympic Games.
The history of the Olympic Games
Create and prosper
Initiation and Prosperity: List of Participants in the Fourth Pan-Greek Olympic Games from 776 BC to 388 BC 65,438+0,887 BC In 776 BC, Evy Tus, the ruler of the Peloponnesian Peninsula, tried to combine religion and sports into 65,438+0. It not only innovates religious ceremonies, but also organizes large-scale sports competitions and activities. It is decided to hold 1 time every four years. The time is set after the summer solstice of leap year. Therefore, the ancient Olympic Games in 776 BC officially went down in history and became the 1 th ancient Olympic Games. There were only 1 events. That is, the running distance of the station is 192.27 meters.
Although there were disputes among the city-states in the period of 1, Greece was 1 independent.
Olympic Games (15) is a country with developed politics, economy and culture, and it is the golden age of Olympic Games. Especially in 490 BC, after Athens, Greece defeated the Persian army in the Marathon Valley, the people's feelings flourished and their national prestige increased greatly. Many sports facilities and temples were built, and participants were all over the Greek city-states. When the Olympic Games reached its peak of 65,438+0, it became one of the biggest festivals in Greece.
Decline: 388 BC to 65438 BC+046 BC
Due to the long Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens (43 BC1year to 404 BC), the national strength of Greece was greatly reduced, and Macedonia gradually annexed Greece. King Philip of Macedonia also took part in the horse race himself. Later, Alexander the Great actively supported the Olympic Games. Although he didn't like sports activities, he regarded the Olympic Games as the highest opening ceremony of ancient Greek sports activities and added facilities to it. However, during the period of 1, the spirit of the ancient Olympic Games has been greatly weakened, and professional athletes began to appear.
Extinction: 65438 BC+046-394 AD.
After the Roman Empire ruled Greece, the Olympic Games were still held at first, but Olympia was no longer the only venue for the 1 competition. For example, in the 175 Olympic Games in 80 BC, Rome's economic laws called for excellent athletes to compete in Rome, while Olympia only held junior competitions. At this time, professional athletes began to appear in large numbers, and the Olympic Games became a competition for professional athletes, and the Greeks lost interest in it. After the 2nd century AD, Christianity ruled the whole of Europe, including Greece, advocating asceticism, advocating the separation of soul and body, and opposing sports, which made Europe in the dark age of 1, and the Olympic Games even declined until it existed in name only. In 393 AD, the Roman emperor Diodo VI 1 declared Christianity as the state religion, and considered that the ancient Olympic Games was a pagan activity contrary to the purpose of Christianity. The following year, he announced the abolition of the ancient Olympic Games. In 395 AD, the Byzantines and Goethe fought fiercely on the Alphonse River, destroying all the facilities in Olympia. In 426 AD, Dior II burned the architectural remains of Olympia. Two strong earthquakes occurred in 522 and 5 1 1 year, which completely destroyed Olympia. Since then, the ancient Olympic Games, which was delayed for more than 1000 years, has ceased to exist, and the bustling Olympia has become the ruins of 1. Olympic stamps
Recovery:15th century to 1896.
From the15th century, educators began to advocate a happy and healthy lifestyle. /kloc-In the 0/7th century, the Englishman John Locke's Gentleman Education proposed morality, intelligence and physique, while the Frenchman Jean-Jean-jean-jacques rousseau suggested learning through games. In A.D. 1776, British archaeologists discovered the ruins of the ancient Olympic Games in their investigation. From 1875 to 188 1, German Ku Tius excavated cultural relics at the site of Olympia, which aroused the interest of the whole world. 1858, Greece issued the Olympic Order, and held the 1859, 10 in Athens 1 Pan-Greek Olympic Games.
1889 In July, at the international track and field conference held in Paris, France, Pierre de Pierre De Coubertin, a French educator who was later honored as the "father of the Olympics", made public his idea of restoring the Olympic Games for the first time. 189110/0. In October, Coubertin, as the secretary-general of the French Federation of Athletics Associations, sent an invitation to almost every sports organization and club in the world-to participate in the international sports conference held in June 1894 at the Sorbonne Theological Seminary in Paris, France, which was the first Olympic conference. One week after the meeting, that is, on June 23rd, the General Assembly passed the resolution to establish the International Olympic Committee, and June 23rd became the "International Olympic Day". At that time, Coubertin became the first secretary-general. The Congress decided to hold the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, and the historic city of Athens in Greece won the right to host it.
