1, how small is the microscopic universe in terms of the size of matter particles?
(1) Matter consists of molecules.
Everything in the universe is made up of molecules.
The energy of the molecule is lower than 3× 10-2 electron volts. The diameter of an oxygen molecule is 3× 10-8 cm (3 angstrom, 1 angstrom equals 1 cm 1 millionth). 1 cm3 gas contains 2.7× 10 19 gas molecules. 1 A drop of water contains 15 trillion water molecules. If 1 cubic centimeter of water is evenly distributed on the earth's surface, more than 6,000 water molecules can be obtained per square centimeter of ground. 1 The mass of water molecules is 10-26 kg.
(2) Molecules consist of atoms.
The molecules of all matter are made up of smaller atoms.
The energy of an atom is several electron volts (3× 10-2- 10 electron volts). Arrange 1 100 million oxygen atoms in a row, and the length is only 1 cm. 1 The diameter of oxygen atom is 10-8 cm (1 A), and the mass of 1 hydrogen atom is 1.67× 10-27 kg.
(3) Atoms consist of nuclei and electrons.
The atoms of all material elements are made up of smaller nuclei and electrons (actually, they are made up of a certain number of hydrogen atoms and neutrons).
Nuclear energy is 106 electron volts, and the diameter of the core is one ten thousandth of the diameter of the atom. For example, the diameter of the oxygen core is10-12 cm (0.05438+0 angstrom). The volume of a nucleus is only several hundred billion times that of an atom. The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.669× 10-27 kg and the electronic mass is 0.00091×10-27 kg.
(4) The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons.
The nuclei of all material elements are composed of protons and neutrons (or a certain number of hydrogen nuclei combined with neutrons).
The energy of protons and neutrons is 109 electron volts. The diameter is about 10- 16 cm. The proton mass is 1.6726× 10-27kg and the neutron mass is 1.6748× 10-27kg.
Protons and neutrons are made up of quark particles.
Protons and neutrons are made up of smaller quark particles.
Quark particles have an energy of 10 14 eV and a diameter of about 10-22 cm. The upper quark mass is 0.00 1× 10-27kg, and the lower quark mass is 0.002× 10-27kg.
Quark particles are composed of neutrinos and microelectronics.
Quark particles are made up of smaller particles, neutrinos and microelectronics.
The energy of neutrinos and microelectronics is 10 18 ev.
Neutrinos and microelectronics are about 10-27 cm in diameter.
The mass of neutrinos and microelectronics is about 0.0000198×10-27 kg.
Once neutrinos and microelectronics evolved from quantum.
Neutrons and microelectronics are the most basic and smallest primary particles in the universe.
The quantum energy is 1028 electron volts.
The linear scale of quantum is 10-33cm.
Quantum mass (at the speed of light) tends to zero.
Existential quantum is evolved from "vacuum energy" in "mother universe".
Quantum evolved directly from the "vacuum energy" in the "mother universe". It is the smallest material particle in the universe and has evolved everything in the universe. So everything in the universe evolved from "vacuum energy".
2. See how big the macro universe is from the data between celestial bodies.
On a clear night in Wan Li, Wan Li, we looked up at the starry sky. Every shining star is a very huge star. It seems that they are not too far from us. In fact, their distance from us is amazing! Those stars with weak stars are bigger and farther away. The stars there are as dense as rivers. It is the Milky Way, consisting of more than 400 billion stars. And those clouds that look like clouds and fog are clusters of galaxies or clusters of galaxies the size of the Milky Way, and their distance from us is even more incredible. The distance between each star, star, galaxy cluster or galaxy cluster is also very far away. Astronomers use three scales (1) astronomical units to facilitate the measurement of large-scale distances: that is, the distance from the earth to the sun is 1 astronomical unit. (2) Light year: Light year means that light travels at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second for one year. A light year is equal to 9.5x 10 12km. (3) parsec: 1 parsec equals 3.26 light years. Thousand parsec or 100PMC (one million parsec, 3.26 million light years, 1 thousand parsec, 3,260 light years, about 31x10/5km) is often used. In order to better understand the distance between stars, we might as well take the distance and mass of stars or galaxies from the earth as an example to understand the size of space.
