Stimulate the lungs and cause inflammation.
Lung function decreases, and the ability of lung to eliminate pollutants decreases.
Causes rhinitis, chronic pharyngitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, emphysema and other diseases to worsen.
Causes allergic diseases such as asthma and lung diseases such as silicosis, asbestosis and emphysema.
cardiovascular system
Can cause changes in blood composition, increased blood viscosity, blood agglutination and thrombosis.
It will lead to arterial contraction and high blood pressure.
immune system
Reduce immune function, increase susceptibility to infections such as bacteria and viruses, and reduce the body's resistance to infectious diseases.
Pathogenic microorganisms enter the body with particulate matter, which reduces the body's resistance and induces infectious diseases.
nervous system
Leading to higher nervous system disorder and organ mediation failure, manifested as headache, dizziness and lethargy.
Mania, etc
The occurrence of cancer
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed by particulate matter are the most harmful environmental pollutants (carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic), among which benzopyrene (a) can induce skin cancer, lung cancer and gastric cancer.
In addition, atmospheric particulate matter can also lead to slow growth of fetal weight; Affect children's growth, development and function; Leading to premature death of sensitive patients such as cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases.
In view of the many adverse effects of atmospheric particles on health, pollution should be controlled, such as:
(1) Improve the energy structure and use clean energy.
(2) Reduce the emission of smoke and dust in industrial production.
(3) Control the emission of automobile exhaust.
(4) Strengthen the management of dust in construction sites and roads.
(5) Strengthen greening and maintain soil and water.
Air pollution is harmful to human health. The main hazards to the atmosphere are nitrogen (78.09%), oxygen (20.95%) and argon (0.93%). Three * * * accounts for more than 99.9% of the whole atmosphere, in addition to a small number of variable components such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone and rare gases (which change with the influence of seasons, meteorology and people's production activities).
Air pollution mainly refers to the chemical pollution of the atmosphere. There are many kinds of chemical pollutants in the atmosphere, and dozens of them are seriously harmful to human body. The air pollution in China belongs to coal-burning pollution, and the main pollutants are soot and sulfur dioxide, as well as nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. These pollutants mainly enter the human body through the respiratory tract, and are directly transported from the blood to the whole body without detoxification of the liver. Therefore, the chemical pollution of the atmosphere is very harmful to human health.
Common air pollution includes greenhouse effect, ozone hole and acid rain pollution.
Ozone is a kind of gas with irritating smell to respiratory tract and eyes, and it is a natural barrier to protect the earth's creatures from strong solar ultraviolet radiation. Once ozone protection is lost, the incidence of skin cancer, cataracts and other diseases will increase significantly, and animals and plants will not survive. However, when the ozone concentration reaches a certain level, the smell becomes obvious, which damages people's brain stem, interferes with body temperature regulation and pore expansion, reduces people's night vision ability and even causes fatal pulmonary edema. In modern society, industrial production, automobile exhaust, microbial transformation on the ground and nitrogen oxides produced by supersonic aircraft all threaten the ozone layer. Especially refrigerants in refrigerators and air conditioners, detergents in factories, foaming agents for making micropores, etc. , all use chlorofluorocarbons (trade name freon). Because of its relatively stable chemical properties, when it escapes into the air, it enters the ozone layer very slowly, where it is decomposed by strong ultraviolet radiation, and the chlorine atoms produced are the "culprit" of destroying the ozone layer. 1985, the British Antarctic expedition discovered an ozone hole over the Antarctic. From 65438 to 0987, German experts found that there was a similar ozone hole in the Arctic. They also found that the ozone hole was not fixed in a certain place, but was moving and its area was expanding. Mario? Molina and Sherwood? Roland once predicted that if the amount of chlorofluorocarbons used by people at present is calculated continuously, the ozone layer will soon be exhausted in a few years. The existence of Antarctic ozone hole proves that the ozone layer is depleted faster than expected. Therefore, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and other international conventions urgently call for reducing and gradually stopping the production and use of hydrochlorofluorocarbons.
