Politics is a social force that affects the interests of all members of society and dominates their behavior. This word is generally used to refer to the actions of governments, political parties and other countries. The following is my summary of the political knowledge points in the second volume of the eighth grade. Welcome to refer to it!
A country where the people are the masters of the country.
1. China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.
2. The so-called civil rights refer to certain rights and interests recognized and granted to citizens by the Constitution and laws, which are protected by the state and guaranteed materially. The most important and basic rights of citizens stipulated in the Constitution are called basic rights of citizens.
3. People are political concepts different from enemies, and citizens are legal concepts. They are people who only have the nationality of a certain country and enjoy and assume obligations according to the constitution and laws of that country. In our country, citizens include both those with China nationality and those deprived of political rights.
The rights we enjoy need to be protected by family, school, society and others, otherwise our rights will be lost.
5. China has established a rights protection system with the Constitution as the core and legislative and judicial guarantees as the main contents to protect citizens' rights.
6. Legislative protection is to confirm the rights of citizens in the form of law and safeguard them with the coercive power of the state; Judicial guarantee refers to punishing all kinds of infringement by law and protecting citizens' rights.
We enjoy a wide range of rights
7. China is a socialist country, and its citizens enjoy a wide range of rights. Constitution is the confirmation and guarantee of citizens' basic rights.
8. Citizens should respect the rights of others when exercising their rights; When exercising their rights, citizens shall not harm the interests of the state, society or the collective; Exercise rights within the scope permitted by law; We should exercise our rights in a legal way.
9. Freedom of speech is not unlimited absolute freedom. Abuse of freedom of speech is not allowed by law. Specifically, freedom of speech is restricted by law in two aspects: first, citizens are not allowed to use freedom of speech to insult or slander others; Second, citizens are not allowed to use freedom of speech to instigate or incite others to commit acts that endanger national security, undermine national unity, corrupt social morality and disrupt social order.
10. If you exercise their rights at will, it will not only undermine the stability of the country and society, but also punish those who illegally exercise their rights.
Our due obligations
1 1. These obligations come from family, morality, discipline, law and other aspects. Among them, statutory obligations are the obligations that citizens are required to fulfill by the Constitution and laws.
12. Why should we fulfill our legal obligations?
We can't just enjoy rights without fulfilling our obligations. We must fulfill our legal obligations;
In China, the rights and obligations of citizens are consistent. Each of us is not only the subject of enjoying rights, but also the subject of fulfilling obligations;
Consciously fulfilling these obligations is our "bounden duty" and an important manifestation of patriotism. We should carry forward the spirit of patriotism, express our patriotism with practical actions and fulfill our legal obligations.
13. The citizens' obligations stipulated in our constitution are the basic obligations of citizens. Specifically, it includes: safeguarding national unity and national unity; Keep state secrets; Take care of public finances, observe labor discipline, observe public order and respect social morality; Safeguard the security, honor and interests of the motherland; Military service according to law and participation in militia organizations; Pay taxes according to law; Wait a minute.
14. The so-called moral obligation means that members of society voluntarily assume moral responsibilities to others and society according to social moral norms. The voluntary performance of moral obligations by the majority of social members is not only conducive to the formation of warm and harmonious interpersonal relationships, but also promotes the civilization and progress of the whole society.
15. Carry forward the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation, abide by the basic moral norms of "patriotism and law-abiding, courtesy and honesty, unity and friendliness, diligence and self-improvement, dedication and dedication", and actively fulfill all aspects of moral obligations. (Eight Honors and Eight Disgraces)
Faithfully fulfill one's obligations
16. Specific requirements for faithfully performing obligations: We actively do things encouraged by law; We must do it according to the requirements of the law; We will never do anything forbidden by law.
17. We should actively do what the law advocates, which is an important embodiment of faithfully fulfilling our obligations.
18. China's laws and socialist morality cooperate, promote and complement each other. All acts prohibited by law are condemned by socialism; There are many legal obligations, which is also the requirement of socialist morality. We actively implement the actions advocated and encouraged by law, which is conducive to carrying forward socialist morality and promoting the construction of socialist spiritual civilization.
