Knowledge list-clearly test what
First, the ancient residents of the motherland
1, Yuanmou person
Time: About1700,000 years ago, it is the earliest known human in China.
Location: Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province. (Yangtze River Basin)
2. Beijingers
Time: About 700,000-200,000 years ago.
Venue: Longgushan Cave, Zhoukoudian, Southwest Beijing. (Yellow River Basin)
Second, the primitive farming life
1, Hemudu people
Time: About 6000 years ago.
Venue: Hemudu Village, Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province
The main farm tools and crops: stone grinders and bone implements are widely used. Rice and vegetables. China is the first country to grow rice in the world. )
2.Banpo people
Time: About five or six thousand years ago.
Venue: banpo village, Xi, Shaanxi.
Main farm tools and crops: grinding stone tools are widely used. Grow millet. China is the first country to grow millet in the world. )
Third, magical ancient legends.
1, the formation of Huaxia nationality Yan Di and Huangdi tribe formed an alliance, which later developed into Huaxia nationality and became the predecessor of Han nationality.
2. Yan Di: No, Shennong, who teaches people to farm, is the founder of agricultural production. "Taste a hundred herbs" to find herbs for people to treat diseases.
3. The Yellow Emperor-the ancestor of mankind (later generations think that the Yellow Emperor is the founder of Chinese civilization. Many inventions: making weapons, making cars, boats and palaces, teaching people to dig wells and dyeing five-color clothes.
4. Yao Shunyu: According to legend, after the Yellow Emperor, Yao Shunyu was an outstanding tribal alliance leader in the Yellow River valley of China. At that time, the abdication system was adopted, and the leader of the tribal alliance was democratically elected. (Basis for abdication: virtue and talent)
Yao: frugal, simple and loving the people.
Shun: Diligent and filial to parents.
Yu: Water control is meritorious.
Test site 2: the emergence of the country and the change of society.
Knowledge list-clearly test what
I. Xia Dynasty
1, established: In 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty.
2. Political system: From the beginning, the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system. (The "public world" has become the "family world")
Second, the Shang Dynasty
1, established: about 1600 BC, the Shang Dynasty was established in the Tang Dynasty.
2. Politics: Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin and ruled stably.
3. Extinction: About 1046 BC, Zhou Wuwang conquered Zhou, and the Shang Dynasty perished.
Three. Western Zhou Dynasty
1, established: 1046 BC, the battle of Makino defeated the Shang army. After the demise of Shang Dynasty, Zhou Wuwang established the Zhou Dynasty, with Haojiang as its capital.
2. Political and economic system: enfeoffment system and state-owned land system.
3. Death: 77 BC1year, the Western Zhou Dynasty perished.
Fourth, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty
(1) Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King He Lv of Wu and King Gou Jian of Yue were the five overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Qi Huangong: The first hegemony: Guan Zhong's reform, "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries", Kwai Chung Alliance.
Jin Wengong: "Away from three houses".
Chu Zhuangwang: Win the Central Plains.
Gou Jian, King of Yue: Sleeping on the salary and tasting courage.
(2) Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han. (Situation map) (Eastern Qi, Western Qin, Southern Chu, Northern Yan, Zhao Wei and Han are in the middle. )
(3) Shang Yang Reform: In 356 BC, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang Reform.
1, purpose: Qiang Bing, a rich country.
2. Content: Recognize private ownership of land and allow land to be bought and sold freely; Reward farming; Implement the county system.
3. Influence: The old system was abolished, agricultural production was promoted, the combat effectiveness of the army was improved, and Qin became the most prosperous vassal state at the end of the Warring States period, which laid a solid foundation for the subsequent annexation of six countries and the reunification of China.
4. Enlightenment: the reform is not smooth sailing, and sometimes it even costs blood; The reform that conforms to the historical trend will eventually win. At the same time, we should learn from Shang Yang's courage and dedication to reform and innovation.
