First, congenital heart disease.
1. may be related to mother's illness or medication in early pregnancy.
2. It is related to heredity.
Second, acquired heart disease.
1. Coronary heart disease: smoking, diabetes, hypertension, etc. It leads to hardening and narrowing of blood vessels, obstruction of blood flow, and easy damage to myocardial hypoxia.
2. Hypertensive heart disease: arterial hypertension leads to left ventricular hypertrophy; Pulmonary hypertension leads to right ventricular hypertrophy.
Third, rheumatic heart disease.
Chronic rheumatic heart disease is mainly caused by the progressive changes of heart valves after rheumatic fever infection.
Fourthly, pulmonary heart disease.
Pulmonary hypertension caused by chronic bronchitis and emphysema makes the right ventricle hypertrophy or failure.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) cardiomyopathy
Metabolic or hormonal abnormalities, such as myocardial changes, sometimes alcoholism and drugs can also lead to myocardial changes.
Six, heart tumor
Most of them are benign tumors, myxoma is the most common, and primary cardiac malignant tumors are rare.
Seven, vascular diseases
Including aneurysms caused by hypertension and vascular diseases caused by other immune dysfunction.
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Cardiac examination
What tests should be done about heart disease? Here are your answers. The items that should be checked in the physical examination of patients with heart disease include internal medicine examination, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, blood lipid, blood sugar, liver and kidney function, blood routine and so on. Because ECG can only be recorded statically for a short time, patients with heart disease should do the following tests as appropriate.
(1) dynamic electrocardiogram, also known as remote electrocardiogram, can provide the information of dynamic electrocardiogram activity of subjects all day. Effectively supplementing the deficiency of routine electrocardiogram can not only obtain ECG data for 24 hours or even 48 hours, but also clarify the relationship between symptoms, activity status, medication and ECG changes of patients. Scope of application:
1. Judgment of the nature of symptoms such as palpitation, chest pain, dizziness and syncope.
2. Qualitative and quantitative diagnosis of arrhythmia.
3. Qualitative, quantitative and relative localization diagnosis of myocardial ischemia.
4. Follow-up patients with myocardial infarction after discharge for prognosis evaluation.
5. Select the indications for installing pacemakers and evaluate the functions of pacemakers.
6. Evaluation of the efficacy of antiarrhythmic and anti-myocardial ischemia drugs.
(2) ECG exercise stress test ECG exercise stress test is a diagnostic method to find early coronary heart disease. Although there are some false negatives and false positives compared with the results of coronary angiography, it is still recognized as an important clinical examination method because of its advantages of convenience, non-trauma and safety. Among them, treadmill exercise test is the most widely used exercise load test method.
Applicable to:
① Differential diagnosis of atypical chest pain or suspected coronary heart disease.
② To evaluate the cardiac load capacity of patients with coronary heart disease.
③ To evaluate the therapeutic effect of drugs or surgery on coronary heart disease.
④ Epidemiological investigation and screening test were carried out in the susceptible population of coronary heart disease.
This inspection should not be carried out under the following circumstances:
① Acute myocardial infarction or myocardial infarction complicated with ventricular aneurysm.
② Unstable angina pectoris.
③ Patients with heart failure.
④ Moderate or severe valvular heart disease or congenital heart disease.
⑤ Acute or severe chronic diseases.
6 patients with severe hypertension.
All landowners acute pericarditis or myocarditis.
8 pulmonary embolism.
Pet-name ruby severe aortic stenosis.
Indications for severely disabled people who can't exercise.
(3) Echocardiography is commonly known as cardiac B-ultrasound. Echocardiography uses radar scanning technology and the characteristics of acoustic reflection to display the reflection of ultrasonic waves passing through various layers of the heart on the screen to form a gray image, so as to observe the morphological structure and pulsation state of the heart and great vessels, understand the laws of atrioventricular contraction and relaxation and valve opening and closing, and provide valuable reference materials for clinic. Echocardiography has diagnostic value for the following heart diseases:
① valvular heart disease (mitral stenosis and/or insufficiency, mitral valve prolapse; Stenosis and/or dysfunction of tricuspid and aortic valves)
② Myocardial diseases (the discovery of myocardial infarction, especially ventricular aneurysm; Idiopathic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy with enlargement of heart cavity, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with thickening of heart wall)
③ Congenital heart disease (atrial septal defect, transposition of great vessels and blood shunt can be observed).
④ Coronary heart disease
⑤ Hypertensive heart disease
⑥ Others: pericardial thickening, hydrops, intracardiac and paracardiac tumors, such as intracardiac myxoma, myocardial tumor, paracardiac (mediastinal) tumor, etc.
(4) Inspection items that should be paid attention to when taking medicine, such as patients taking anticoagulants such as warfarin for a long time, must be inspected to avoid bleeding.
① Coagulation time (CT)
② The plasma prothrombin time ratio (PTR) should be kept at 1.5 ~ 2.0, or the international standardized ratio (INR) should be kept at 2.0 ~ 3.0.
Patients who take platelet function inhibitors such as aspirin or ticlopidine for a long time should be tested:
① The bleeding time (BT) should be kept at 65438 0.5 times before treatment.
② The platelet count (PC) should be kept at (50 ~ 60)109/L.
③ The results of platelet aggregation test (PAgT) should be reduced to 50% before treatment.