19. In order to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of citizens and ensure the long-term stability of the country, our laws clearly stipulate that citizens are prohibited from carrying out certain acts. In short, only by correctly exercising rights and faithfully fulfilling obligations can we be a qualified citizen with a high degree of legal concept and noble morality.
Right to life and health
20. The right to life and health includes the right to life, body and health.
2 1. Personal rights are the most basic and important rights of citizens, including personality rights and identity rights.
22. The right of personality is the inherent right of being a human being, including the right to health, personal freedom, name, portrait, reputation and privacy.
23. Citizens' personal freedom is inviolable. The law gives us extensive freedom of movement, and no organization or individual may infringe upon the personal freedom of citizens. The law prohibits illegal body search, illegal detention, illegal detention and other acts that restrict or deprive citizens of their personal freedom.
24. The right to life and health is the basis for citizens to participate in all social activities and enjoy all other rights. Once you lose your life, any right loses its meaning. The right to life and health are the most basic individual rights of citizens.
25. Protecting the life and health of minors is the common responsibility of the whole society. China laws give special protection to minors' right to life and health.
The same rights, the same love.
26. We have the right to cherish life, maintain health, actively exercise, improve health, and make ourselves have a strong body and brilliant spirit; Have the right to seek medical advice in time when sick, restore health and enhance physical fitness; When one's life and health are illegally violated by others, one has the right to defend oneself according to law and request legal protection.
27. A citizen's right to life and health cannot be transferred or abandoned except to die for justice. Because people are social, once they are born, they have social responsibilities. If a person commits suicide because of difficulties, setbacks and setbacks, it will inevitably bring endless grief and huge property losses to relatives and friends, and it will also lead to a series of social problems such as the elderly being left unattended and the young being left unattended. If citizens hurt their bodies, such as beggars hurting themselves to gain sympathy from others, it will inevitably cause greater social burden. So suicide and self-harm are against social morality and law.
Everyone has the right to personal dignity.
As "human beings", citizens enjoy the minimum social status and the minimum right to be respected by others and society, which is the right to personal dignity.
29. The right to personal dignity is embodied in the right to reputation, portrait, name and privacy.
It is our right to safeguard our reputation.
30. A person's reputation is an objective social evaluation of a specific person's morality, talent and credibility.
3 1. Only an objective and fair social evaluation can satisfy our spirit. People with good reputation can not only gain more respect from society, but also gain economic benefits.
32. A good reputation depends first and foremost on a person's good performance. People with good conduct are not always evaluated objectively, and people's reputation rights are often violated, which reduces social evaluation and makes them mentally miserable. Infringement on the right of reputation is not only a violation of the personal dignity of others, but also an act of confusing right and wrong, reversing black and white, undermining social morality and endangering social order.
33. The so-called reputation right refers to the right that people enjoy according to law to exclude others from infringing on their objective social evaluation. The right of reputation is mainly manifested in the right to control reputation interests and the right to maintain reputation. We have the right to use our good reputation to get more benefits; Have the right to protect their reputation from improper damage; When the reputation is infringed, they have the right to investigate the legal responsibility of the infringer according to law.
34. Abuse, satire, ridicule, sarcasm and throwing stolen goods at others in public are all insulting behaviors. Making things out of nothing, fabricating facts and hurting others are libel.
Portrait right and name right
35. Citizens enjoy the right to control their portraits according to law, including the right to portrait, the right to use it and the right to receive remuneration.
36. Specific manifestations of infringement of portrait rights: using citizen portraits for profit; Malicious destruction, defilement and uglification of citizen portraits; Use the portrait of a citizen to make personal attacks, etc.
37. Names include official names, pen names and stage names. As a symbol to distinguish people's personality, it conveys a specific personalized meaning and is the basic symbol of everyone's personality.
38. The right to name is the right of citizens to decide, use and change their own names according to law, and to exclude the infringement of others. Adults who have reached the age of 18 have the right to decide their own names, use their own names, pen names and stage names, and change their names according to regulations. The name right of minors and mental patients shall be exercised by their guardians.
39. Stealing the name of others only refers to carrying out certain activities in the name of others without their consent or authorization in order to raise their social status or seek illegitimate interests. Fraudulent use of another person's name means that in order to achieve a certain purpose, fraudulent use of another person's name, impersonating another person to carry out activities.
