Problem description:
Try to analyze the main diseases that affect residents' health at this stage and their stages.
Turn off the risk factors. (two questions)
Analysis:
1: Prevention of HIV infection Although AIDS is an extremely dangerous infectious disease, it can be prevented. The main preventive measures are:
(1) No extramarital sex; Correct use of condoms with qualified quality;
(2) Do not take drugs in any way;
(3) Don't accept blood transfusion and blood products easily. (Ask the hospital to provide blood and blood products tested for HIV when necessary);
(4) Do not use needles, needles, gauze, cotton wool and other appliances with others.
(5) Don't go to medical institutions or other places where disinfection is not strict, such as injection, tooth extraction, ear piercing, tattoo, eyebrow tattoo, acupuncture or surgery;
(6) Avoid contact with the blood of the injured during daily rescue.
(7) Don't * * use instruments that may puncture the skin with others, such as toothbrushes, razors and electric razors;
2. Prevent dengue fever. How is dengue fever spread?
The vector of dengue fever is Aedes albopictus, mainly Aedes albopictus, which is spread by sucking human blood. The route of transmission of dengue fever: Aedes mosquitoes → people with dengue virus → replication and reproduction of the virus in mosquitoes → biting healthy people → virus entering healthy people with saliva → onset. The general population is generally susceptible, and the onset age ranges from 28 days to 90 years old. A family can get sick at the same time. Children are the most susceptible to infection and have a high mortality rate, so they are the key protected population.
2. How is dengue fever prevalent?
Male Aedes mosquitoes can only survive by sucking the juice of plants, while female Aedes mosquitoes have to suck the blood of humans and animals in the process of growth, gestation and reproduction. Female mosquitoes spit while sucking blood. If a mosquito bites a dengue fever patient, it can suck viruses, plasmodium, filariasis and other pathogens in the patient's blood into the stomach when it sucks blood, and when it bites a healthy person, it spits these pathogens into the blood of the healthy person to make it infected. If the bitten person has poor resistance, he will get sick. Therefore, killing mosquitoes is an important measure to prevent infectious diseases such as dengue fever.
Aedes mosquitoes like to lay their eggs in clean small stagnant water, and all artificial or natural containers that can accumulate water can become breeding grounds, such as flower pots, water trays, vases, rockery bonsai, water tanks, pools, lotus tanks, etc. Bamboo tube, tree hole, stone mortar, old tire, pond, etc. In the wild.
Aedes mosquitoes have two activity peaks, 65438+ 0-2 hours before sunrise and 2-3 hours before sunset. People moving around the breeding grounds will soon attract Aedes mosquitoes to feed on blood.
Dengue virus can be replicated in mosquitoes and stored for a long time. At about 32℃, Aedes began to spread after blood feeding 10, and the longest infectivity could reach 174 days. People will get sick after being bitten by 1-2 Aedes mosquitoes carrying the virus.
Third, the clinical manifestations of dengue fever:
Typical symptoms of dengue fever can be roughly divided into three stages:
1, initial heating period
Most patients have sudden onset and their body temperature can rise to 40℃ within 24 hours. Accompanied by chills, severe headache, systemic bone pain, muscle joint pain, orbital pain, retrobulbar pain, congestion of face and conjunctiva, flushing of neck and upper chest, and drunkenness for 2-3 days.
2. Remission period
The patient's symptoms were relieved and his body temperature dropped to normal; This period is 1-2 days.
3. Visiting period
Rash appeared 2-5 days after onset, which first appeared on palms, soles of feet, trunk and abdomen, and gradually spread to neck and limbs. Some patients also had rash on their faces, which made them feel itchy and subsided under pressure. The skin examination lasts for 3-4 days, during which the decreased body temperature can reappear and the systemic symptoms will be aggravated. In severe cases, there is a tendency of gingival bleeding and gastrointestinal bleeding, and in severe cases, it can lead to death.
Fourth, how to prevent dengue fever?
(1) Eliminate mosquitoes.