Test site 3: establishing a unified country
Knowledge list-clearly test what
First, the rule of Qin dynasty and the peasant war in the late Qin dynasty
(1) The rule of the Qin Dynasty
1, unified time: 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, was unified. (photo by Qin Shihuang)
2. Qin Shihuang's measures to strengthen centralization:
Establish centralization; Unified text currency weights and measures; Burn books to bury Confucianism and control thoughts.
3. The territory of the Qin Dynasty: East to the East China Sea, west to Longxi, south to the South China Sea and north to the Great Wall. (test chart)
4. Significance of reunification: It ended the long-term separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and created the first unification situation in the history of China. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China.
(2) Chen Guang Uprising.
1, location: osawa Township (Anhui)
2. Significance: This is the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of China. Driven by this uprising, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu overthrew the brutal rule of the Qin Dynasty. Uprising has revolutionary initiative.
Second, the rule of the Han Dynasty.
1, Western Han Dynasty
Time: In the first 202 years, Liu Bang made Chang 'an his capital.
Early Han Dynasty: county system, enfeoffment system, rest and recuperation policy.
Prosperity of the Western Han Dynasty: A unified situation appeared during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
2. Eastern Han Dynasty: Time: 25-220 years. Founder: Liu Xiu. Capital: Luoyang.
Third, Qin Shihuang and Han Wudi
(1) Qin Shihuang-the first emperor in China's ancient feudal society.
Achievement: 1. Realizing reunification and destroying the six countries ended the long-term separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and established the first centralized feudal country in the history of China.
2. Consolidate unity and establish a set of centralized feudal autocracy, which has far-reaching influence.
3. Unifying writing, currency, weights and measures and tracks is conducive to economic and cultural exchanges and development.
4. Attack Xiongnu in the north and build the Great Wall of Wan Li; Develop southern Xinjiang.
The rule was cruel: heavy taxes, harsh criminal laws and numerous military services accelerated the demise of the Qin Dynasty.
Burning books and burying Confucianism: destroying culture and suppressing thoughts.
(2) the unification of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty
Background: Economic prosperity and strong national strength.
Measures: 1. Politics: Promulgate the decree of promotion and seize the titles of a large number of princes. Solve the problem of the kingdom and strengthen centralization.
2. Economy: the local right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron will be centralized, and five baht will be minted in a unified way.
3. Thought: Accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", set up imperial academy, vigorously promote Confucian education, and appoint Confucian scholars as officials. Achieve ideological unity.
4. Military aspect: Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to attack Xiongnu on a large scale many times, which basically relieved the threat of Xiongnu to the northern border counties.
Results: There was a unified situation.
Fourth, the Silk Road.
1, Zhang Qian meets the Western Regions.
Western Regions: The Han Dynasty refers to Yumen Pass, that is, the area west of Yangguan, east of Congling, south of Balkhash Lake and north and south of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang today.
Objective: In order to jointly attack Xiongnu with Da Yue, Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions twice in BC 138 and BC 165438.
Influence: I learned the situation of the Western Regions for the first time, and the desire to communicate with the portraits of the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty.
The Western Han Dynasty established friendly relations with western countries for the second time, strengthened economic and cultural exchanges, promoted the development of the western regions, and created conditions for the opening of the Silk Road.
2. The Silk Road
Opening time: Emperor Wudi of the Western Han Dynasty.
Route: Starting from Chang 'an, passing through Hexi Corridor, now Xinjiang, reaching Central Asia, South Asia and West Asia, and then turning to Daqin.
Significance: It has promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.
Test site 4: separation of political power and national integration
Knowledge list-clearly test what
First, the basic situation of the separation of powers
(1) Battle of Red Cliffs: 2008.
1, warring parties: Cao Cao VS Sun Liu Lianjun.
2. Result: Sun Liu's combined forces defeated Cao Jun with fewer soldiers.
3. Impact: It laid the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.
(2) Three Kingdoms (situation map)
In 220, Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor after abolishing the Han Emperor, with the title of Wei and Luoyang as its capital.