(The general expression of infringement of name right: interfering with others' use of name right (decision, use, change, misappropriation, fraudulent use)
Privacy is protected.
40. Purely personal affairs unrelated to the public interest. These are all personal. Specifically, it includes: private information, such as home address, physical defects, marriage and love, family relationship, property status, etc. ; Personal affairs, such as daily life, social interaction, etc. ; Private areas, such as houses, personal luggage, school bags, etc.
4 1. The right to privacy refers to the right that citizens enjoy in private life and the confidentiality of private information according to law.
42. Citizens have the right not to disclose their physical condition, family relationship and savings password according to law, and to prohibit others from illegally collecting, disseminating and using their personal information and other personal information.
Respect and safeguard the right to privacy
43. Watch and spy on other people's private lives, spy on other people's secrets through private reading diaries and private letters, spread other people's privacy through hearsay, and illegally use other people's personal information. , are violations of privacy.
44. When the right to privacy is infringed, we should bravely use legal weapons to ask the infringer to stop the infringement and apologize by consulting with the infringer and requesting judicial protection. If you have caused great mental pain, you have the right to claim compensation for mental damage. You should also enhance your awareness of self-protection and lock your privacy. )
45. Privacy content: private information; Personal affairs; Private sphere.
46. The content of privacy: the right to peace in private life; Confidentiality of personal information; Confidentiality of personal communication content.
Knowledge helps me grow.
46. The meaning of education: Education aims at promoting human development and social progress, and cultivates people's social activities by imparting knowledge and experience. Education is a kind of inheritance and catalytic activity of human culture and an intermediary connecting the past and the future. )
47. The role of education: On the one hand, education is everyone's lifelong preparation; On the other hand, stimulate people's potential, constantly improve and innovate themselves, thus opening up the road of human development and laying the foundation for the future.
48. The meaning of education: (Education is a basic human right) The so-called right to education means that citizens have the opportunity to receive national cultural education and have the right to get material help from education.
49. The meaning of compulsory education: The so-called compulsory education is the education that all school-age children and adolescents must receive, and it is a public welfare undertaking that the state must guarantee.
50. Compulsory education is compulsory, public welfare and unified.
5 1. Is it only a personal matter for children to go to school or not? A:
(1) Education is not only a basic right of citizens, but also a basic obligation of citizens;
(2) The country's economic revitalization, scientific and technological progress and social development depend to a great extent on the quality of workers, which is directly related to socialist modernization. Therefore, education is not a personal matter.
Cherish learning opportunities
52. When our right to education is deprived or violated by others, we can take non-litigation and litigation to safeguard it.
53. Why should we fulfill the obligation of receiving education? For the sake of our own development, as well as the prosperity of our country and social progress, we must cherish the opportunity of education, fulfill the opportunity of education and study hard for the rapid development of the Chinese nation.
54. How to complete education? First, earnestly fulfill the obligation to enter school on time; Second, earnestly fulfill the obligation to accept compulsory education for a specified number of years and not drop out of school; Third, earnestly fulfill the obligation of observing discipline and law, respect teachers, and strive to complete the prescribed learning tasks.
55. How should junior high school students cherish learning opportunities: ① Actively carry out autonomous learning, cooperative learning and inquiry learning, and pay attention to developing good study habits and improving learning ability; 2. We should receive education, study hard, update our knowledge, improve our ability, learn to learn and enter the era of lifelong learning; (3) We should set up lofty aspirations, cherish the opportunity of studying at school, consciously fulfill the obligation of receiving education, harvest the fruits of success with diligence and wisdom, and make our life radiate the prosperity of the motherland, build the country and build a career.
Who does this property belong to?
56. Property ownership: individual ownership, state ownership and collective ownership.
57. Citizens' personal property includes: citizens' legitimate income, houses, savings, daily necessities, cultural relics, books and materials, trees, livestock, means of production that citizens are allowed to own by law and other legitimate property.
58. Property ownership means that all people have the right to possess, use, benefit and dispose of their property according to law. It is a legal expression of who owns property and a civil right related to economic interests.