Without ozone, life on earth can't survive. Let's cherish the living environment and our vital ozone.
It is not difficult to find that the global temperature is warming and the sea level is rising. Why is global warming? Why does the sea level rise? It is generally believed that the reason for these phenomena is the gradual increase of carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere, which has produced the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide is a colorless and odorless gas. The complete combustion of carbon and carbon-containing compounds in air or oxygen and the oxidation of many organic substances in organisms can produce carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted by the world every year is as high as 20 billion tons. Although plants are constantly absorbing so much carbon dioxide, the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is still increasing. Therefore, in order to reduce the excessive carbon dioxide in the atmosphere more effectively, on the one hand, people need to save electricity as much as possible (because power generation burns coal) and drive less cars; What can absorb a lot of carbon dioxide on the earth are plankton in the ocean and forests on land, especially tropical rainforests. Therefore, on the other hand, we should protect forests and oceans, such as not cutting down forests and polluting the oceans, in order to protect the survival of plankton. We can also protect green plants by planting trees, reducing the use of disposable wooden chopsticks, saving paper (paper-making wood) and not trampling on the lawn, so that they can absorb more carbon dioxide and help slow down the greenhouse effect.
With the increasingly serious air pollution, acid rain has appeared all over the world, especially in western Europe and North America, and also in cities in southern China. For example, there was acid rain with PH=3 in Chongqing. The formation of acid rain may be due to the fact that rainwater contains a certain amount of dilute sulfuric acid, dilute nitric acid and a small amount of other weak acids. There are many hazards of acid rain: 1, which is harmful to human health. For example, acid rain can cause pulmonary edema, pulmonary sclerosis and other diseases and lead to death; 2. Acidification of water body seriously affects the growth and survival of aquatic animals and plants; 3. Destruction of soil and vegetation; 4. Corrosion of metals, paints, leather, textiles and building materials containing calcium carbonate.
The air around the earth is called the atmosphere, which is a mixture of various gases. Air is an important external environmental factor for human survival.
From a global perspective, the emissions are large and the pollution range is wide. The universal air pollution is floating dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, oxides, arsenic, lead, cadmium and other heavy metals. These pollutants are also the main monitoring indicators of air pollution in China at present. The main factors causing air pollution are divided into natural factors and human factors. Man-made air pollution has the greatest impact on human body, mainly from industrial coal burning, fuel oil, exhaust gas emitted by vehicles, heating chimneys, household stoves and so on.
There are many ways for air pollution to invade the human body. One is to enter the body directly through the respiratory tract, and the respiratory mucosa is particularly sensitive to pollutants, and its absorption capacity is also great; The other is that pollutants fall into water, soil and food, and then pollutants enter the human body indirectly with drinking water and food.
Air pollution is very harmful to human health. First, it will cause acute poisoning. If the concentration of floating dust and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere suddenly rises, many times higher than usual, people will feel chest tightness, cough, sore throat, dyspnea and fever. Especially in the later stage of dense fog, the mortality rate rose sharply. Among them, bronchitis has the highest mortality rate, followed by pneumonia. Second, it will induce diseases or cause chronic poisoning. A large number of research data believe that some chronic respiratory diseases or aggravations are closely related to air pollution. Low concentrations of pollutants can also stimulate the respiratory tract to cause bronchial contraction, increase respiratory resistance, weaken respiratory function, increase respiratory mucosal secretion, and hinder the movement of respiratory cilia, thus leading to weakened respiratory resistance and inducing various respiratory diseases. Thirdly, it does great harm to the health of women and children. Women bear the burden of human reproduction and have special physiological characteristics. If exposed to harmful toxins in the environment, it will not only endanger women's own health, but also affect the physical development and healthy growth of the second generation through pregnancy and breastfeeding. Children are in the stage of growth and development, and their sensitivity to harmful substances in the environment is much higher than that of adults, and their harm degree and long-term impact are far-reaching. Fourth, it is carcinogenic to human body. More than 200 carcinogens have been found in the atmosphere. Because the carcinogens in the breathing atmosphere invade the lungs through the respiratory tract in occupational contact, they fall into water or food from the atmosphere, causing more extensive pollution. According to calculation, the number of people who die of lung cancer every year in the world exceeds one million. Fifth, it has a great stimulating effect on human body. Sulphides, nitrogen oxides, chlorine and photochemical smog in the atmosphere have a strong stimulating effect on the mucous membranes of eyes, nose and throat, and the increase of dust in the atmosphere will also stimulate the conjunctiva.
