I. Safety management of production process and job site
Job site safety management refers to the safety management in the whole production process from raw materials entering the factory to product warehousing and sales. Safety management on the construction site is to implement the policy of "safety first, prevention first", and use modern safety science and technology theories and methods to identify, predict, eliminate or control unsafe factors and possible dangers in the production system, prevent or reduce the occurrence of accidents and occupational diseases, and create conditions for high quality, high yield and high efficiency.
The safety management of modern production process must focus on the production site, carry out a series of safety management activities and implement a series of scientific management methods to ensure safe production.
2. The main content of job site safety management
1. Control and prevent people's unsafe behaviors
Controlling, investigating and preventing employees' unsafe behaviors, human errors and illegal operations are the most important contents in the workplace. We should start from the following two aspects:
1. 1 control and investigate the "three violations" of operators' illegal operation, illegal command and violation of labor discipline, conscientiously implement the laws, regulations and operating procedures of safety production, and gradually move from rule by man to rule by law.
1.2 fully mobilize the enthusiasm and subjective initiative of operators in safety production. Improving the safety quality of operators is the foundation, the fundamental way to prevent accidents, the long-term behavior and the fundamental solution. It is not only a short-term action, but also an indispensable and important means to control people's unsafe behavior to investigate and deal with the "three violations" on the job site. These two aspects complement each other and are indispensable. The main means to control and prevent the unsafe behaviors of workers on the job site is to strengthen the safety inspection of unsafe behaviors of people and carry out various safety production management activities. The scientific management methods to control people's unsafe behavior mainly include safety evaluation, safety checklist, audio-visual education, biological rhythm, safety behavior incentive methods and so on.
2. Control and prevent the unsafe state of things.
The unsafe state of materials in the production process is one of the important reasons leading to industrial accidents. Controlling and preventing the unsafe state of materials on the job site can cut off the causes of accidents to a great extent and effectively prevent accidents. The main means to control and prevent the unsafe state of objects are to carry out inspection and rectification of hidden dangers of accidents and to carry out equipment safety management activities. Scientific management methods of unsafe state of controlled substances mainly include hazard pre-analysis, failure type and impact analysis, A, B and C analysis, etc.
3. Control the labor safety and health indicators not to exceed the national standards.
Various accidents will occur in the production process, which will produce various chemical and physical factors harmful to human body. The very important task in the job site is to control dust and toxic hazards by using various scientific and advanced safety technologies, and to control the indicators of toxic and harmful substances within the national standards. Its means and methods are mainly to monitor the hazards of various physical, chemical and biological factors on the job site, popularize and apply various advanced safety technical methods and tools, strengthen the comprehensive management of dust and poison hazards, and reduce or control the hazards of dust and poison to the safety and health of workers in time.
4. Control the pollution of "three wastes" and do a good job in environmental protection.
The waste water, waste gas and waste residue produced in the production process have been regarded as "public hazards" all over the world. Therefore, we should learn the theory of environmental science, master and apply environmental engineering technology, correctly use the "three wastes" treatment equipment, and strive to protect the environment and benefit future generations.
5. Pay special attention to civilized production and create a good working environment for employees.
Civilized production is the orderly, fixed and neat management of homework according to the objective law of socialized mass production. Good civilized production can gradually form a spacious, bright, orderly and clean production environment at the job site; Can promote employees to develop good habits of obeying rules and discipline, being polite and standardizing their posts; Maintain a stable, healthy and progressive attitude. Doing civilized production well is by no means empty talk. Doing a good job requires hard work, dedication and persistence.
6. Play the role of group prevention and treatment, and improve the level of group prevention and treatment at the job site.
Safety in production on the construction site involves all aspects of work, and there are many dangerous factors and hidden dangers of accidents, which are difficult to predict. It is impossible to rely solely on safety technicians. We must give full play to the various forms of group management functions in the job site, gather individual safety consciousness and behavior into group strength, promote the independent management and mutual protection of operators, and mobilize the enthusiasm of each employee for safety production to the maximum extent, which is the objective need of modern mass production.
Three. Collective safety management at work site
(1) Factory-level safety management at work site
The safety management of enterprise construction site is a realistic problem related to the life safety of every employee. Through a lot of practice, it is proved that it is an effective method to actively promote the standardization of job site, standardize the operation and strengthen the on-site production safety inspection.
