population expansion
Megacities usually have a strong agglomeration effect on population, and the rapid agglomeration of population has become one of the important reasons for the development of megacities. In the process of rapid population gathering, once urban construction and management can't keep up with the rapid growth demand, the supply of various urban infrastructure lags behind the urban population growth, which will lead to a series of contradictions and urban diseases such as environmental pollution, employment difficulties, and deterioration of public security.
For example, around the end of 19, the urban population in Britain expanded rapidly, resulting in a shortage of housing and slums everywhere; Lack of public health facilities, serious air and water pollution and bad environment; The employment competition is fierce, and the workers are in a difficult situation; The crime rate remains high and so on. Another example is Latin America. After entering the industrialization stage in the middle of the 20th century, the urban population gathered rapidly, and the level of urbanization (the proportion of urban population to the total population) even surpassed that of developed countries, resulting in "excessive urbanization" (or "advanced urbanization").
be stuck in a traffic jam
Traffic problems have always been one of the primary problems in big cities. With the rapid urbanization and rapid population expansion in big cities, the contradiction between urban traffic demand and traffic supply has become increasingly prominent, which is mainly manifested in a series of problems such as traffic congestion, pollution and safety. In London, there are a large number of enterprises, financial institutions and entertainment places in the city center, with more than 1 10,000 jobs. Every day, more than 1 10,000 people and 40,000 motor vehicles enter and leave the central city during peak hours, which leads to serious traffic congestion in this area, and the average speed in this area is only14.3 km/h.
In Paris, in the 1960s, due to the adoption of the policy of "adapting to the development of automobiles", the number of private cars increased day by day, resulting in serious traffic congestion in the urban area. 1973 ring highway experienced persistent congestion shortly after its opening. In Bangkok, because of the slow speed, the whole city is like a parking lot. In three months, even 900 pregnant women were forced to give birth in the car because of traffic jams.
environmental pollution
In the past century, with global warming as the main feature, great changes have taken place in the global climate and environment, such as water shortage, ecosystem degradation, increased soil erosion, sharp decline in biodiversity, depletion of the ozone layer, changes in atmospheric chemical composition and so on. According to the prediction of the Climate Change Committee between * * *, the global warming will continue at a faster speed in the future, and the temperature will increase10/00, which will bring more serious impacts on the global environment, such as crop production reduction, obvious increase in the frequency and damage speed of pests and diseases, and intensified water shortage. Environmental pollution has turned the city from the traditional public health problems (such as water-borne diseases, malnutrition, lack of medical services, etc.). ) to modern health crisis, including air pollution, noise, vibration and mental stress caused by industry and traffic. Environmental pollution has a great influence on urban economy. The World Bank has estimated that the health cost and productivity loss caused by pollution are equivalent to 1% to 5% of GDP.
Resource shortage
At the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in South Africa in 2002, it was unanimously agreed that water resources should be listed as one of the most serious challenges facing mankind in the next decade. In the same year, the United Nations Environment Programme pointed out in the Global Environment Outlook that "at present, half of the rivers in the world have been greatly reduced or seriously polluted, and more than 80 countries or 40% of the world's population are seriously short of water. If this trend is not contained, more than 55% of the world's population will face water shortage in the next 30 years. " Among the countries or regions that lack water, the water shortage in big cities is the most serious. According to the prediction of relevant UN agencies, by 20 10, large and medium-sized cities in both developing and developed countries, including Beijing, Shanghai, Houston, Jakarta, Los Angeles, Warsaw, Cairo, Lagos, Dhaka, S? o Paulo, Mexico City and Singapore, will face serious water shortage.
In addition, the shortage of land resources is also an inevitable problem in the process of urbanization in international metropolises. Due to the absolute rigidity of land supply, some metropolises, such as Tokyo, new york, London, etc., have encountered serious land shortage in the process of a large number of people and industries gathering in central cities, and the constraints of land on the sustainable development of modern metropolises are more prominent. How to drive ... >>
Question 2: What is the Chinese name of urban disease? English name of urban disease: definition of urban disease: various ills caused by excessive concentration of urban population, industry and traffic. Subject: geography (first-class subject); The contents of Urban Geography (two disciplines) are examined and published by the National Committee for Examination and Approval of Scientific and Technological Terminology.
printing block
Urban diseases are a series of diseases caused by social contradictions caused by overpopulation, which are called urban diseases.
Question 3: Make clear what factors have an impact on diseases in big cities and establish a mathematical model to measure the degree of diseases in big cities. Do some questions every day to keep yourself sensitive to problems and form pattern recognition ability. Of course, the number of questions should not be too large and the difficulty should not be too great.
Seventh: a success. When faced with a problem (it's best to choose a strange middle question), do it with your heart and see if you can clear your mind at once and succeed as soon as you do it. If a test paper can't successfully solve several questions at a time, it will often cause "hidden loss of points" due to insufficient examination time.
Eighth: emphasize standardization. Candidates are advised to find several questions with grading standards and finish them carefully, and then compare the grading standards to see if the answers are rigorous and standardized, just right.
Article 9: Return to the basics. Generally speaking, it is not appropriate to attack difficult questions before the exam, because there is neither so much time nor need. It is necessary to return to the foundation, lay a solid foundation, and do not lose a point in the exam.
Count 10: limited training. You can find a set of questions (such as 10 multiple-choice questions) and try to finish them in a limited time; You can also find a big question 1 and finish it in a limited time. This is mainly to create an exam situation and test your thinking level under tension.
Count 1 1: activate thinking. You can ask some questions, just thinking: what to do in the first step, what to do in the second step … (no need to explain in detail) and then compare the answers to test your ideas. Doing so is conducive to getting more directions to solve problems in a short time.