In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, which was called Shu or Shu in history.
In 222, Sun Quan became king. In 229, he proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Wu, and established the capital Jianye.
In 263, Wei destroyed Shu. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu, and the history of the Three Kingdoms ended.
(3) Jin Dynasty
In 265, Sima Yan, the founder of the Western Jin Dynasty, died in 3 16.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty was established by Si Marui in 3 17, with its capital in Kang.
④ Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589)
Southern Dynasties: Song → Qi → Liang → Chen
Northern Dynasties: Northern Wei Dynasty was divided into Eastern Wei Dynasty and Northern Qi Dynasty.
Western Wei Dynasty → Northern Zhou Dynasty
Second, national integration.
1), the reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
(1) Main contents
1, implement official salary system and severely punish corruption;
2. Promulgate the land equalization system;
3. Move the capital to Luoyang;
4. Get rid of the old customs of Xianbei and accept the advanced culture of Han nationality.
(Specific measures to strengthen national integration)
A, the court must use Chinese, Xianbei language is prohibited.
Officials and their families must wear Hanfu.
C, change Xianbei surname to Han surname, and change royal surname from Tuoba surname to Yuan surname.
D, encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with Han nobles.
Adopt the official system and laws of the Han nationality.
F, learn the etiquette of the Han nationality, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly.
(2) Historical function: it is conducive to the recovery and development of the northern economy, promoting the progress of the northern nationalities and accelerating the process of national integration.
2), the population moved south.
Time: from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the unification of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Region: Yizhou, Jingzhou, Yangzhou, Minnan River Basin and Lingnan area.
Results: Population migration to the south and ethnic exchanges promoted the development of Jiangnan.
Third, the development of Jiangnan.
Time: Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Reason: 1, frequent wars in the north, population migration to the south, bringing a large number of labor and advanced production tools and technologies.
2. There are few wars in the south and the society is relatively stable.
3. The southern rulers practiced the policy of recuperation to appease the refugees who moved south.
4. The political center of gravity moved south.
5. Jiangnan has superior natural conditions (abundant rainfall, hot and humid climate and fertile land).
6, the introduction and promotion of a large number of crops.
7. Exchanges and hard work between the working people of the North and the South.
Historical facts: 1, many water conservancy projects have been built.
2. A large area of wasteland has been reclaimed into fertile fields.
3. Rice is mainly planted in Jiangnan, and green manure, Niu Geng and manure are promoted.
4. Promote wheat planting in Jiangnan.
During the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, agriculture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River developed rapidly, and Fujian and Guangdong were also very developed.
Test site 5: a prosperous and open society
Knowledge list-clearly test what
First, establish
Sui Dynasty: In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was established with Chang 'an as its capital.
Tang Dynasty: In June18, Li Yuan made Chang 'an his capital.
Second, politics.
1), Emperor Taizong and the Rule of Zhenguan
Reason: Learn from the lessons of Sui Dynasty, reduce or exempt land rent, and advocate frugality.
Performance: frivolous, advocating frugality;
Know people and be good at their duties, and attach importance to teachability;
Following the system of three provinces and six departments in Sui Dynasty, increasing the number of prime ministers;
Merge counties and counties, and vigorously streamline institutions;
Improve the imperial examination system and develop Daxing school.
-During the reign of Emperor Taizong, there was political clarity, social stability, economic development and strong national strength. History is called "the rule of Zhenguan"
2) The rule of Empress Wu Zetian (the only female emperor in China history) is the legacy of Zhenguan. (Zheng Yuan,)
Re-use talents and attach importance to the development of agricultural production (encourage the development of agriculture and mulberry, and take reclaiming cultivated land and producing grain as an important basis for rewarding and punishing local officials. Reduce corvee. ), the first entrance examination, martial arts, for the official "self-recommendation" system, social and economic development.
Reuse the Wu family, appoint cruel officials and encourage informers. Daxing Buddhism.