1. job site standardization and operation standardization
The company should pay attention to the implementation methods of safety production standardization teams, workshops and factories, and stipulate the basic conditions and incentive measures for reaching the standard. At the same time, strengthen the popularization and application of standardized operation documents such as operation procedures and work instructions to realize standardized operation.
2. Strengthen on-site production safety inspection.
Factory-level safety inspection mainly includes on-site patrol inspection and professional safety inspection.
2. 1 security patrol inspection.
This inspection is a daily work, presided over by factory leaders, safety personnel on duty, safety technicians and civilized production inspectors. According to the division of responsibilities, go deep into the job site inspection respectively. The key points of factory leaders' safety duty inspection are: to check the workshop safety duty system and fire prevention situation, and to guide the workshop safety duty work; Check the progress of rectification of key hidden dangers in the factory, and coordinate and solve problems in time when found; Check whether there are serious "three violations" and unsafe conditions on the job site, and instruct relevant units to make rectification within a time limit; Check the workshop to seriously implement the decisions and resolutions of safety production in the factory and guide the workshop to carry out various safety management activities.
The contents of safety inspection for safety technicians in the factory include: checking the unsafe behaviors of operators in violation of regulations, such as wearing gloves to operate machine tools, not wearing seat belts when working at heights, crossing dangerous areas with prohibited signs at will, smoking in flammable and explosive places, etc. Check the unsafe state of objects, such as mechanical transmission protective cover, interlocking device of hoisting machinery, limit switch, safety valve of high pressure vessel, water level gauge, thermometer, etc. , and issued a rectification notice, designated units and individuals for rectification within a time limit; Check whether the sidewalks and lanes in the working environment are clear, whether the safety signs of the main safety passages are obvious, whether pits, ditches and pools have reliable protective fences and covers, and whether the garbage, oil pollution, sewage and dirt in the working site are cleaned up in time; Check whether the workshop safety management activities are carried out normally, such as whether the rectification of hidden dangers in the workshop is "three fixed and four not pushed"; Check whether the storage and management of flammable, explosive and toxic substances, electrical appliances, lighting, instruments and tools meet the explosion-proof requirements and whether there are safety signs. Check whether the electrical equipment, electrical lines and temporary lines on the construction site meet the national installation standards.
2.2 Professional safety inspection. Professional safety inspection refers to the inspection of professional functional departments such as fire protection, equipment, power and vehicles within their respective business scope. Because inspectors are proficient in business, it is effective to focus on one aspect of the problem, which is the main way of job site inspection.
Equipment Power Department focuses on the problems of equipment, power, lines, energy and supply (including living facilities and auxiliary production equipment) involved in the job site, and the implementation of equipment and energy safety management system to ensure the safety of equipment, power, lines, living facilities and auxiliary production equipment in the job site. The competent department of fire prevention and explosion prevention focuses on the implementation of control measures for key fire-fighting parts, whether the use, storage and transportation of chemical dangerous goods meet the safety requirements of fire prevention and explosion prevention, whether the safety and fire prevention management system such as the use of open flames is seriously implemented, whether the fire-fighting equipment is complete and effective, and all hidden dangers that can cause fire and explosion, and promptly organizes and urges rectification to ensure fire safety in the production process. Vehicle authorities mainly check vehicle safety management, civilized production, safety and fire prevention.
Factory-level safety inspection on the job site is a long-term and arduous task, which cannot be relaxed for a moment. According to the principle of hierarchical management and line responsibility, enterprise leaders should also assess the heads of professional lines such as equipment, electrical, fire and explosion prevention, vehicle transportation and civilized production when assessing the safety management of the job site. Safety supervision department is a comprehensive management inspection department, which should ask questions about safety production, but not all of them play a leading role. To distinguish between primary and secondary, the security department is responsible according to its functions.
(2) Workshop safety management
The content of workplace safety management is mainly planned, guided, organized, coordinated and implemented through workshops. Workshop safety management is an important part of job site safety management.