It can be seen that air pollution is very harmful to human body. We must protect the environment, reduce air pollution and let people live in fresh air, so that their health will be healthier and healthier.
Pay attention to heavy metal pollution in drinking water and health
20 10 10 2 1 The stock market opened at 9: 30 in the morning, and Zhongjin Lingnan suddenly suspended trading without any notice, just as people were speculating about the reasons for its suspension. A message from the local media revealed the reason for the suspension. What caused trouble to Zhongjin Lingnan this time was that Shaoguan Smelter discharged pollutants illegally, which led to thallium exceeding the standard in the middle and upper reaches of Beijiang River. Causing serious water pollution incidents. On the 22nd, Zhongjin Lingnan announced that the environmental protection department had ordered it to stop production completely due to the water pollution incident in Beijiang River caused by illegal discharge.
In fact, this is not the first time that Shaoguan Smelter has caused environmental problems to Zhongjin Lingnan. In 2005, Shaoguan Smelter directly discharged untreated sewage into Beijiang River due to violation of operating rules, resulting in serious cadmium pollution in Beijiang River Basin. Shaoguan Smelter is located in the upper reaches of Beijiang River. The pollution he caused directly threatened the drinking water safety of tens of millions of people in downstream cities. In recent years, heavy metal pollution has accounted for 50% of the major water pollution incidents in China. In addition to the cadmium pollution and thallium pollution in Beijiang mentioned above.
Arsenic pollution in Yueyang, Hunan Province in 2006
On September 8, 2006, a water pollution incident occurred in Xinqiang River, a drinking water source in Yueyang County, Hunan Province. Arsenic exceeds the standard by about 10 times, and the drinking water safety of 80 thousand residents is threatened and affected. Finally, after verification, it was found that the pollution was caused by the daily discharge of industrial sewage from three chemical plants in the upper reaches of the river, which led to a large number of high-concentration arsenic-containing wastewater flowing into Xinqiang River.
Arsenic pollution in Yangzonghai, Yunnan Province in 2008
Yangzonghai is one of the nine plateau lakes in Yunnan. Since 2002, the water quality of Yangzonghai has been excellent for six consecutive years. In 2008, the environmental protection department monitored the abnormal fluctuation of arsenic concentration in Yangzonghai water. The provincial environmental protection bureau conducted an emergency inspection of enterprises around Yangzonghai and along the rivers entering the lake, and found out that eight enterprises had environmental violations. It is preliminarily determined that the main source of arsenic pollution in Yangzonghai water body is Yunnan Chengjiang Jinye Industry & Trade Co., Ltd., which violates national regulations and has not built production wastewater treatment facilities, and a large amount of arsenic-containing wastewater circulates in the factory area. Due to the lack of anti-seepage treatment, arsenic pollutants accumulated for many years gradually leak and release, polluting groundwater, resulting in serious water pollution in Yangzonghai.
In 2009, heavy metal pollution in Xiangjiang River threatened the drinking water safety of 40 million people.
As a "hometown of nonferrous metals", most enterprises such as mining, smelting and chemical industry are located in Xiangjiang River Basin, from which heavy metal pollution comes. For a long time, the emissions of mercury, cadmium, chromium and lead in Hunan ranked first in China, and the emissions of arsenic, sulfur dioxide and chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranked first in China. As the mother river of Hunan, the drinking water safety of 40 million people in the basin is threatened, and the consequences of heavy metal pollution in Xiangjiang River and Xiangjiang River Basin are becoming more and more serious: the normal water supply in Xiangjiang River Basin is threatened by interruption; Accidents that endanger human health due to excessive heavy metals occur from time to time; Fish has been greatly reduced, thousands of acres of farmland can not be cultivated, and a considerable area of fish, grain and vegetables can not be eaten.
