1. Mental health standards for college students
1946 the mental health standards put forward by the third international mental health conference have the following four aspects:
(1) Body, mind and emotion are in perfect harmony.
(2) Adapt to the environment and be humble in interpersonal relationships.
(3) Have a sense of happiness.
(4) In my professional work, I can give full play to my abilities and lead an efficient life.
[4]。 In addition, the famous American psychologists Maslow and Metman put forward the 10 standard of mental health: having a full sense of security; Fully understand yourself and be able to make an appropriate estimate of your ability; The determination of life goals and ideals should be realistic; Keep in touch with the real environment; Can maintain the integrity and harmony of personality; The ability to learn from experience; Can maintain good interpersonal relationship; Moderate emotional control and expression; On the premise of not violating the collective interests, develop personality to a limited extent; On the premise of not violating moral norms, meet the basic needs of individuals moderately. Some domestic mental health education experts believe that mental health should include the following points:
Maintain a strong interest in learning and thirst for knowledge; Maintain a correct self-awareness and accept yourself appropriately; Coordinate and control emotions and maintain a good mood; Maintain harmonious interpersonal relationships and be willing to communicate; Maintain a complete and unified personality quality and cultivate a sound personality; Maintain good adaptability to the environment, correctly understand the environment, and handle the relationship between individuals and the environment; Psychological behavior conforms to age characteristics.
2. The causes of psychological problems of college students
Research shows that psychological problems are related to many factors. For example, personal factors, family factors and social factors. As far as college students are concerned, the main incentive measures are as follows:
The pressure of study and life. Most college students feel the pressure of study, but they are in a state of intense study for a long time, which may easily lead to psychological diseases such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorder and even schizophrenia. At present, about 15% of the students in our school are poor students, among whom 4%-6% are poor students. According to the survey, more than 45% of poor students think that they are under great pressure in study and life and have great psychological troubles, and they don't know how to relieve them.
Emotional confusion and crisis. Whether we can correctly understand and deal with emotional problems directly affects the psychological health of college students. Many cases show that the emotional crisis caused by love is an important factor to induce psychological problems of college students, and some people go to extremes.
Sequelae caused by improper education of the only child. At present, the only-child group has become the main body of college students, and improper education for them for a long time is another reason for the frequent psychological problems of college students. Experts point out that bad habits such as self-willed, selfish, unsociable, and lack of collective cooperation spirit are not only easy to induce mental illness of college students, but even lead to violent tendencies and behaviors.
Role transformation and adaptation obstacles. This kind of situation often happens among freshmen. If this maladjustment is not adjusted in time, it will lead to psychological problems such as loss, inferiority, anxiety and depression, and some students will drop out of school because of long-term maladjustment.
Communication difficulties cause psychological stress. "The sound of reading in the wind and rain, I am silent; What do I care about family affairs, state affairs and the world? " "There is no anger in the dormitory, and the Internet appeals." These jingles reflect the communication state of a considerable number of college students. The communication difficulties of modern college students are mainly manifested in their inability to live independently, their ignorance of how to communicate with others and their lack of communication skills. Some students tend to be autistic and unwilling to associate with others; Some students communicate for the sake of communication and go with the flow.
The adverse effects of family and external environment. For example, improper educational methods, negative effects of single-parent families and school environment, waste of comparison in consumption, discrimination against poor students, and too tight learning pace.
According to the survey of the Ministry of Education, about 50% of college students drop out of school because of various psychological obstacles or mental diseases, and this situation also exists in our school. The reason for this phenomenon is not only related to the lack of mental health knowledge of college students themselves, but also closely related to the development, change and rapid transformation of the whole society.
3. Psychological problems of freshmen
3.2 Environmental changes and psychological adaptation obstacles. In the survey, 42% of the students reported that they were very contradictory and confused because of the change of environment. Some of them show a real sense of loss. Middle school teachers always describe the university as a "paradise on earth", and students also take the university entrance examination as their only and ultimate goal to motivate themselves. However, after entering the university campus, I found that this is not the case. Some students also found that in the new group of experts, the sense of superiority of "standing out from the crowd" in the past disappeared, and the sense of loss came to life; Another part of students are confused about their professional study. Compared with middle schools, university learning is more autonomous, flexible and exploratory. Some students suddenly feel "relaxed" from the strict discipline in middle school, but they don't know how to arrange their studies, which makes them feel depressed and anxious. There are still some students who don't adapt to the living environment. After entering the university, I feel lonely and empty psychologically from a small family dependent on my parents to a relatively independent university collective life.
3.3 interpersonal difficulties. In the survey, 35% students have psychological confusion in interpersonal communication, and some students show interpersonal sensitivity. In the process of communication with people, friction, conflict and emotional injury often occur, causing loneliness, depression and anxiety. Some students lack interpersonal skills, such as poor language skills, so they are afraid to communicate with others and close their inner emotional world. These students are often in the contradiction between requirements and fear of communication, and are prone to loneliness, depression or inferiority complex. There are also some students who are excluded because they are unsociable and not understood by freshmen. Some of them are lonely and keep away from others. Over time, they have a psychological tendency of being left out or withdrawn and rude.