Mosquitoes are the chief culprit in spreading dengue fever, and the key to prevent dengue fever lies in killing mosquitoes and destroying vectors. The key point is to eliminate mosquito breeding places, which is the most important radical measure to prevent dengue fever and the simplest and most effective measure.
1. Carry out a nationwide patriotic health campaign, and everyone will start work and rummage through everything to completely eliminate mosquito breeding grounds. Thoroughly clean up the small stagnant water in various containers inside and outside the house, invert or remove pots and pans, and change the water in vases in time. Family lotus tanks should raise fish or add kerosene. Water tanks and roof pools should be cleaned and covered in time. Dredge and drain the water in the roof ditch. Clean tires are piled up in the open air. Comprehensively clean up the indoor and outdoor environment, remove sundries and sanitary dead ends, fill potholes, and eliminate mosquito breeding and habitat.
2. Drugs kill mosquitoes. Pyrethroid drugs such as cypermethrin, deltamethrin and dichlorvos can be used in the external environment, and pyrethroid aerosol with high efficiency and low toxicity can be used in families to repel mosquitoes.
3. Use mosquito-repellent incense to repel mosquitoes. The specific use method is: close the doors and windows before going to bed 1-2 hours, light mosquito-repellent incense, and open the doors and windows when sleeping indoors to keep the air circulating.
4. disgusting. Include essential balm, mosquito repellent ester, etc.
5. mosquito nets. Mosquito nets should be used in areas with many mosquitoes and heavy floods.
6. Plants repel mosquitoes. Plant one or two tomatoes in an indoor flowerpot, and the smell of tomato branches and leaves will drive away mosquitoes; Plant pots of impatiens, mint and cordate telosma behind the doors and windows. The smell of these flowers and plants can prevent mosquitoes from leaving the house.
7, odor mosquito repellent. Light a few pieces of orange peel indoors, and its smoke will make mosquitoes flee everywhere; Sprinkle some perfume on your body or pillow, which has a good mosquito repellent effect; Put two or three boxes of uncovered cooling oil or wind oil essence under the seat or beside the legs, and mosquitoes will be "frightened by the smell" and stay away.
8. Take medicine to repel mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are afraid of the smell of vitamin B. After people take vitamins, the smell of vitamin B will be secreted into the skin with sweat, and mosquitoes will "run away" as soon as they smell this smell.
9. Light source repels mosquitoes. Stick a layer of orange cellophane (or silk cloth) on the light bulb of 40 watts or more to make the light turn orange, and mosquitoes will "run away when they see the light".
(2) Personal protection.
Aedes albopictus has a second blood-sucking peak (about 1-2 hours before sunrise and about 2-3 hours after sunset). Pay attention to protection when going out in summer and autumn, and wear long pants, shoes and socks for outdoor activities to avoid the peak of secondary activities. Try to stay or move in places where mosquitoes are easy to breed as little as possible. Go out less during the epidemic and don't go to the patient's home.
(3) Strengthen physical exercise and enhance physical resistance.
Strengthen physical exercise and enhance physical resistance; Between summer and autumn, keep warm to prevent colds; Drink plenty of water to keep the stool unobstructed; Do early detection, early diagnosis, early isolation and early treatment. Individuals, families and neighbors with suspected patients should go to regular hospitals in time.
3. Prevention of intestinal infectious diseases ▲ What is an intestinal infectious disease?
Intestinal infectious diseases are a group of infectious diseases spread through feces, which are high in summer. The main symptoms of the patient are diarrhea and vomiting. If not treated in time, it will lead to dehydration and metabolic disorder, even coma, shock and even death. Intestinal infectious diseases with a course of more than 2 months will turn into chronic diarrhea, leading to repeated attacks, difficult to cure and malnutrition.
▲ Symptoms of common intestinal infectious diseases
1. Cholera: It is a Class A infectious disease, caused by Vibrio cholerae and spread through water and food. The typical symptom is painless diarrhea. In severe cases, patients will suffer from dehydration, circulatory failure and even life-threatening.
2, bacillary dysentery: caused by Shigella dysenteriae, acute onset, high fever, chills, abdominal pain, diarrhea, acute diarrhea and other symptoms.