1. Basic tasks of workshop safety management
1. 1 Establish and improve the workshop safety management organization. Someone must be specially responsible for workshop safety management. If the organization is not implemented, all management work will go up in smoke. What kind of organizational system should be established depends on the production nature, scale and risk factors of the workshop. But the most basic thing is that the workshop should have a director in charge of safety, a safety leading group composed of team leaders, and a labor protection inspector in each team.
1.2 Formulate the workshop safety management system. Enterprise and workshop are two different management levels, and the enterprise safety management system cannot completely replace the workshop management system. The workshop should combine its own characteristics, refine the enterprise management system and formulate corresponding measures. Such as workshop safety duty system, safety meeting system, safety reward and punishment system, safety contract system, safety confirmation system, etc.
1.3 do a good job in workshop safety education and carry out the "six stresses" activities. That is, the workshop meeting is mainly the workshop administrative meeting, and the team leader meeting is mainly based on this. The safety inspection is discussed separately, and other types of meetings are interspersed, and the safety group activities are discussed by everyone. In addition, the workshop should actively participate in factory-level safety education and training to ensure 100% attendance; Do a good job in safety education for new workers, such as changing posts, returning to work, education for special types of work, etc.
1.4 Do a good job in production safety inspection. Workshop leaders take turns to conduct regular safety duty inspections on the job site. If the workshop director fails to stop the "three violations" and eliminate hidden dangers in time, it is a serious dereliction of duty. Once an industrial accident occurs, it is a criminal act for workers. For this, some workshop directors don't know clearly, thinking that on-site safety inspection is a matter in the factory, and the workshop can do it or not; It is wrong to dare to control the "three violations" of workers and point out that it is necessary to correct the rectification by relying entirely on safety professional inspection.
1.5 Do a good job in civilized production. In civilized production, special attention should be paid to the management of fixed posts and the correct wearing of personal protective equipment for employees. The development of civilized production in the workshop will ensure the successful completion of the seven tasks of site safety, quality, output, cost, equipment, personnel and hygiene.
1.6 Popularize and apply modern scientific management methods. The popularization and application of modern safety scientific management methods in workshops have different levels and requirements compared with the safety technical departments of enterprises. There are two main tasks at the workshop level. First, when making the annual safety work plan, we should take this aspect into account and take it as an important task. Second, seriously practice, grasp one or two pilot teams, and gradually promote them from point to area.
2. Five lines of defense for workshop safety management
Workshop site management is dynamic and random. As long as a link, an area or an employee has a problem, something may happen. Workshop leaders should set up five safety lines and lead workers to fight against injury accidents like fighting a war. They are:
The first line of defense is to attach importance to safety ideologically.
The second line of defense of safety technology should have qualified operation skills, master safety operation procedures, and know what to do and what standards to achieve, so that the safety production of employees can be guaranteed.
The third line of equipment defense, carefully check before operation to ensure that it is in good condition; During operation, it is forbidden to overload the equipment and tools with faults or defects; Careful maintenance after operation. Operators are required to achieve "three good and four meetings", that is, management, use, repair, use, maintenance, inspection and drainage.
The fourth line of defense in the production environment, the disorderly stacking of various raw materials, finished products, semi-finished products, tools, and various scrap materials, is also a kind of accident hidden danger. The materials stored on site are divided into three categories: frequently needed, occasionally needed and unnecessary, and a reasonable storage area is established. Resolutely remove unnecessary scenes. Occasionally, put it on a shelf or in a container.
Help teach the fifth peripheral defense line and extend the security defense line to families and relatives.
(3) Construction of safety team
1. Do a good job in security team education
1. 1 Conduct three-level safety education for new workers, with the team as the last level, focusing on safety operation demonstration, proper use of personal protective equipment and precautions education.
1.2 Operators should carry out safety education when changing jobs, popularizing new technologies and using new equipment, new products and new materials, and even old workers should strictly implement it.
1.3 post safety operation skills training and education, the purpose of which is to enable employees to achieve "four understandings and four skills", that is, to understand the main structure and performance of equipment and tools, safe operation and first-class maintenance; Understand the distribution and occupational hazards of unsafe factors in the post area, and correctly use personal protective equipment and fire fighting equipment; Understand the technological process and accident characteristics of this position, and take preventive measures and troubleshooting; Understand industrial accident reporting procedures, and be able to handle industrial accidents and near misses.