Our home is the earth, with a diameter of 12756 km and a volume of1100x1024cm3. The mass is 6.1x1024kg (61trillion tons). It is 0.5 billion kilometers away from the sun/kloc-0 and rotates around the sun at a speed of 30 kilometers per second. In other words, even if we sit still on the earth, we are still moving with the earth at the speed of 108 thousand kilometers per hour. Since ancient times, China hasn't been out of the house for a day, and his statement that he walked 80,000 days coincides with the fact that the earth rotates once at a speed of 0.465km/s, and the journey is 40 176km, that is to say, every kilometer is equal to 2 Li, that is, 80,352 Li.
The diameter of Jupiter in the solar system is14.3km (1 1.2 times the diameter of the earth). Volume 15352000X 1024cm3. (1395.6 times the volume of the earth). The mass is 2042 x1024 kg (20.42 trillion tons, 334.75 times the mass of the earth). It is 800 million kilometers away from the sun and rotates around the sun at a speed of 13.3 kilometers per second.
The diameter of the nearest sun (65.438+0.50 billion kilometers) is 65.438+0.40 billion kilometers (65.438+0.097.5 times the diameter of the earth). Volume1441x1033cm3. (13100000 times the earth's volume). The mass is1.989x1033kg (19.89 trillion tons, 326 million times the mass of the earth). It is 32,500 light-years away from the center of the Milky Way and rotates around the center of the Milky Way at a speed of 2.46 million kilometers per second. It takes 250 million years for each revolution. And the sun is just a nobody among the more than 400 billion stars in the Milky Way. For example, in the east of the Milky Way, the diameter of Taurus star in Aquila is 1.7 times that of the sun, and its mass is 1.6 times that of the sun. The diameter of Vega in Lyra in the west of the Milky Way is 2.8 times that of the sun, and its mass is 2.4 times that of the sun. The distance between the bullwhip and the Weaver Girl is 1 1 light-year. If Niu Ping is called Weaver Girl, it will take 22 years to hear each other's voice. The diameter of Tianjin's four stars in Cygnus in the center of the Milky Way is 106 times that of the sun, and its mass is 22 times that of the sun. The antares of Scorpio (also called Big Mars) is 600 times the diameter of the sun, 25 times the mass of the sun, and 465,438+00 light years away from the earth. Its density is very low, only one-third of that of the sun, and its volume is very huge, which can accommodate 206,000 suns. Orion Betelgeuse is 900 times the diameter of the sun. The diameter of VV star in the extragalactic galaxy Cepheus is 1600 times that of the sun. The largest known star is HD9325, whose mass is 120 times that of the sun.
Judging from the distance from the Earth, the nearest star in the Milky Way is proxima centauri Centauri, which is 4.2 light years away from the sun. Sirius is 8.6 light years away from the sun, Taurus is 16 light years away from the sun, and Vega is 27 light years away from the sun. Betelgeuse is 850 light years away from the earth. Tianjin is 1740 light years away from the earth. Eta carina is 7500 light years away from the earth. Every galaxy in the universe is very huge. The Milky Way is just a medium-sized galaxy among more than 654.38+025 billion galaxies in the physical universe. Its silver disk is 800 million light-years in diameter and has more than 400 billion stars. Some extragalactic galaxies are bigger than it, such as the M3 1 galaxy in Andromeda, with a diameter of 1 0.60 billion light years and a distance of 2.2 million light years from the Earth, with more than1billion stars. Orion NGC42 1 Galaxy Distance to Earth130,000 light years. Virgo has a cluster of galaxies, with more than 1000 galaxies, 20 million light years away from the earth. The spiral star ESO 269-57 in Centauri is 200,000 light years in diameter and 654.38+0.5 million light years away from the Earth. A cluster of galaxies in the late constellation, with more than 2700 galaxies, 240 million light years away from the earth. A cluster of galaxies in the Northern Corona constellation, with more than 400 galaxies, is 700 million light years away from the Earth. The distant radio galaxy S 14.5+63T is 8 billion light years away from the Earth. The quasar in the center of the Celestial Furnace constellation is 9 billion light-years away from the Earth. It has been found that the distance between the two stars farthest from the earth is 80 billion light years.