3) Kaiyuan Shi Sheng of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty
Performance: stable political situation; Appointed Yao Chong and Song Jing as phase; Vigorously develop production; Rectify official management and strictly enforce the law.
Social stability and economic prosperity; The Tang Dynasty entered its heyday.
Third, education (the evolution of the imperial examination system)
1), the birth of the imperial examination system
When Emperor Wendi was in Sui Dynasty, he began to recruit talents by means of subject examination. (In the past, the selection of officials mainly depended on the level of family background. )
During the Sui Dynasty, Yang Di established the Imperial Examination Department, and the imperial examination system was formally formed.
Significance: The imperial examination system broke the restriction of family status and provided ordinary intellectuals with the opportunity to be an official and participate in politics. At the same time, the power of selecting officials is centralized from local to central, which broadens the way for rulers to absorb and attract talents. Have a far-reaching impact on future generations.
2) Perfection of imperial examination system
When Emperor Taizong was in Tang Dynasty, he attached importance to the cultivation and selection of talents.
Wu Zetian created imperial examinations and martial arts.
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, poetry and fu were regarded as the main content of Jinshi.
Permanent subjects: Ming Jing (mainly Confucian classics) and Jinshi (mainly poetry and political theory)
3) The decline of imperial examination system.
The content of imperial examination in Ming Dynasty was limited to four books and five classics, and the style was strictly limited to eight-part essay. This stereotyped writing system fetters intellectuals' thoughts and is not conducive to social progress. The imperial examination system lasted for more than 1300 years in China, and it was not abolished until the late Qing dynasty (1905).
4) The influence of imperial examination system
The imperial examination system has improved the employment system, and only talented scholars have the opportunity to work in various government agencies. The imperial examination system promoted the development of education and literature and art, but later it seriously bound people's minds.
Four. Ethnic relations and exchanges between China and foreign countries
Tang carried out an enlightened national policy; An open foreign policy.
1), contact with Tubo.
Kissing: Emperor Taizong sent Princess Wencheng to Tibet to marry Songzan Gambu.
Tang Zhongzong sent Princess Jincheng to Tibet to marry Kridê Zukzain.
Congregation: In 82 1 year, the congregation of Tang and Fan set up a monument of "compassion and non-violence in adversity". (in front of Jokhang Temple in Lhasa)
2), diplomacy
1. Diplomatic envoys in Tang Dynasty: Japanese diplomatic envoys in Tang Dynasty. There were 13 batches in 2000. (Countries rank first)
Bring the advanced political system and science and technology culture of the Tang Dynasty back to Japan;
Promoted the reform in Japan; It has promoted the economic and cultural development of Japan.
B Du Dong, Jian Zhen: Jian Zhen, the most influential monk in the Tang Dynasty, went to Japan to give lectures and made outstanding contributions to the cultural exchange between China and Japan. Design the Tang Temple for Japan; Japanese medical circles regard him as the ancestor. )
C. Xuanzang's Journey to the West: Xuanzang, a famous monk in the early Tang Dynasty, traveled to Tianzhu to learn from the scriptures and made indelible contributions to cultural exchanges between China and India. (Xuanzang-the prototype of Tang Priest in Journey to the West)
Xuanzang's translation of Buddhist scriptures is an important historical material for studying the ancient culture of the Indian Peninsula. )
-Learn from their indomitable dedication.
Test site 6: the shift of economic center of gravity to the south and the development of ethnic relations
Knowledge list-clearly test what
First, the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin regimes coexisted, and the economic center of gravity moved south.
1) Liao, Song, Xia and Jin regimes coexist.
1, coexistence: (Northern Song Dynasty coexisted with Liao, Xixia and Dali)
Liao: In 9 16, Yelvbaoji of the Khitan nationality established the Khitan State, with Beijing as its capital, and later changed its name to Liao.
Northern Song Dynasty: In 960, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny in Chen Qiaoyi, established the Song Dynasty, and made Kaifeng (Tokyo) its capital.