1896 From April 6th to April 6th, the first modern Olympic Games was held in Athens, Greece. Wonderful Olympic Declaration1892165438+1On October 25th, Baron Coubertin gave a wonderful speech at the 5th anniversary celebration of the French Athletics Federation torch relay held in Sorbonne University. He called on people to "persistently pursue and realize the 65,438+0 great and beneficial cause based on modern living conditions." This historic speech, which is extremely rich in content and full of enthusiasm, was later called the Olympic Declaration. 19 14, 1 world war broke out. This speech was not published in a war environment, so Coubertin had to hide it quietly. 1937, Coubertin died of an acute heart attack. With the disappearance of the speech, the once inspiring and exciting declaration seems to be gradually forgotten. However, Fran? ois Dama, a French diplomatic analyst who is keen on studying the history of sports, always believes that the manuscript is still in the world. He traveled all over Europe, North America and Africa with clues through bits and pieces of indirect information left by newspapers in those years. Finally, Marquis Dama found it in the safe of Swiss 1 bank in the early 1990s. Thus, Marquis Dama became the sole owner of Coubertin's Olympic Declaration.
1994, during the centenary of the Olympic Games, the IOC only published 1000 copies of the Olympic Manifesto in English and French to announce the existence of this precious manuscript. On June 2nd, 2008, to commemorate the 45th anniversary of Coubertin's birthday/KLOC-0, the world premiere celebration of the Olympic Declaration in Chinese, French and English was held in Beijing. One hundred years after the manuscript of the Olympic Manifesto was lost, China entered the Olympic Year. With the consent of IOC President Jacques Rogge and the copyright owner Marquis de Dama, Civilization magazine published the Olympic Manifesto in Chinese, French and English for the first time in the world.
Olympic Movement
1 Modern Olympic Games When Athens hosted the Olympic Games, it was more than 500 years since 1 the first female champion in Olympic history, the Roman emperor Dior, banned the ancient Olympic Games. 1896 At 3: 00 pm on April 6th, the Greek King George 1 announced 1 The modern Olympic Games opened in Panathinian Stadium rebuilt in Athens. George I said in his opening speech: "I hope that the revival of the Olympic Games will enhance the friendship between the Greek people and the people of other countries;" I hope that sports and the moral concepts it advocates can help create a new generation of Greeks, worthy of their ancestors. "
There are 9 major events and 43 minor events in this Olympic Games, including track and field, swimming, weightlifting, shooting, cycling, Greco-Roman wrestling, gymnastics, fencing and tennis. * * * There are 3 1 1 athletes from 13 countries.
Change and Adaptation 1900, the second Olympic Games came to the bustling capital-Paris, France. The Olympic Games lasted more than five months, which can be described as protracted, and it was the first time that a female athlete entered the stadium, which was a historical precedent.
After the success of the first Athens Olympic Games, Greece had hoped to use Athens as the permanent venue for the Olympic Games, but it was opposed by IOC President Coubertin and others. Finally, the second Olympic Games settled in Coubertin's hometown of France.
At that time, Paris had become a world-famous bustling city, but the Olympic Games were given a cold shoulder here. As this Olympic Games is regarded as 1 part of the World Expo, the competition time also lasts from mid-May to1October 28th 10. The competition schedule is not tight, such as fencing in June, track and field and gymnastics in July, and swimming in August, which is called 1 "marathon" sports meeting. The competition venues are also scattered in different towns and the facilities are very simple. Coupled with poor organization, insufficient publicity and small audience, this Olympic Games is far less intense and enthusiastic than the first Athens Olympic Games.
Coubertin, who wanted to use the World Expo to enhance the popularity of the Olympic Games, was very disappointed. He wrote in his diary: "There are 1 places in the world that are very indifferent to the Olympic Games, and this is Paris."
However, the first modern Olympic Games in Paris also has its own characteristics. 1, Paris has many scenic spots and convenient transportation, which is very attractive to many contestants. The number of participating countries increased from 13 to 22, and the number of athletes increased from 3 1 1 to 1344. It is worth mentioning that 1 * * 12 female players from France, Britain, the United States and Bohemia participated in golf and tennis competitions, which was the first time for female athletes to enter the Olympic Palace, and charlotte cooper became the 1 female champion (women's singles champion and mixed doubles champion) in Olympic history.
From 65438 to 0904, the third Olympic Games was held in St. Louis, a city along the Mississippi River in the United States. This is the first time that the Olympic Games has been held outside Europe, and it also shows that the Olympic Games has taken an important step on the road of internationalization. St Louis beat Chicago to host the third Olympic Games. The main reason is that the World Expo will be held here. This is also the first time in the history of the Olympic Games that the host city is decided by the competition. Because of the overlap with the World Expo, the competition lasted from July 1 to June 1, which was longer than the last Paris Olympic Games 1, and the scenery of the Olympic Games was also taken away by the World Expo.