59. The legal property owned by individual citizens is directly related to the basic necessities of life of citizens and their family members, and is the material basis for realizing other rights of citizens. It is of great significance to maintain the normal life of citizens and encourage them to accumulate wealth and create wealth.
60. The civil law of China orders the infringer to restore the damaged property to its original state and compensate the victims for their economic losses, so as to protect the ownership of citizens' legitimate property.
6 1. China's criminal law punishes criminals who violate property with fixed-term imprisonment, life imprisonment, death penalty and other criminal means to protect the ownership of citizens' legitimate property.
62. Is law an external compulsory morality? Acts prohibited by law are strongly condemned by morality. For some bad behaviors that endanger society and others, just condemning them will not help solve the problem. Only with legal weapons can we crack down on the perpetrators. Therefore, law is an external compulsory morality.
63.①. In case of any dispute over the ownership, a lawsuit shall be brought to the people's court according to law, requesting confirmation of the ownership;
(2) If the property is illegally occupied by others and refuses to be returned, a lawsuit may be brought to the people's court, requesting the court to force the possessor to return the original property;
(3) When our property is damaged or lost due to illegal infringement, we should bring a lawsuit to the people's court and demand the infringer to compensate for the loss.
(4) In the event of a repairable dispute, a lawsuit may be brought to demand restitution.
⑤. The state administrative organs and their staff, in the process of exercising their functions and powers, have administrative violations. When the administrative penalty of confiscation of property is given illegally, it is required to revoke the ruling or give administrative compensation according to law in order to safeguard its property ownership.
Who will the property be left to?
64. In law, the deceased who left property is called the decedent, and the personal legal property left by the decedent is called the inheritance.
65. As an inheritance, three conditions must be met: first, it must be the property left by citizens when they die; Second, it must be the property owned by individual citizens; Third, it must be legal property.
66. A person who inherits the estate of the deceased according to law is called an heir. The decedent's spouse, children, parents, brothers and sisters, grandparents and grandparents are legal heirs and enjoy the right of inheritance.
67. The so-called right of inheritance refers to the right of heirs to obtain the decedent's estate according to law, which is established according to blood relationship, marriage relationship and maintenance relationship.
68. Heirs in the first order include: spouse, children and parents. The second heirs include: brothers and sisters, grandparents and grandparents. After the inheritance begins, the successor in the first order inherits, and the successor in the second order does not inherit. If there is no successor in the first order or the successor in the first order renounces the right of inheritance, the successor in the second order shall inherit it.
69. The so-called statutory inheritance refers to the way of inheritance in which the scope and order of heirs are directly stipulated by law and the principle of distribution of inheritance shares is directly stipulated by law.
70. Testamentary succession refers to the way in which the heirs will inherit the decedent's estate. The greatest advantage of testamentary succession is that the decedent can dispose of the property completely according to his own wishes.
7 1. People other than the legal heirs get the inheritance stipulated in the will, which is not testamentary inheritance, but the legatee gets the inheritance according to the legacy of the legatee (testator).
72. In inheritance, we should abandon the mentality of ignoring others and taking more for ourselves. As heirs, family members should care about, respect and tolerate each other, and don't forget the interests and haggle over every ounce. In our inheritance, we should not only strictly abide by the law, but also vigorously inherit and carry forward the traditional Chinese virtues and practice socialist morality.
73. When our inheritance right is violated, we should not submit to humiliation, strengthen our awareness of rights protection, learn to rely on social forces and use legal weapons to safeguard our legitimate rights and interests.
intangible property
74. The so-called intellectual achievements mainly refer to the labor achievements created by human mental labor, which are manifested in scientific and technological achievements, inventions and literary and artistic works.
75. Protecting the right to innovation is the most effective encouragement to the spirit of innovation. In order to encourage people to create intangible property, all countries have passed legislation to protect the rights of owners of intellectual achievements.
76. Intellectual property, also known as intellectual property, usually includes copyrights, patents, trade secrets, etc. in anti-unfair competition.
There is no age limit for citizens to create intellectual achievements and enjoy intellectual property rights. If a minor's right to intellectual achievements is illegally infringed, his parents or guardians may request legal protection from the relevant authorities and demand that the infringer bear legal responsibility.