At present, water pollution incidents caused by heavy metals are constantly exposed in major media, which has aroused the concern of the broad masses of the people and society, especially the potential safety hazards brought to drinking water. On 20 10,6543810, the national symposium on pollution prevention and control metallurgy was held, and solving the problem of heavy metal pollution endangering people's health was listed as the top priority of pollution prevention and control metallurgy on 2010. However, heavy metal pollution still occurs. 20 10 On July 3rd, a copper acid water leakage accident occurred in Zijinshan Copper Mine Wet Process Plant of Fujian Zijin Mining, which caused serious heavy metal pollution in some waters of Tingjiang River. Zijin Mining did not issue an announcement until June 12, concealing the accident for 9 days, which made no local residents dare to use tap water.
Heavy metal pollution in drinking water is very harmful to health. Because of its mild initial symptoms, it is easy to be ignored, but the early harm is very great. Water is the source of life and drinking healthy and safe water is the basic right of the public. In recent years, frequent water pollution incidents have shocked people, and the water that we are used to in our daily life has become so strange. While people sigh, they are also deeply immersed in thinking.
Heavy metals refer to metals with a specific gravity greater than 5 (generally, heavy metals with a density greater than 4.5 grams per cubic centimeter). Such as gold, silver, copper, lead, nickel, cobalt, cadmium, chromium and mercury. As far as environmental pollution is concerned, heavy metals mainly refer to heavy metals with obvious biological toxicity such as mercury, cadmium, lead, chromium, metallic aluminum and metalloid arsenic. At present, lead, cadmium and arsenic have attracted people's attention. When heavy metals are discharged with wastewater, even if the concentration is small, it may cause harm. As long as there are trace amounts of heavy metals in natural water, it can produce toxic effects. Generally, the toxic range of heavy metals is about 1 ~ 10 mg/L, and the toxic mass concentrations of metals such as mercury, arsenic and cadmium are between 0.01~ 0.001mg/L. Therefore, heavy metal pollution should be strictly prevented.
Thallium (T 1) is about 3/100000 in the crust, and its low concentration is distributed in sulfide minerals such as feldspar, mica, iron and zinc. Thallium rarely exists independently in nature. Thallium is more toxic than lead and mercury. Thallium poisoning is mainly a toxic reaction after human body ingests thallium-containing compounds. Typical symptoms are: nervous system injury, gastrointestinal reaction, hair loss and so on. Patients with thallium poisoning usually have Mie's line on their nails. Thallium has strong cumulative toxicity and can cause permanent harm to patients. Because thallium salt is easily soluble in water, thallium compounds ingested by human body are mainly absorbed by drinking water and food entering the body from digestive tract, and thallium-containing dust can also be inhaled from respiratory tract or absorbed through skin contact. Lead to chronic poisoning. However, thallium poisoning is rare, so it is often ignored, leading to misdiagnosis. At present, thallium pollution in the environment mainly comes from thallium-containing wastewater, waste gas and waste residue in industry (smelting and thermal power generation) and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The limit value of thallium in GB5749-2006 Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water in China is 0.000 1mg/L/L, and there is no environmental standard for thallium.
Lead (pb) exists widely in nature, and human beings have been developing and utilizing it since it was recorded in writing. Especially in the last hundred years, lead has been widely used in industry, agriculture and people's daily life. Therefore, the degree of lead pollution is increasing, and the harm to human health is also increasing. According to many years' investigation by the US Environmental Protection Agency, lead pollution in drinking water accounts for more than 20% of the total lead pollution in human body. This is a problem that cannot be ignored and avoided. Water is the source of all things and the foundation of life. This is very important.