4. Countermeasures of College Students' Psychological Education
4. 1 Establish a good mental health education environment
The mental health of college students can not be separated from a good educational environment, from the care and education of schools and teachers. Schools should attach great importance to the mental health of college students and create an optimistic, positive, respectful, friendly, tolerant and energetic mental health education environment for freshmen, which is of great help to a freshman's mental health. After entering the school, freshmen can tell students the differences between universities and middle schools, the problems and difficulties they may encounter, and improve their psychological predictive power through activities such as reports and symposiums. Lead students to get familiar with campus life as soon as possible, organize meaningful group activities, and promote communication and exchanges between students. Keep abreast of students' ideological trends, prescribe the right medicine for students with fluctuating thoughts, help them solve problems and give collective warmth.
4.2 Carry out various forms of mental health education for freshmen.
Do a good job in the propaganda of psychological counseling, so that the majority of students can master the methods of psychological counseling. If freshmen understand the role of psychological counseling, they can take the initiative to go to psychological counseling, and with the guidance and help of the tutor, they can quickly relieve psychological pressure. Establish psychological archives of freshmen, carry out follow-up investigation, intervene in psychological crisis, offer psychological elective courses, hold psychological lectures, psychological salons, and publish mental health books.
4.3 Broaden our thinking and give play to the educational function of horizontal channels.
In the past, the educational channels were mainly from schools to colleges and then to classes. Due to the popularization of credit system, the implementation of apartment system and the failure rate, college students' class collective concept has been diluted, their sense of responsibility is not strong, and they only care about their own affairs. To strengthen freshmen's psychology, we must broaden our thinking, open up new channels, give full play to the educational functions of horizontal channels such as neutral channels, parallel channels and scientific research channels, let freshmen participate in beneficial extracurricular activities and community activities, promote exchanges between students and enhance friendship. Through the study of Ideological and Moral Cultivation, freshmen can understand the characteristics of collective life, study and interpersonal communication in universities, as well as the manifestations, causes and countermeasures of psychological maladjustment, guide them to complete the role transformation from middle school to university as soon as possible, and cultivate their abilities of self-education, self-management and self-service.
4.4 Strengthen students' self-care education
"Heart disease still needs heart medicine." The best psychologist is to use psychological skills to help patients explore their psychological potential, solve psychological conflicts and contradictions, and achieve mental health. The solution of psychological problems is a positive process of self-tempering. In this sense, everyone should be his own psychologist. Therefore, we should guide students to strengthen self-care, make them become their own mental health care doctors, consciously adjust their own psychology, cultivate a good personality, and maintain self-confidence, optimism, frankness and perseverance.
In a word, with the development of market economy, the pace of college reform is accelerating, and the problems such as rising tuition fees and employment system reform are increasing year by year, especially for freshmen. The economic pressure and psychological pressure are increasing day by day, and many problems such as expensive tuition fees, environmental changes, interpersonal relationships and interest in learning are plaguing these fragile hearts. If not adjusted in time, there will be psychological adaptation obstacles and even mental illness, which will seriously hinder them from completing their studies smoothly. Teachers and students in the hospital should fully understand the importance of strengthening college students' mental health education and actively take effective measures to get rid of their psychological difficulties, restore their psychological balance, enhance their ability to adapt to the environment and bear setbacks, and comprehensively improve their mental health level.
Freshmen are most likely to be in the "psychological weaning period". According to China Youth Daily, a psychologist recently completed a large-scale self-assessment survey of psychological symptoms in Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou. The results show that the mental health level of freshmen is generally lower than the normal level of adults in China, which is mainly reflected in interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety and fear. The researchers also found that the mental health status of foreign freshmen is generally worse than that of mainland students. The survey report shows that freshmen leave their own area or school to study in an unfamiliar environment. The differences in regional culture and living environment make them vulnerable to psychological emergencies, and there are relatively many psychological adaptation problems, and the psychological and emotional problems reflected are also more prominent. These psychological problems are highlighted in three aspects:
3. 1 Ambiguity and confusion of self-awareness. In the investigation of freshmen's psychological status in our school, it is found that 23% students are confused about how to give full play to their advantages and overcome their disadvantages, and some feel that they are useless and inferior to others after entering the university, resulting in inferiority complex; Some students know their own shortcomings, but they don't know how to break through themselves. The teacher of psychological counseling center pointed out that in the university stage, freshmen's individual self-awareness is gradually enhanced, but for a long time, they have not formed a stable image about themselves. Seeing problems is often one-sided and subjective, plus psychological fragility. Once they encounter temporary setbacks and failures, they are often discouraged and timid. The survey also found that 45% freshmen are particularly concerned about the evaluation given by people around them, so that their self-evaluation has been shaken.