2. Implement the security system.
The safety team system mainly includes safety responsibility system, safety mutual insurance system, safety confirmation system, safety handover system, safety operation procedures, contact response system, etc.
The standardization of safety team work is another way in the safety system, which mainly includes post safety standards, production process safety standards and quality work standards.
2. 1 Carry out self-inspection and mutual inspection of production safety. It is of great significance to strengthen the construction of safety team for shift workers to carry out self-inspection and mutual inspection of safety production and eliminate hidden dangers of accidents around me, you and him in time.
2.2 Promote modern safety management methods
2.3 to do a good job of accident handling. After an accident, a team should do four things well: report, rescue, protect the scene and assist in investigation and analysis.
Basic conditions of civilized production
The civilized production of enterprises includes three aspects: the civilized accomplishment of employees, civilized management behavior and civilized working environment. The three are an inseparable and interrelated unity.
1. Cultivate the civilized quality of workers
The production of material civilization in the working environment depends on employees with civilized literacy, and the modern civilization of enterprises should put the requirements of cultivating employees' civilized literacy in a prominent position. Every worker should take the initiative to become a civilized worker.
2. Implement civilized management behavior.
The safe and civilized production of enterprises is organized and implemented through scientific and civilized management behavior. The main scope of civilized management behavior is:
2. 1 Implement post creation management to maintain good production order.
Fixed location management is based on the organic combination of people, materials and environment in the production process, and determines the placement position of equipment, raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products, tools and waste products according to the grades of tightness, looseness and separation, so that people, raw materials and equipment can be scientifically arranged as a line in the production process, and all links and parts of production can fully play their roles. Make the machines, articles, people flow and logistics on the production site orderly, and ensure safe production and civilized production.
2.2 Improve working conditions and realize safe production.
Realizing safe and civilized production can completely change the dirty environment of the job site and the leakage of equipment; Keep the roads clear, the goods in order, not too high, and put them in a safe place to minimize unsafe factors; Seriously control the hazards of industrial poisons, dust and noise, and achieve environmental protection standards in stages and batches; There are eye-catching safety signs and color codes to attract workers' attention; The workplace is bright, clean and well ventilated, so that employees can maintain a good mental state.
3. Realize a civilized working environment
3. 1 Do a good job in the appearance of the factory and beautify and green the factory.
A) The layout of the factory is reasonable, and the traffic from the factory gate to the main roads in the factory is smooth.
B) proper lighting. Try to use natural light, artificial lighting should make the working face have enough brightness, and be uniform and stable, without dazzling light, with appropriate contrast and color, which makes people feel good.
C) the ground is clean and sanitary. The working environment is clean without sundries, the workshop is clean and tidy, and the garbage is removed in time, giving people a sense of civilization, neatness, comfort and harmony.
3.2 Basic conditions of civilized warehouse
Warehouse is a place where all kinds of materials are stored centrally, and it is also one of the important measures to measure the civilized production management level of the job site. The basic conditions of a civilized warehouse mainly include:
A. The warehouse shall have a complete management system (the oil depot and the dangerous goods warehouse shall also have an access control safety system), so that the responsibilities shall be clear and the normal working order shall be established.
B. The materials in the warehouse should be managed in different areas. The parts shall be arranged neatly and reasonably, and placed in different regions, so as to achieve "Three Clearances" (clear quantity, clear quality and clear account card). "Four noes" (no mistakes, no damage, no loss, no deterioration).
C the electrical appliances in the dangerous goods warehouse shall meet the explosion-proof requirements, with complete fire-fighting equipment and eye-catching safety warning signs.
D warehouse managers should establish the awareness of civilized production, safety and quality management, and ensure the "three levels" of warehousing, warehousing and storage of materials.
E the environment inside and outside the warehouse, the roads are smooth, the ground is clean and tidy, and the products, materials and appliances are placed in line with the requirements.
4. Civilized production and "5s" management
"5S" management refers to eliminating unnecessary items and actions in production or operation. The light and color of the workplace should conform to people's psychological factors, and the workplace should be cleaned.
4. The meaning of1"5s"
5S is the abbreviation of sorting, rectifying, cleaning, sweeping the floor and literacy.
Finishing: It means to get rid of all the things that are not used and arrange the useful things in an orderly way.