As can be seen from the above data, the space we have detected is so vast. From knowing the earth to knowing the sun, our vision has expanded tens of thousands of times, and from the solar system to the Milky Way, our vision has expanded billions of times. However, even such a vast space is only a very limited part of the universe we want to know, and the mystery of the whole universe is far from being revealed.
3. Calculation of data such as the diameter, volume and mass of the physical universe.
Physical universes (including field physical universes or black holes (invisible)) and physical universes (some areas of which are visible or tangible physical universes) are indeed huge, but they are not infinite. Its size is limited. Is limited. It is centered on the vortex center of the Milky Way (the intersection of the vertical axis and the horizontal center of the silver disk). An elliptical spherical finite space with a certain limit length as the radius, especially an elliptical lantern with a slight deviation from top to bottom. The whole physical universe revolves around the center of the universe (that is, the center of the Milky Way) at a fixed rotational angular velocity. The tangent speed of the outermost edge of the universe (the equator of the universe) is 300,000 kilometers per second (that is, the speed of light), and the cycle of the universe's rotation around the center has long been measured as 6.3X 10 13 years. The rotational angular velocity is about 2X 10-8 arcseconds per year.
According to the above known data, the relevant data of the universe can be calculated as follows:
(1) the rotation period of the universe
T Yu =6.3X 10 13 years.
(2) The tangential velocity of the outermost boundary around the center of the universe (the equator of the universe).
U Yu = 300,000 km/s =3X 105 km/s = 9.5x10/2 km/year = 1 light-year.
(3) the equatorial circumference of the universe:
S yu = u yu xtyu = 3x105km/sx6.3x10/3 years = 1 light year x6.3x10/3 years = 6.3x/kloc-0.
(4) the diameter of the universe:
D yu = s yu ÷п = 6.3x1013 light years ÷ 3.1416 = 200535x108 light years = 200535 billion light years.
Then r Yu = 100268 billion light years =100268x108x9.5x1012 = 952546x1020km.
That is, the initial inflation speed of the "cosmic tire" is 3. 1752 trillion times (300,000 km/s) of the speed of light.
The farthest distance we have detected is 80 billion light years, which is only 0.798% of the radius of the universe.
(5) the volume of the universe
v Yu = 4/3πR3 = 4.2x( 100268 x 108 x 9.5 x 10 12)3 = 4.2(952546 x 1020)3。
? =4.2X8.643X 10 17？ x 1060 = 3.63 x 1078 km3 = 3.63 x 1093 cm3。
(Note: The volume of the Milky Way is 450 122X 1063cm3, which is only one eighth of the volume of the universe. )
(6) the quality of the universe
Since the birth of the universe, the whole has not changed and is eternal, but everything in it is changing. The so-called change is actually the mutual transformation of mass and energy, and the change of mass and energy is in dynamic balance at any time. That is, how much energy is converted into matter, and at the same time, the corresponding matter is converted into energy. The small regional imbalance is precisely to balance the whole universe. Astronomers believe that the critical density of the universe in dynamic equilibrium is 2x 10-29g /cm3. You can calculate the mass w of the universe.
W Yu =V Yu× G Yu Lin = 2x10-29/cm 3x3.63x1093cm3.
= 7.26 x 1064g = 7.26 x 106 1kg
= 7.26x1058t
= 72.6 billion tons
The mass of the universe is always a mystery that cannot be accurately calculated. According to the calculation, the actual mass of the physical universe is much greater than that calculated by the measurable density of stars and visible stars.
If an astronomer calculates that in order to reach the critical equilibrium state of mass and energy reciprocity, there must be 30 protons (actually neutrons, with a mass of 1.6748X 10-27 kg) in every 10,000 liters of space. Metaplasia is a hydrogen atom composed of a proton (mass 1.6726x 10-27kg) and an electron (mass 0.00091x10-27kg), which is equivalent to 0.000.