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Heart disease diagnosis
When the following phenomena occur in life, it is recommended to have a heart examination so as to find heart disease early and take effective preventive measures:
◆ Discomforts such as palpitation, fatigue, shortness of breath, or dyspnea occur during physical activity.
◆ When you are tired or nervous, you suddenly feel pain behind the sternum or chest tightness and oppression.
◆ Pain in the left chest is accompanied by sweating, or the pain radiates to the shoulders, arms and neck.
◆ Pulse is too fast, too slow, short or irregular.
◆ Suddenly wake up from a deep sleep or nightmare and feel palpitation, chest tightness and poor breathing. I need to sit down for a while before I get better.
◆ Feel dyspnea, chest tightness or chest pain during sexual life.
◆ Feel flustered, chest tightness or chest pain when you are full, have a cold, smoke, or watch a tense movie or TV.
◆ In public places, it is easy to feel chest tightness, poor breathing and insufficient air.
◆ When you go upstairs, you are more prone to palpitations and shortness of breath than before or others.
Sudden palpitation, dizziness, blackness at the moment, and feeling of falling.
◆ Children's activity ability is worse than their peers, and they feel flustered, short of breath, weak, and blue lips during activities.
◆ After catching a cold, I feel flustered, weak, or feel short of breath when walking faster.
Suddenly fainted on the ground due to chest discomfort, or immediately felt "dying".
◆ When you sleep at night, you will find it difficult to breathe when the pillow is low, so you need to sleep on a high pillow.
◆ Edema of lower limbs appears.
◆ Hypertrophy and deformation appear at the ends of fingers or toes.
◆ Abnormal colors such as bluish purple and dark red appear on the face, lips and nails.
◆ Feel abnormal heartbeat at rest, or feel tremor when the hand touches the heart of the front chest wall.
◆ Palpitation, dizziness, shortness of breath or edema during pregnancy.
◆ The pain in the left shoulder cannot be cured for a long time.
The best treatment
Healthy diet
Healthy eating should meet the following requirements:
1. The daily intake of cholesterol should not exceed 300mg.
2. Fat intake should not exceed 30% of total calories.
3. Eat less or not eat refined sugar foods such as sucrose and glucose.
4. Eat more foods rich in vitamin C, such as fruits, fresh vegetables and vegetable oils.
5. Eat less and foods with high fatty acid and cholesterol content, such as fat, egg yolk, animal oil and animal offal.
6. Diet should be high in potassium and low in sodium, and bean products and tea should be encouraged.
7. Eat regularly, not too hungry or too full.
8. Appropriate intake of cellulose food (including grain starch), keep the stool unobstructed.
Proper exercise
Another important cause of heart disease is lack of exercise. People who live in the same environment often sit still, and the probability of suffering from coronary heart disease is twice as high as that of people who are often active.
What are the benefits of exercise for the heart? Exercise can promote the enlargement, extension and increase of small blood vessels in the heart, improve oxygen supply to the myocardium and improve lipid metabolism in the blood. Exercise also helps to improve myocardial metabolism, improve the working ability of myocardium and the metabolic function of the heart. In addition, it can also improve the fibrinolytic activity of blood and prevent hypercoagulability, which is very helpful to prevent and delay the development of atherosclerosis.
Taking an active part in physical exercise is one of the effective means to prevent and treat heart disease. In order to protect the heart, we suggest the following exercise methods:
Physical exercise table:
1. Walking: Walking can enhance myocardial contractility, dilate peripheral blood vessels, enhance heart function, lower blood pressure and prevent coronary heart disease. It can improve the condition of people who will cause angina pectoris when participating in sports. Each walk can last 20 minutes to 1 hour, 1 ~ 2 times a day, or walk 800 ~ 2000m a day. People in good health can improve their walking speed appropriately.
2. Jogging: Jogging or running in situ can also improve heart function. As for the distance of jogging and the time of running in situ, it should be decided according to everyone's specific situation, and there is no need to force it.
3. Tai Ji Chuan: It has a good preventive and therapeutic effect on hypertension and heart disease. Generally speaking, patients with good physical strength can practice old-fashioned Tai Ji Chuan, while patients with poor physical strength can practice simplified Tai Ji Chuan. If you can't play a full set, you can play a half set. If your body is weak and your memory is poor, you can only practice individual movements and practice them in sections without coherence.
Matters needing attention in physical exercise:
1. If anyone's heart rate is still above 100 times per minute after exercise10 minutes, he should not increase the amount of exercise, and should appropriately reduce the amount of exercise according to the situation.
2. The amount of exercise is from small to large, and the time is from short to long, step by step.
3. The interval between eating and exercising should be at least 1 hour.
4. The optimum temperature for exercise is 4℃-30℃.
5. If you have dizziness, headache, palpitation, nausea, vomiting and other uncomfortable symptoms during exercise, you should stop immediately and seek medical advice if necessary.
In addition, one thing to remind everyone is that it is inappropriate to exercise in the morning. According to the measurement of foreign scholars, 6:00-9:00 am is the most dangerous time for coronary heart disease and cerebral hemorrhage, and the incidence rate is more than three times higher than that of 1 1 am. In addition, human sympathetic nerve activity is high in the morning, which leads to the increase of bioelectrical instability and easily leads to arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation and sudden death. In addition, people's arterial pressure is high in the morning, which increases the possibility of atherosclerotic plaque rupture and leads to the attack of acute coronary syndrome. Therefore, when doing physical exercise, we should avoid the "peak period" of cardiovascular events and arrange the time in the afternoon and evening.