Rectification: tidy up the chaotic work site and equip it with necessary second-class toolbox and other items.
Cleanliness: make the working environment pollution-free, oil-free, and the site clean.
Cleaning: refers to the timely cleaning of industrial garbage and dust on the job site.
Literacy: refers to people's manners, styles and good habits in life and work order.
4.2 Requirements of "5S"
A. Through "sorting out and rectifying", the workshop and team of the enterprise are required to keep the workplace and rest place clean and tidy, and the tools and articles are placed in an orderly manner and kept in a classified manner; Workstation appliances are managed in an orderly manner, without obvious damage, neatly placed and clean inside and outside; Reasonable use and storage of tooling, equipment and measuring tools, to achieve "three good and four meetings", and to maintain its accuracy and good technical condition; All that is not needed should be eliminated, and there is no dead angle; Daily necessities should be placed in an orderly manner, easy to take and put, and those that are not often used should be classified and stored, indicating the location and quantity; What has not been used for many years should be disposed of at one time, and what should be scrapped should not be put on hold for a long time.
B. Through the requirements of cleaning and sweeping, the roads in the workshop area are smooth, the products and workstations are placed neatly, and there is no sanitary dead angle; All corners and articles of the team should be cleaned up in time; Everyone's clothes should be clean and keep a good working environment.
C. According to the requirements of "literacy": train employees to work according to working procedures, develop good habits of obeying rules and discipline, and don't leave things lying around; Improve the operating skills of employees, work according to scientific methods, and do not operate savagely; Cultivate workers into good workers who respect leaders, teachers and others, are polite, trustworthy and civilized.
5. Basic conditions for civilized production in factories
1) Establish a civilized production management organization or leading group, and establish and improve the detailed rules for the implementation of the civilized production management system. Inspection, appraisal and summary activities are normal, so that there are arrangements, inspections, records and commendation.
2) The production order is good, and the planners and dispatchers have a tacit understanding with the workshop.
3) Production workers can strictly implement and carry out process discipline and various safety rules and regulations. Don't leave after work, that is, don't clean the site, don't turn off the water, electricity, electrical appliances and oil sources, and don't leave the product according to regulations.
4) Maintain the equipment, fixtures and various tools. Power tools and safety appliances meet the national standards.
5) There should be people queuing in the workshop passage, and the workpieces should be placed outside the line, free of iron filings and obstacles, and kept clean.
6) The plant area is well sanitary and green, the sanitary contracted area is clean and tidy, the main roads and bends are obviously safe, and the roads are smooth.
7) No serious injuries, fires, major equipment, traffic and other vicious accidents occurred in that year.
6. Basic conditions for civilized production in the workshop
1) Strictly implement the enterprise civilized production management system and implementation rules. Monthly appraisal, weekly inspection, records, original materials and data are complete and correct.
2) The on-site production is in good order, and workers are required to hold relevant certificates, and are not allowed to leave their posts, string posts, do private work, chat or read newspapers; Replicas and workstation appliances shall be placed neatly, and the processed products shall not fall to the ground, and the storage shall conform to the regulations, and shall not exceed the height.
3) The workshop roads are clear, the signs are obvious, the workplace and environment are clean and tidy, and the position of work station appliances, handling tools and forklifts is fixed.
4) Equipment, machinery and tooling (including gauges, knives, fixtures and accessories) should be maintained daily, with complete safety devices, reasonable tools in the toolbox and consistent accounts.
5) Have a good workplace and keep it regularly. Basically realize civilized management and improve civilized environment.
7. Basic conditions of civilized team
1) insist on grasping the two civilizations together. Can actively carry out civilized and polite activities, popularize civilized and polite expressions, stress unity and progress, and have a strong sense of collective honor.
2) Excellent completion of the task. Be able to wear labor protection articles correctly and reasonably and strictly abide by factory rules and regulations. The workplace is clean and hygienic, the equipment and tools are in good condition, and there are no accidents throughout the year.
3) Good job training. Can actively learn science, culture and technology, have good on-the-job training and technical exchange, and constantly improve the operation methods. Improve operational skills and be competent for your job.
4) Good team management. Team leaders and trade union leaders work together to do a good job in team management, give full play to individual subjective initiative, and make great achievements.