Xixia: 1038, Yuan Hao, Tangut, Jianduqing.
2. Confrontation: (Southern Song Dynasty coexisted with Jin, Xixia and Dali)
Jin: 1 1 15 years, nuzhen akuta was established.
Southern Song Dynasty: 1 127, Zhao Jianshe was established and Lin 'an was its capital. Yue Fei is a gold star.
2), the economic center of gravity moved south (the Yellow River basin moved to the Yangtze River basin)
Time: After the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, it began to move south and was completed in the Southern Song Dynasty. (Sign: Proverb "Suzhou and Shanghai are familiar, and the world is enough")
Historical fact: Song Dynasty
First, the development of southern production
Agriculture: The south gradually surpassed the north and introduced Zhancheng rice. Rice is the main food crop. Cotton spread to the Yangtze River basin.
Handicraft industry: Jingdezhen has developed into a porcelain capital, with a developed textile industry, and the coal mining and shipbuilding industries rank first in the world.
B, business prosperity
Many and prosperous commercial cities have broken the boundary between residential areas and commercial areas, and "Waxi" has appeared. With the development of overseas trade, Guangzhou and Quanzhou have become large commercial ports. The earliest paper money "Jiaozi" appeared in Sichuan in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Second, the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty and the development of ethnic relations
1), the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty.
1206, Temujin (later called Genghis Khan) established Mongolia.
127 1 year, Kublai Khan changed the title of the country to yuan, and made its capital mostly.
2) Development of ethnic relations
A. With the unification of the Yuan Dynasty, many Han Chinese came to the frontier, and many ethnic groups in the frontier also moved to the Central Plains and Jiangnan, where they lived together with Han Chinese.
B. The ethnic groups such as Khitan and Nuzhen who entered the Yellow River valley gradually became Chinese through long-term coexistence and integration with the Han nationality.
C. Since the Tang Dynasty, Persians and Arabs who have settled in China have lived together with the Han, Mongolian, Uygur and other ethnic groups for a long time, intermarried with each other and gradually merged, forming a new ethnic group-Hui. (The most important performance is also the characteristic of the development of ethnic relations.)
In 400 A.D., the Yuan Dynasty established the Zheng Xuan Academy, which was in charge of Tibetan affairs and strengthened contacts and exchanges with the Tibetan people. The large-scale population movement in Yuan Dynasty promoted the economic and cultural development and integration of all ethnic groups.
Test site 7: Consolidation and social crisis of a unified multi-ethnic country
Knowledge list-clearly test what
First of all, the Ming Dynasty strengthened the autocratic rule.
(1) Establishment of political power: 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang was established and Ming Chengzu moved to Beijing.
(2) Measures:
1, change the ruling organization: (1) In the central government, the central secretariat was abolished, the prime minister was abolished, and the six chiefs were directly subordinate to the emperor.
(2) At the local level, provinces were abolished, and three departments directly under the central government were set up to be responsible for civil affairs and finance, prisons and military affairs respectively, and to supervise the monitoring and investigation of subjects.
2. Set up the East Factory, the West Factory and the Royal Guards directly controlled by the emperor. This is a manifestation of a highly strengthened monarchy.
3, the implementation of stereotyped writing with scholars, bound the minds of intellectuals.
Second, the consolidation of multi-ethnic countries.
(1) Zheng He's voyages to the West
Objective: To expand the political influence of Ming Dynasty and strengthen the contact with overseas countries.
Time and frequency: 1405- 1433 years; Seven times.
Farthest destinations: East coast of Africa and Red Sea coast,
Impact: It has promoted economic and cultural exchanges and friendly exchanges between China and Asian and African countries, and more people from China have gone to work and do business in Nanyang. They brought advanced production technology and cultural knowledge and made great contributions to the development of Nanyang. It was a feat in the history of world navigation more than half a century before European navigators sailed to India and America.