The known volume of the universe V =3.63X 1093cm3 (ml).
=3.63x 1090dm3 (liter)
= 3.63x10.86 million liters
w Yu = 3.63 x 1086 x 30x 1.6748 x 10-27kg。
= 182.4 x 1059kg = 182.4 x 1056t
=1824 billion tons
Its mass is only 25% of the calculated mass of the critical density of the universe 2x 10-29g /cm3.
At present, the actual density measured in the physical universe is only 0.6 neutrons/1 10,000 liters.
w Yu = 3.63 x 1086 x 0.6x 1.6748 x 10-27kg。
= 3.65 x 1059kg = 3.65 x 1056t
= 365 billion tons
Its mass is only 0.5% of the calculated value of the critical density of the universe 2x 10-29g /cm3. It seems that 99.5% of the matter in the universe cannot be explained.
In fact, in the whole material universe, most of the quanta constitute the quantum universe of field states. Only a few quanta have evolved into microelectronics, neutrinos, quark particles and neutrons at high temperature and high pressure, and in the process of expansion and cooling, they have generated various material elements, formed various stars or galaxies, and formed the material universe.
If the quantum evolution that constitutes the physical universe is regarded as 100%, then 99% of the quantum evolution constitutes all kinds of high-density dark matter bodies in the physical universe, mainly spiral black holes, neutron stars, quarks, all kinds of particles and particles, and all kinds of overweight particles and particles in the center of various star systems. Only 65,438+0% of the quantum has evolved into various stars or galaxies of solid matter under high temperature and high pressure. If we regard the remaining 65,438+0% quantum of various stars or galaxies that have been transformed into solid matter as 65,438+000%, then the quantum used to evolve into stars or star systems that emit light (visible light) and various low-temperature quasars (including red dwarfs, brown dwarfs, white dwarfs and black dwarf) accounts for about 75%, and used to evolve into helium to form helium stars or stars. However, less than two thousandths of the quantum is directly used to evolve into various heavy matter elements and overweight matter elements to form various dark galaxies and dark stars that do not emit light (only microwave radiation), and the quantum proportion directly used to evolve into planets revolving around stars and colorful biological plants is even less incredible.
For example, the mass of the entire solar system is (1.992x 1033kg), and the mass of the sun accounts for 99.85% (the mass of the sun is 1.989x 1033kg), while the other ten planets and all satellites, asteroids, comets and creatures. Moreover, Jupiter and Saturn, which revolve around the sun, are covered with a layer of liquid hydrogen "ocean" several thousand meters deep, and Uranus and Neptune are rich in hydrogen and helium. So in fact, the total mass of all celestial bodies outside the solar system only accounts for about 0. 13% of the total mass of the solar system.
However, due to the unity of opposites between the material universe and the material universe. The structure and motion of celestial bodies in the physical universe are like clones. For example, the solar system is cloned from atoms with multi-level electron orbits. The Milky Way is like a clone of the solar system. The physical universe was also cloned by the Milky Way. According to the principle of material mass distribution in the solar system (the mass of the sun, the center of which is composed of light material element hydrogen atoms, accounts for 99.87% of the total mass of the solar system, and the total mass of all planets, some asteroids and comets, air, dust, creatures and plants on the earth, which is only about 0. 13% of the total mass of the solar system). Then, the mass distribution of the central physical universe and the peripheral physical universe should be opposite. That is, the mass of the central physical universe only accounts for 0. 13% of the total mass of the physical universe, while the mass of the surrounding physical universe should account for 99.87% of the total mass of the physical universe. If the critical density of the physical universe in dynamic equilibrium is accurate, then the mass of the whole physical universe should be 726X 1056 tons (72.6 billion tons). Then, the mass of the physical matter universe in the matter universe is 726x1056tx0.13% = 0.944x1056t ≈1056t, while the mass of the field matter universe is 726x1056t.