There are two main sources of lead in drinking water. The first is the arbitrary discharge of industrial pollutants and wastewater (mainly: smelting, mining, chemical industry, printing and dyeing industries). And the wide application of pesticides and insecticides in agricultural production. The second source, which is also the main source, is the lead release caused by the corrosion of urban water supply network. This is also the main reason why lead in drinking water is harmful to human health. Most of the tap water pipes currently used in China are metal pipes containing lead. Because chlorine is used as disinfectant in tap water, the residual chlorine in water accelerates the corrosion and aging of lead-containing water pipes. Generally, when water pipes are used for more than 5 years, the release of lead will increase. The concentration of lead in tap water will also increase. On the other hand, lead can be precipitated from all welded joints in pipe networks, water pipes and faucets made of chrome-plated and brass materials used at home. The limit value of lead in the new Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water is 0.01mg/L. However, even if the tap water can reach this standard when it leaves the factory, the lead content in the water will exceed this limit when it reaches the user's tap water through a long water pipe network. At this time, the lead content in water is unsafe for drinkers.
Modern medicine has confirmed that the harm of lead to human health is mainly to damage the nervous system, especially for children under 6 years old, whose blood, nerves and brain tissues are the most vulnerable to poisoning. Except drinking water, milk, juice and food for children are all made of tap water. Therefore, the lead content in drinking water has a great influence on children's health, leading to abnormal behaviors and movements, including ADHD, physical and mental retardation, poor coordination of eye and hand movements, learning disabilities and other symptoms. These dangers will last even into adulthood. If the human body is harmed by lead pollution for a long time, it will also cause anemia, nerve damage of limbs, abnormal development of bones and muscle tissues, and high blood lead content will also lead to diseases such as hypertension and osteoporosis. According to the World Health Organization, lead is one of 13 hazards related to children's health. Lead is a heavy metal element with neurotoxicity and has no physiological function in human body. However, lead is ubiquitous in the environment. Because of the characteristics of metabolism and development, children are particularly sensitive to the toxicity of lead. Lead is a trace in drinking water, but drinking lead-containing water for a long time will lead to deposition in the human body, which is not easy to discharge and will bring serious harm to health.
If your tap water is uncertain whether there is lead pollution, you can take some measures to reduce the risk of lead pollution in drinking water. 1. If the tap water is stopped for more than 6 hours, be sure to turn on the tap and rinse it for two to three minutes before using it. Because the lead content in the water in the pipeline is high at this time. Nowadays, many families have hot water supply, but it is best not to use it as drinking water or cooking, because the lead content of hot water is many times higher than that of cold water. 3. Conditional families should choose to install a household water purifier (reverse osmosis technology). Its multi-stage filtration function can effectively remove lead and ensure the safety of your drinking water.
In 2005, the relevant departments of our country, together with the World Health Organization and * * *, investigated the lead poisoning situation of children in 15 cities across the country. In 17000 children aged 0-6, the average lead poisoning rate is 10.45%, which means that there are more than 10 children with lead poisoning in every 100 children in cities in China. This number is amazing. According to the experts in charge of this survey, the results of this survey show that with the increase of age, the lead poisoning rate of children is on the rise. At the same time, boys are significantly higher than girls. Lead poisoning can cause damage to many organs. The early symptoms are unexplained abdominal pain and loss of appetite. Then there will be unexplained anemia, and more seriously, lead poisoning will damage children's brain cells. Children with mild lead poisoning will be irritable and easy to attack others. When the poisoning is deep, mental retardation, lethargy and coma will occur. Experts remind parents that if a child is found to have unexplained abdominal pain, it is likely to be an early symptom of lead poisoning. He should go to a regular hospital for examination, blood lead test and treatment immediately.
The chemical properties of cadmium are similar to those of lead and zinc. Most of them exist in the form of sulfide in nature, and they are impurities in zincite. Metal cadmium is used in iron and steel industry and plastic industry, and cadmium compounds are widely used in battery manufacturing, smelting, electroplating, pigment and chemical industry.
Cadmium mainly enters the water body with the discharge of industrial wastewater. Cadmium in drinking water is partly precipitated from galvanized pipes and partly from the solder of water pipes. In 2005, the discharge of industrial wastewater from Beijiang River in Guangzhou caused cadmium pollution in the water body, which directly affected the drinking water safety of tens of millions of people downstream.