We have the right of "God"
78. In the relationship between operators and consumers, operators are in a favorable position. In modern society, with the expansion of commodity production scale and the increasing complexity of varieties, it is difficult for consumers to intuitively understand the performance and quality of commodities, thus being in a passive position in purchasing; Compared with the well-organized and powerful operators, consumers are often fighting alone, which is prone to the phenomenon of "shopkeepers bullying customers", resulting in consumers being at a disadvantage. There are also individual operators who forget their righteousness and use their favorable position to harm the interests of consumers.
Protecting consumers' rights and interests is conducive to promoting the development of production, ensuring the smooth progress of social reproduction, maintaining the normal order of society and enabling people to live a better life.
80. Consumers should enjoy the right to safety.
Personal and property safety is the basic condition for citizens to survive in society; Consumers should have the right to know.
Have the right to know the real situation of the goods they buy and use or the services they receive; Consumers should have the right to make their own choices.
Consumers have the right to choose the goods or services provided by operators independently; Independent choice of commodity varieties or service methods; Decide whether to purchase or accept any service;
Consumers should enjoy the right to fair trade.
When purchasing goods or receiving services, consumers have the right to obtain fair trading conditions such as quality assurance, reasonable price and correct measurement, and have the right to refuse the compulsory trading behavior of operators.
8 1. Consumers enjoy nine rights, including the right to safety, the right to know, the right to choose independently, the right to claim compensation according to law, the right to association, the right to education, the right to personal dignity, the right to respect national customs and habits, and the right to supervision.
As consumers, we should also fulfill our obligations, maintain market order, and be cultivated, orderly and morally noble.
Safeguard consumer rights and interests
83. Having a pair of "discerning eyes" means enhancing one's judgment and choice ability, comparing and discriminating among numerous commodity information, and not blindly following other consumers, so as to fully exercise consumers' rights and choose appropriate and reasonable consumption behaviors.
84. Awareness of rights protection: actively study and master the knowledge about consumption; Obtaining consumption knowledge helps us to make correct consumption choices; Master the knowledge about the protection of consumers' rights and interests, such as the provisions of relevant laws and regulations and the ways for consumers to protect their rights.
85. In the transaction process, we should make full use of our own consumer knowledge and legal knowledge, maintain due vigilance, and try not to give the operators an opportunity to prevent the occurrence of infringement. After the infringement occurs, we should bravely take up legal weapons, safeguard our legitimate rights and interests, and let the illegal operators reveal their true colors and be punished as they should.
86. Ways to protect rights: negotiate with operators; Request mediation from consumers' associations; Complain to the relevant administrative department; According to the arbitration agreement reached with the operator, apply to the arbitration institution for arbitration and bring a lawsuit to the people's court. Which way to protect rights depends on the specific situation.
Fairness is the balance of social stability.
87. Different eras face different problems and have different understandings of fairness. Fairness embodies people's pursuit of freedom, respect for rights and affirmation of their own strength.
88. The meaning of fairness: fairness is to get what you deserve, and fairness is to share what you should do. Fairness in people's minds means that things should be handled reasonably, without favoring any party or anyone, that is, everyone involved in social cooperation should bear due responsibilities and get due benefits.
89. If people are treated unfairly in social cooperation and communication, they will feel wronged, angry and even retaliated. This kind of psychology and behavior reduces the trust between people, leading to the deterioration of the relationship between the two sides and the unsustainable cooperation; Will have a negative impact on economic development, and even bring a series of social problems, affecting the long-term social security.
90. Only by fairness can society provide equal rights and opportunities for human development, and the survival and development of every member of society can be guaranteed; With fairness, we can get what we deserve through honest labor and meet our reasonable expectations, thus fully mobilizing our enthusiasm.
9 1. Fairness is always restricted by certain social conditions, and there will be some unfair phenomena in any society. Fairness is always relative, and no matter how hard we try, it is impossible to achieve absolute fairness.
92. The correct way to deal with unfairness:
(1) Enhance the awareness of rights, be good at finding solutions, seek help and solve problems through legal means, and seek maximum fairness;
2. Adjust our way of thinking and reflect on our values rationally. Maybe we will look at the "unfair" phenomenon in life more objectively.