There are only 12 participating countries in this Olympic Games, which is the least in history. Many European players failed to take part in the competition because of the distance across the ocean and the host's failure to honor the promise of sending ships to pick up European players. There are 629 athletes, including 533 American athletes. Many athletes are Americans with 65,438+0 colors. In addition, the United States has strong strength and won the most medals, so some people say that this Olympic Games is the "American Olympic Games".
Types of Olympic Games
the Winter Olympic Games
/kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, some ice and snow sports, such as skiing, sledding, skating and ice hockey, gradually spread and developed in Europe and America. 1887, Norway established the world's first 1 ski club. 1890, Canada established the World 1 Ice Hockey Association. 1892, the International Skating Federation was established in the Netherlands. From 65438 to 0893, the first men's speed skating championship was held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. From 65438 to 0908, France established the International Ice Hockey Federation all over the world.
With the increasing popularity of ice and snow sports, Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games, suggested that the Winter Olympic Games should be held separately, but it was postponed because of the successful Nordic joint sports held in Scandinavia in Europe in 190 1.
Since then, figure skating has been added to the 1908 London Olympic Games. 1920 At the Antwerp Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee refused to accept nordic combined and added ice hockey. After joining the Olympic Games, figure skating and ice hockey attracted great interest from the audience. However, due to the weather conditions, the organizers feel inconvenient. Although both events were held in April in advance, most competitions and the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games were held in mid-August. This makes an Olympic Games as long as five months, and the cost of manpower and material resources is too high. In view of this, people tend to separate the ice and snow events from the Olympic Games and hold them separately. Short track speed skating, with "speed" and "passion" as the main content, was first introduced into the Winter Olympics as a performance event in 1988, and then officially introduced in 1992.
The Winter Olympics officially started on 1924. At that time, a sports meeting called "Winter Sports Week" was held in Chamonix, France. Two years later, the IOC officially renamed it 1 Winter Olympics. (See "1924 Chamonix Winter Olympics")
At first, it was stipulated that the Winter Olympics should be held every four years 1 time, in the same year as the Summer Olympics, in the same country 1. Since the second Winter Olympics-1928 St. Moritz Winter Olympics, the venues of the Winter Olympics and the Summer Olympics have been changed to different countries. Starting from 1994, the Winter Olympics and the Summer Olympics will be held every two years. In order to stagger the time of the Winter Olympics and the Summer Olympics, only 1992 Winter Olympics and 1994 Winter Olympics are separated by two years.
youth olympic games
YOG, the bid symbol of Nanjing Youth Olympic Games, is a sports event specially set up for young people, which integrates sports, education and culture, and will promote the development of these fields together with the Olympic Games. In 200 1 year, IOC President jacques rogge put forward the idea of hosting the Youth Olympic Games. Like the Olympic Games, the Youth Olympic Games has 1 session every four years. The Summer Youth Olympic Games will last for 12 days, and will be held in midsummer.
On July 5th, 2007, at the 119th plenary session of the International Olympic Committee held in Guatemala City,1,the IOC agreed to establish the Youth Olympic Games. The age of athletes should be between 14 and 18. The first Youth Olympic Games will be hosted by Singapore and held in August 20 10 (Summer Youth Olympic Games), while the first winter youth olympic games will be held in 20655. [ 1]
Modern Olympic Movement
People have been trying to restore the Olympic Games since the beginning of the19th century. Until the end of 19, with the efforts of French aristocrat Coubertin and other Olympic pioneers, the modern Olympic movement finally entered the historical stage. 1June, 894 16, Coubertin carefully designed and presided over the first "International Sports Conference" held at Sorbonne Seminary in Paris. 78 representatives from 37 sports organizations in 9 countries attended the meeting and adopted a resolution to resume the Olympic Games, stipulating that the Olympic Games will be held every four years thereafter; Elect 15 IOC. Coubertin drafted the Constitution of the International Olympic Committee, expounded the philosophical basis, educational significance and aesthetic significance of the Olympic movement, laid the theoretical foundation for the Olympic movement, and made the Olympic movement develop into a lasting sports and peace movement. This congress marks the birth of the modern Olympic Movement. Coubertin is known as "the father of modern Olympics". [2]
Modern Olympic games
Beijing Olympic Games 1 June, 894 16, Paris International Conference adopted the1Olympic Charter initiated and formulated by Coubertin. It involves the basic purposes, principles and other related matters of the Olympic Movement. 192 1 2008, the Olympic law was formulated in Lausanne, Switzerland, including the Olympic Charter, the Constitution of the International Olympic Committee, the Competition Rules and Protocols of the Olympic Games, the General Rules for Hosting the Olympic Games and the Rules of the Olympic Parliament. /kloc-In the past 0/0 years, the Olympic Law has been revised and supplemented many times, but the basic principles and spirit formulated by Coubertin have not changed.