It is precisely because the proportion of measurable and unmeasurable dark matter in the universe is very large, and all celestial bodies are in different weightlessness States at different speeds of motion, so it is impossible to accurately calculate the true mass of the material universe.
4. Calculation of cosmic time
The age of the universe is generally considered to be 65.438+0.5 billion years. However, it took more than 20 billion years to form the experiment of ancient meteorites that fell from space to the earth. After the protonebula star system was formed, it was cooled by an extremely cold quantum field (only slightly higher than 0. 16K), and gradually formed a material galaxy and a star system under the action of quantum field force. Because the nebula ball in the center of the universe has the highest temperature and the boundary of the universe has the lowest temperature, the galaxy farthest from the center is formed first, and finally the luminous star galaxy is formed. And it doesn't take long to form. Generally, galaxies do not need tens of thousands of years, nor do they need hundreds of millions of years to form luminous galaxies. In particular, small-mass planets formed much earlier than large planets or stars. Meteorites falling on the earth are very small stars, and their formation time is closer or more accurate than the birth time of the universe. So the age of the universe should be at least 20 billion years.
In addition, according to some astronomers, the time from the birth (movement) to the end (stillness) of the universe (actually it is impossible to end because there is no stronger force to destroy the balance between the driving forces of the first and second universes) is 10200. Although it is not a good basis, it can still be used to roughly calculate the minimum age of the universe.
That is to say, the time from the formation to the expansion of the "cosmic embryo" in the "mother universe" should also be 10200, while the formation time of the quantum cluster and the "cosmic embryo" in the "mother universe" is completed in an instant. In other words, the time from the formation of the "mother universe" to the formation of quantum clusters should also be 10200.
Therefore, the age of Mother Universe can be estimated as 2x10200+2x1010 = 2 (10200+10) years.
Eight. Concluding remarks
The main content of the book How the Universe Is Formed basically ends here. However, as long as people read the paper carefully, they will find a problem after reading it, that is, although the examples of the sun or the solar system are mentioned many times in the paper, how the solar system was formed has not been written, and it is a very important link in the process of the formation of the universe. Yes, the formation of the solar system is a basic life factor of our own living environment. The solar system formed near the galactic nucleus is "the mystery of the birth of the universe", and the origin of life is the mystery of the mystery. At present, there are many theories about the formation of the solar system in the world, but they can't be justified, so they are in a state of endless debate. I am also in the process of thinking and reasoning about the formation of the solar system, but my thinking is not yet mature, so I can't outline the conditions and process of formation with a pen. I hope those who are interested in this will wait patiently. Please believe that in the near future, there will be a paper with strange ideas and strict logical reasoning, "How the Solar System was Born". Exploring the nature of the universe is like climbing Mount Everest. People who have no ambition and perseverance can only look at the mountain at the foot of the mountain and sigh! . Those who are determined and have no perseverance will give up halfway. Only those who have great ambition and perseverance can climb the top of Mount Everest. It is extremely difficult in the world, so we should cherish it. The journey of life is different, and the value of self-life lies in giving rather than taking. Devotees get what they want, but only take what they want, and in the end they get nothing. Talk less and do more for the cause, and do your best to contribute. Mo Yan, no one can know himself and the achievements of others. Finally, I attach a poem with my feelings:
The human brain is a treasure house of wisdom, which can be developed through diligent use of the brain.
Stimulating the right brain is more important, and thinking in images is the trick.
People are not old, not afraid of ups and downs.
If you want a way to heaven, you need a door to the earth.
Perseverance builds the Tower of Babel, and courage blows open the gates of hell.
Inspired by intuition in silence, you can break through one level after another.
There is no doubt that there is no way out.
Life is bitter and sweet, and there is joy in bitterness.
If we can understand the reasons, it is not difficult to live a long and healthy life.
To produce results, we must work hard, and the light of wisdom will shine in the future.
Everything is afraid of a willing mind, and you will succeed if you study hard.
Unknown, casual, once the whole world knows.
? 2001101October 25th