Cadmium is very toxic, so far it is not considered as an essential trace element for human body. Cadmium is the third largest metal element that pollutes the environment and threatens human health after mercury and lead. Cadmium can affect the activities of many enzymes in the body and inhibit the activities of enzymes in liver and kidney. Bone is the main target organ of cadmium, and osteomalacia and osteoporosis are the most obvious toxic effects of cadmium. Cadmium poisoning can cause muscle atrophy, joint deformation, unbearable bone pain, insomnia, pathological fracture and death. Kidney is the target organ of chronic toxicity of cadmium, and long-term exposure can cause kidney damage. In addition, cadmium can also cause damage to the reproductive system. The latest research by American scientists shows that a small amount of cadmium can play the role of estrogen in experimental mice. They believe that this means that this metal may increase the risk of breast cancer in women.
Cadmium is potential. Even if the concentration of cadmium in drinking water is as low as 0. 1 mg/L, it can accumulate in human tissues (especially in women), and the incubation period can be as long as 10 to 30 years, and it is not easy to be detected in the early stage. The "pain" in Japan that shocked the world was caused by cadmium pollution.
Pain is a strange disease that first occurred in Kawatani, a prodigy in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. Because the patient is in great pain all over the body, he cries all day long because of the pain, so he is named "pain disease" (also known as osteopathy). In Toyama Prefecture, Japan, local residents drink a river called Shentongchuan and use it to irrigate crops on both sides. Later, Mitsui Metal Mining Company of Japan built a zinc smelting plant in the upper reaches of the river. The wastewater discharged from zinc smelter contains a lot of cadmium, and the whole river is polluted by cadmium-containing wastewater discharged from zinc smelter. A large amount of cadmium is enriched in river water, rice, fish and shrimp, and then enriched in the human body through the food chain, which makes the local people get a strange bone pain disease (also known as pain disease). Cadmium enters the human body, which causes a large amount of calcium loss in human bones, causing osteoporosis, bone atrophy and joint pain. Once a patient sneezed and broke many parts of his body. Another patient ended up with 73 fractures in his whole body and his body length was shortened by 30 cm. His illness is very painful. Pain has been prevalent in the local area for more than 20 years, causing more than 200 deaths.
Common name of arsenic (Ae): Arsenic, arsenic and its soluble compounds are highly toxic. It mainly exists in the form of compounds or simple substances in nature. Studies have shown that arsenic is carcinogenic to human body, so it has aroused widespread concern. There are two main sources of arsenic in drinking water. The first is that pollutants produced by human industrial production and life enter the water body and pollute the water source. Arsenic is a metal used in many industrial processes. Arsenic compounds are used as co-casting agents in metallurgy, transistors, lasers, semiconductors, processing glass, pigments, textiles, paper, wood preservatives, tanning, pesticides, etc. At present, with the continuous improvement and perfection of industrial processing technologies such as metal smelting, the state has put forward strict requirements for industrial sewage discharge, and the resulting arsenic pollution to the water environment has been reduced. But it is still one of the factors that cannot be ignored. The main source of arsenic in secondary drinking water is caused by the natural geographical factors of the water source. Especially in volcanic sedimentary rock areas. China, Taiwan Province, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Bengal and India are the regions with high arsenic content in the world. The areas with high arsenic content in China are Shanxi, Xinjiang, Ningxia and Jilin. Drinking water contains trace arsenic. Generally less than 0.05mg/L If the daily intake is less than 0. 1mg, this amount only accounts for a small part of the total daily intake of arsenic. However, the arsenic intake from drinking water in high arsenic areas or mining areas may account for the vast majority of the total arsenic intake of human body. The investigation in some high arsenic areas in China shows that the arsenic intake through drinking water accounts for 82% of the total arsenic intake, while the arsenic intake through grain, vegetables and air accounts for 8%, 3.4% and 2.3% of the total arsenic intake respectively. It can be seen that arsenic in drinking water is the main cause of harm to human health in high arsenic areas.