The 2nd 1900 Paris Olympic Games, 1 1 Women broke the ban and appeared on the sports ground. After several arguments, the International Olympic Committee finally passed the resolution to allow women to participate in the Olympic Games at the 22nd meeting of 1924. Since then, women's events have become an indispensable part of the Olympic Games, and more and more female athletes have participated in it.
With the development of the Olympic Movement, the International Olympic Committee has formulated many regulations.
19 13, according to Coubertin's idea, the International Olympic Committee designed the Olympic flag, with a boundless white background and five interlocking rings in the middle, which were divided into two rows, from left to right and from top to bottom. The colors of the rings are blue, black, red, yellow and green. The five rings symbolize the unity of the five continents and the gathering of athletes from all over the world in the Olympic Games with fair and frank competition and friendly spirit. 19 14 to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the restoration of the modern Olympic movement, the Olympic flag was used for the first time in the Olympic Games held in Paris. 1920 during the Antwerp Olympic games, the first five-ring flag was raised in the stadium. Since then, the flag handover ceremony and flag-raising ceremony have been held in the opening ceremonies of previous Olympic Games. In order to publicize the Olympic spirit and encourage athletes, Coubertin proposed in 19 13 and was approved by the International Olympic Committee, taking "swifter, higher and stronger" as the Olympic motto. 1908 When the London Olympic Games was held, the Archbishop of Pennsylvania in the United States said in his sermon at the religious ceremony of the Olympic Games held in St. Paul's Cathedral that "it is important to participate in the Olympic Games, not to win". Coubertin appreciated this sentence very much and quoted it many times in the future. Therefore, many people think that this sentence should become an Olympic ideal. Athletes' oath will be implemented from the 7th Olympic Games of 1920. 1968 Olympic Games added the oath of referee. At the 1936 1 1 Olympic Games, the IOC officially stipulated that the Olympic flame symbolizing light, friendship and unity should be lit at the main venue. Since then, this 1 activity has become an indispensable ceremony for the opening ceremony of each Olympic Games. Before the Olympic Games, the torch was lit by the sunlight gathered by concave mirror near the temple of the Greek goddess Hera (wife of Zeus) in Olympia, and then carried on the torch relay, reaching the host city 1 day before the opening of the Olympic Games. At the opening ceremony, the athletes of the host country lit the flame on the tower with the last stick of 1, and the flame went out at the closing ceremony.
Olympic Movement
Under the guidance of Olympism, the Olympic Movement is an international social movement, which takes sports and the Olympic Games, a four-year 1 degree Olympic celebration, as its main activities, to promote the all-round development of people's physiology, psychology and social morality, to communicate mutual understanding among people of all countries, to popularize Olympism all over the world and to safeguard world peace. The Olympic movement includes an ideological system with Olympism as the core, an organizational system with the International Olympic Committee, international individual sports federations and national Olympic committees as the backbone, and an activity system with the Olympic Games as the cycle.
1894 On June 23rd, when Coubertin and 79 delegates from 12 countries decided to set up the International Olympic Committee to start the Olympic Movement, this feat was once the object of irony. One hundred years later, the Olympic Games has become a festival celebrated all over the world, and the Olympic movement has attracted the active participation of 202 countries and regions.
1998, the famous Life magazine published 1000 most important events and figures in the past Millennium, and Coubertin's feat of restoring the Olympic Games in 1896 was among them, which was regarded as one of the Millennium events.
The Olympic Movement is a rare masterpiece of human society, which fully demonstrates the various functions of sports. Its influence goes far beyond the scope of sports, and it has a 1 series of influences on politics, economy, philosophy, culture, art and news media in the contemporary world. The Olympic Movement not only constitutes a unique sports cultural landscape in modern society, delights people's body and mind with its unique cultural charm, but also inspires people to forge ahead with its strong humanistic spirit.
The Olympic movement is the product of the times. The industrial revolution has greatly expanded the economic, political and cultural ties among all ethnic groups in the world, and the exchanges between countries have become increasingly close. There is an urgent need to strengthen international mutual understanding through various means of communication. The appearance of the Olympic Movement adapts to the needs of this society and is the inevitable product of the development of human society to a certain stage.
The symbol of the Olympic Games