Advocating fairness and upholding justice require us to fight against acts that undermine fairness and lend a helping hand to the victims.
93. The judgment of fairness is restricted by personal values and ways of thinking.
94. Cooperation is a necessary condition for normal social life. Cooperation based on fairness is good cooperation. Fair cooperation is necessarily mutually beneficial cooperation. Establishing a sense of fairness and cooperation will help us integrate into society smoothly and make contributions to society.
The importance of learning (why learning is the ladder to success)
(1) Learning can improve moral cultivation. People's noble character is not born, but cultivated in their study and life. Learning can help us distinguish right from wrong, shape a healthy personality, cultivate noble moral quality and correctly grasp the rudder of life.
(2) Learning can increase talents. Learning is the main way to enrich knowledge and increase talents.
(3) Learning can meet the requirements of social development. Only by continuous learning can we keep pace with the times and adapt to the requirements of social development.
Why is education both a right and an obligation?
According to China's Constitution, the people and citizens of China have the right and obligation to receive education.
(1) Education can lay a good foundation for people's life happiness. Education can change our life and destiny, which is the requirement of everyone's own survival and development, and also a basic right of our citizens.
(2) Education can not only change the fate of individuals, but also determine the future of the country. Judging from the requirements of national development for citizens, education is a basic obligation of China citizens. Every citizen has the responsibility to contribute to the country's economic development and social progress by receiving a certain degree of education.
How to implement "lifelong learning" (cherish the right to education)
(1) Cherish the right to education and fulfill the obligation to receive education.
(2) Insist on educating yourself to reach the fixed number of years stipulated by law.
(3) Strive to make yourself develop morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically in an all-round way.
(4) Strive for a higher cultural level and actively study in different ways.
National policy of opening to the outside world
(1) Opening to the outside world is our basic national policy. The development of China cannot be separated from the world, and isolation can only lead to backwardness. If China wants to develop, progress and prosper, it must absorb and learn from all advanced things.
(2) China adheres to the basic national policy of opening to the outside world. China's opening to the outside world is all-round; We should correctly handle the relationship between independence, self-reliance and opening up: independence and self-reliance are the fundamental starting points of opening up; We should comprehensively raise the level of opening up to the outside world.
National spirit/spiritual civilization construction
(1) The Chinese nation has formed a great national spirit of unity, peace-loving, diligence, courage and self-improvement with patriotism as the core.
(2) National culture is the root of the nation, and national spirit is the soul of the nation. Every Chinese son and daughter has the responsibility and obligation to carry forward and cultivate the national spirit and become the disseminator, promoter and builder of the national spirit.
(3) In the new era, the most important thing to cultivate national spirit is to combine the requirements of the times and social development and constantly add new vitality to it.
National security/national unity/national unity
(1) National security concerns the life and death of the whole country and nation, and we should actively fulfill our political obligations to safeguard national security.
(2) Establish national security awareness. Consciously caring for and safeguarding national security is the basic obligation that citizens must fulfill as stipulated in the Constitution of our country, and it is also the concrete embodiment of young people's love for the motherland.
(3) It is our responsibility and obligation to consciously safeguard national unity.
(4) Realizing the reunification of the motherland is the common aspiration of the people of China and the fundamental interests of the nation. We should oppose separatism and safeguard national unity with our own practical actions. This is our responsibility and obligation, and it is also an important manifestation of our patriotism.
* * * Same as wealth/wealth source.
(1)*** Richness is the fundamental principle of socialism. China actively implements * * * and prosperity.
(2) Let the first rich drive the second rich, and finally achieve common prosperity.
(3) China respects labor, knowledge, talents and creation, so that all sources of wealth creation flow into and benefit the people.
Work hard/start a business hard
(1) Building a well-off society in an all-round way and realizing the common ideal of people of all ethnic groups require the spirit of hard struggle.
(2) Hard struggle is mainly manifested in entrepreneurship, which is a great driving force for creating material, political and spiritual civilization.
(3) Hard work has different contents in different times. Promoting modernization in the new era requires the spirit of hard struggle, especially the spirit of pioneering and innovation.
(4) Young students should:
(1) in learning: tenacious struggle, not afraid of difficulties.
② Life: hard work and plain living, diligence and thrift.
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