Question 4: What kind of double pressure does the big city disease reflect on the development of China? "Big city disease" is only the product of social and economic development to a certain stage, especially the development stage. Unreasonable spatial planning, the influence of short-term market, the failure of monopoly and centralized institutional environment are all important reasons for "big city disease" At present, "big city disease" has become the main obstacle to the development of big cities in China and its driving regional development. To cure "diseases in big cities", we must start with system reform and take comprehensive measures.
Question 5: Which big cities in the world have no big city disease? That is, it is developed and balanced in transportation, medical care and population. During the industrial revolution, various "urban diseases" appeared: urban planning and construction spread blindly to the surrounding areas. The causes of big city disease in developing countries are the same as those in developed countries. Some people collectively refer to these problems as urban diseases, and the first is economic reasons. No one provided convincing evidence. Errors and environmental deterioration, these problems and contradictions have restricted the development of the city to a certain extent. Urban disease has been or is being faced by almost all countries. "Urban diseases" are manifested in population expansion, serious pollution and employment difficulties. , also known as urban disease. Especially in cities, travel time is longer. Urban diseases in Latin American countries are more serious than those in developed countries. The rapid development of cities often exceeds the tolerance of social resources and the shortage of water and electricity! The so-called "urban disease" refers to a series of social problems caused by the over-concentration of population in big cities, which aggravates the burden on cities. "Urban diseases" can only be cured by wasting people and money. Traffic congestion will increase the burden on cities and make public opinion an important force that can compete with power on an equal footing. The negative effects brought by the development of these cities are often ineffective. The increase of population in modern large and medium-sized cities is called urban disease, traffic congestion and housing shortage, which proves that urban disease leads to urban decline. Early capitalist countries took a series of measures to control "urban diseases", which restricted the development of urbanization and caused physical and mental diseases of citizens. "Urbanization in developing countries. With the increasing scale of cities, people in many cities, such as new york, and evil cities are prone to physical and mental diseases because of the above problems. Every public decision has extensive participation of public opinion, which wastes energy and resources invisibly. The prevention and control of urban diseases is the power of standardization and supervision, but the severity of urban diseases can be different due to different concerns and management methods. Due to traffic congestion and management problems, a large number of cultivated land is occupied, which is not conducive to the smooth development of the city. The reasons for urbanization in developing countries are very complicated, mainly including social problems such as housing shortage and environmental deterioration, which are manifested in the more acute contradiction between people and land, the loss of a lot of wealth in cities, and the dilemma of respecting public opinion. This urban disease has appeared in Tokyo, and the health situation has deteriorated.
Question 6: Are the causes of diseases in big cities in developing countries the same as those in developed countries? No!
The so-called "urban disease" refers to a series of social problems caused by the over-concentration of population in big cities, which are manifested in the blind expansion of urban planning and construction to the surrounding areas, occupying a large number of cultivated land, making the contradiction between people and land more acute. "Urban diseases" are manifested in population expansion, traffic congestion, environmental deterioration, housing shortage and employment difficulties. This will increase the burden on cities, restrict the development of urbanization and cause physical and mental diseases of citizens. In particular, cities travel for a long time, because of traffic congestion and management problems, cities will lose a lot of wealth, which is an intangible waste of energy and resources, which is not conducive to the smooth development of cities. "
Urbanization in developing countries is also called urban disease. The reasons for urbanization in developing countries are very complicated, first of all, economic reasons.
Some people call these problems urban diseases. Urban disease is a problem that almost all countries have faced or are facing, but the severity of urban disease can be different due to different concerns and management methods. Urban diseases in Latin American countries are more serious than those in developed countries.
These negative effects brought by urban development are called urban diseases. This urban disease has appeared in many cities such as Tokyo and new york. No one has provided convincing evidence that urban diseases have led to the decline of cities.
During the industrial revolution, the rapid development of cities often exceeded the bearing capacity of social resources, leading to the emergence of various "urban diseases", mainly including housing shortage, serious pollution and deterioration of sanitary conditions. Early capitalist countries took a series of measures to control "urban diseases", but the effect was often not good. With the increasing scale of cities, many social problems have emerged in modern large and medium-sized cities, such as increasing population, water and electricity shortage, traffic congestion, environmental deterioration, and physical and mental diseases that people in evil cities are prone to. These problems "harmony and contradiction" restrict the development of the city to a certain extent, increase the burden of the city, and put the city in a dilemma. To prevent and control urban diseases is to standardize and supervise power, respect public opinion, and make public opinion an important force that can play an equal game with power. Every public decision has the extensive participation of public opinion, and the "urban disease" that wastes people and money can be cured.
Question 7: What are the causes of diseases in small cities in the process of urbanization? What are the unscientific and unreasonable urban planning and construction?
From the perspective of most cities, there are many problems in China, such as low level of urban infrastructure planning and design, unreasonable engineering layout, low construction quality and so on. "When it rains, it will be flooded and the water will be serious. When it rains, the whole city will be blocked in a mess "is a true portrayal of the low level of infrastructure construction in most cities in China. The unscientific and unreasonable urban planning in China is mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, urban planning lacks scientific argumentation and takes the leadership will as the transfer. Second, the special planning is fragmented and lacks overall coordination. The related departments of urban infrastructure are fighting in their own way, lacking communication and coordination, which not only causes traffic congestion, but also lays hidden dangers for the healthy development of the city. Third, urban planning is eager for quick success and short of long-term vision, which makes urban planning unable to keep up with the needs of urban development.
Question 8: Urban diseases in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei mainly refer to traffic congestion, employment difficulties, serious environmental pollution, small green area and tight housing.