First, the discovery of cells
1. Hook
1663, British scientist Robert Hooke made a very remarkable discovery. He observed the structure of a cork with a self-made compound microscope (curious about the good airtightness of the cork), and found that they looked like honeycombs (in fact, only the cellar wall in the dead tissue was observed), and named them "honeycombs".
1665, Hooke published a book called Microatlas, which included some observations he made with a microscope or telescope, as well as the cork slices mentioned above. Through hand-painted art, more than 50 microscopic pictures were presented to the world accurately for the first time. The microscope used by Hooke is still kept in the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Washington. Inspired by Microatlas, Dutch craftsman Levin Hooke improved Hooke's microscope lens and made a detailed observation of microorganisms, so he was called the father of microbiology. Subsequently, the Royal Society asked Hooke to confirm Levin Hooke's findings and publish them.
2. Van Lewenhoek
1674, Levin Hooke invented the world's first high-power microscope, and used this microscope to observe the red blood cells of fish for the first time, and also described the structure of the nucleus, thus beginning the era of human beings studying the micro-world with instruments. Levinhawk also confirmed the existence of capillaries and observed the blood circulation at the tail of mantis ants. 1675, he found single-celled protozoa in a jar containing rainwater; 1683, he found smaller single-celled organisms in dental calculus, that is, bacteria that people realized more than 200 years later.
Levin Hooke is a talented microscopic observer. He made more than 400 microscopes and magnifying glasses in his life, and proved the theory of blood circulation with these instruments, and discovered protozoa, sperm and bacteria. He played an important role in the history of biology, and it was not until the19th century that the research of micro-science surpassed his level. Although Levin Hooke is a businessman, studying science is just his hobby. However, he is a truly outstanding scientist. He loves scientific research, and his academic attitude is rigorous and diligent. His contribution to the development of biology is obvious to all. 1680, Levin Hook was elected as a member of the Royal Society. In 2003, 9 1 year old, will die.
Story:
Levin Hook was born on 16321October 24th in Delft, the Netherlands. My father died young and studied for several years with the support of my mother. /kloc-at the age of 0/6, he went out to make a living and lived a miserable life. Later, when I returned to my hometown, I became the janitor of Delft City Hall.
Because the janitor's job is relatively easy, time is plentiful, and there are many people in contact with him, he learned from a friend by chance that Amsterdam, the largest city in the Netherlands, has many optical shops, not only grinding lenses, but also grinding magnifying glasses, and told him:
"With a magnifying glass, you can enlarge the little things that you can't see clearly and let you see clearly. It's wonderful. "
Levin Hook, who is very curious, silently pondered this new and interesting question, and the more he thought about it, the more interested he became.
"Idle. I might as well buy a magnifying glass to try. "
However, when he went to the optical shop to ask, the original price was surprisingly expensive, so he had to leave happily and go home disappointed.
Leeuwenhoek came out of the optical shop and happened to see the man grinding his glasses. But grinding is not mysterious, it only needs care and patience. "I'll just grind it." Since then, Levin Hook has used his ample time to polish his lenses patiently.
Levin Hook knows nothing about other languages except Dutch. Especially some scientific and technological works, mainly Latin, Levin Hawke can't read these reference materials, so he can only grope for them himself.
After hard work, Levin Hook finally grinds out a small lens. But because it was too small, he made a shelf and put this small lens on it to see things conveniently.
Later, after repeated thinking, he put a copper plate under the lens and drilled a small hole in it to let the light come out from here and then reflect what he observed. This is the first microscope made by Levin Hooke, and its magnification is quite large, which exceeds all the microscopes in the world at that time.
When Levin Hooke got his own microscope, he was very happy to see everything. He reached into the microscope and saw that the skin on his finger was as rough as an orange peel, which was ugly. He saw the short hairs on the legs of bees standing upright like sewing needles, which made people a little scared. Later, he observed the stings of bees, the long mouths of mosquitoes and the legs of beetles.
In a word, he is interested in everything and should observe it carefully. However, when he has seen everything that can be observed around him and around him, he is not satisfied again. He thinks there should be a bigger and better microscope.
To this end, Levin Hook polished the lens more seriously. Because of his experience and interest, he resolutely resigned from public office and turned an empty room at home into his own laboratory.
A few years later, the microscope made by Levin Hooke not only became bigger and bigger, but also became more and more exquisite and perfect, which could magnify small things by 200-300 times.