3, amebic dysentery: caused by amoeba, abdominal pain and diarrhea are mild, but may cause liver abscess and intestinal bleeding.
4, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever: the culprit is typhoid fever and paratyphoid Bacillus, patients often show indifference, skin rash, hepatosplenomegaly, and even cause intestinal perforation.
5. Hemorrhagic enteritis: It is caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O 157:H7, which is a serious intestinal infectious disease of people and livestock. Livestock raised, slaughtered, transported and sold are easily infected.
6. Infectious diarrhea: it is an intestinal infectious disease mainly manifested by diarrhea caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and parasites. This kind of intestinal infectious disease is more harmful to the elderly and children.
▲ How to prevent intestinal infectious diseases
1. Don't drink raw water and eat unsanitary fruits, vegetables, cold dishes, etc. Leftover food should be stored in the refrigerator and heated as soon as possible. After the salad is ready, it should be eaten in time and should not be stored for too long. Once food is found to be rotten, it should be thrown away immediately.
2. For some foods that are easy to carry pathogenic microorganisms, such as shellfish, crabs, turtles, bullfrogs and other aquatic products and seafood, they must be cooked and steamed thoroughly when eating, and put an end to bad eating habits such as eating raw, eating half-baked, soaking in wine, soaking in vinegar, and eating directly after pickling.
When handling raw and cooked food, separate knives, boxes and containers.
5. Buy food through formal channels. Don't buy animal food and cooked food from unlicensed vendors. Choose fresh food instead of dead poultry, livestock and stale aquatic products.
6. Don't eat in small restaurants or roadside mobile vendors without health permits, service personnel without health certificates and incomplete sanitation facilities.
7. Often kill rats, flies, cockroaches and other pests, because flies and cockroaches can be used as the transmission medium of intestinal infectious diseases.
8. When traveling, you can bring your own vacuum-packed food and water to a regular restaurant or a restaurant designated by a travel agency.
9. Don't eat plants you don't know or other foods that may be poisonous.
10. Tableware should be cleaned and disinfected strictly.
4. Prevention of Influenza According to the announcement issued by the World Health Organization, there are 600 million to 654.38+02 billion cases of influenza worldwide every year, including 3 million to 5 million cases of severe influenza and 250,000 to 500,000 deaths. China is a region with frequent influenza, and an epidemic or partial outbreak of influenza occurs every year. This year's situation cannot be ignored. Relevant experts call on the general public to face up to the harm of influenza and actively carry out effective prevention.
Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus. It is mainly infected by air droplets through the respiratory tract. It is usually manifested as general malaise, chills and fever, and the body temperature can rise above 39 degrees Celsius, accompanied by symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection such as headache, general aches, fatigue, sore throat, cough and runny nose. Influenza has the characteristics of strong infectivity, rapid spread and high incidence rate, and it is easy to cause complications such as pneumonia, otitis media and rhinitis. For the frail elderly, influenza can lead to bacterial pneumonia. School-age children have a high incidence of influenza, while the elderly have a high mortality rate.
Influenza will seriously affect our life, work and health. Vaccination against influenza has been recognized by the international medical community as the most effective weapon to prevent influenza. In recent years, a large number of research data at home and abroad show that influenza vaccination can significantly reduce the outpatient rate and hospitalization rate caused by influenza, and reduce the complications and deaths caused by influenza. For the elderly, it can reduce the severity of influenza and its complications by 50% to 60% and the mortality rate by 80%.
What should I pay attention to when I am vaccinated against influenza? First of all, vaccination must be safety first, so the choice of influenza vaccine is particularly important. It is understood that the influenza vaccine produced by GlaxoSmithKline is widely used in China, and it is one of the largest vaccine suppliers of international organizations such as the World Health Organization and the World Children's Vaccine Fund. Second, the vaccine must be effective. Influenza viruses mutate rapidly, and the epidemic types are usually different every year. Therefore, vaccination with the latest influenza vaccine every year can achieve preventive effect.