Answer: After intravenous injection of hypertonic solution (such as mannitol), the osmotic pressure of blood can rise rapidly, making
Some water in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood, which dehydrates brain tissue and reduces intracranial pressure.
The role of pressure. Therefore, mannitol should be input quickly, generally 250 ml is dripped in 20 ~ 30 minutes. Oral administration cannot play the above role, so it cannot be taken orally.
2. What are the consequences of rapid intravenous injection of magnesium sulfate and how to give first aid?
A: Too fast intravenous injection of magnesium sulfate can increase the concentration of magnesium ions in blood, inhibit the central nervous system and heart, block motor neuromuscular and joint reactions, and cause blood pressure drop, limb paralysis and respiratory paralysis. In case of the above situation, the drug should be stopped immediately, and intravenous injection 10% calcium gluconate or 5% calcium chloride injection should be used for rescue.
3. What should I pay attention to when I inject aminophylline intravenously?
Answer: Intravenous aminophylline must be diluted before injection, and the injection speed and dosage should be strictly controlled, especially for children. Patients with myocardial infarction and decreased blood pressure are contraindicated.
4. What is the significance of total parenteral nutrition?
Answer; This is a method of infusing hypertonic glucose, protein, electrolyte and vitamins from vena cava cannula. Make the supplement of calories, amino acids, electrolytes and vitamins reach a satisfactory level, replace the gastrointestinal tract to supplement nutrition and maintain the needs of tissue repair and body growth.
5. What are cardiopulmonary resuscitation A, B and C?
Answer: It is called cardiopulmonary resuscitation to take quick and effective methods to resuscitate patients with cardiac arrest and respiratory arrest. The so-called A, B, and C refer to the judgment of heartbeat and respiratory arrest, that is, resuscitation is carried out in the order of A, B, and C. "A" (airway) refers to opening the airway by leaning back, holding the neck, and holding the jaw; "b" (breathing) refers to artificial respiration by blowing air into the mouth or nose; "Circle" refers to the artificial circle that punches the patient's precordial area with fists, that is, boxing pacing, etc.
6. What are the clinical manifestations of cardiac arrest?
A: The clinical manifestations of cardiac arrest are:
1) Acute loss of consciousness and respiratory arrest after wheezing; 2) The pulsation of radial artery, femoral artery or carotid artery disappears; 3) heart sounds disappear; 4) Acute pallor or cyanosis; 5) spastic rigidity; 6) Acute weak pupil dilation (starting 30 seconds after cardiac arrest); 7) EEG wave is low, and 8) ECG changes.
7. What are the clinical observation points of shock patients?
Answer: Consciousness and expression, skin color, temperature, humidity, peripheral vein filling degree, blood pressure and pulse pressure difference, pulse rate, breathing frequency and depth, urine volume and urine specific gravity.
8. Why didn't you urinate in severe shock?
A: Patients with severe shock may have microcirculation dysfunction, resulting in extremely insufficient tissue perfusion. At this time, the renal blood flow is obviously reduced, which leads to renal ischemia and increase of renin, further contraction of renal blood vessels, reduction or even stop of glomerular filtration, and oliguria or anuria. At the same time, the renal parenchyma injury caused by shock also leads to the aggravation of oliguria or anuria.
9. Why is it required to leave a urine sample in the early morning?
Answer: Because the urine discharged in the morning, the amount of urine and the contents of various components are relatively stable and are not affected by food, the PH value is the lowest. Conducive to maintaining the integrity of tangible components such as cells and molds.
10, how many milliliters should a patient with urinary retention receive catheterization? Why?
A: Urinary retention should not exceed 65,438+0,000 ml at a time. Because a large amount of urine will lead to a sudden drop in intra-abdominal pressure, a large amount of blood will stay in the abdominal blood vessels, causing blood pressure to plummet and collapse. In addition, sudden bladder decompression can cause acute congestion and hematuria of bladder mucosa.