Interpretation of "Science and Technology" in Academic Literature
It is reported that so far, no one has defined science and technology, and the problem of combining science and technology with strength, progress and contribution is more complicated. It is not the purpose of this article to discuss the significance of science and technology, but we cannot avoid talking about it.
2. Science and technology are two different concepts. There are obvious differences and close connections between them. They are usually called "science and technology". ● Difference 1. The concept is different.
3. In a broad sense, science and technology here refers to the sum of natural science and technology and social science and technology, and productivity here refers to the general social productivity composed of material productivity, spiritual productivity and human productivity.
4. Science and technology refers to natural science and engineering technology, excluding social science. In addition, I also put forward several questions to discuss with my colleagues in the sequel. How to connect the sequels with the previous chronicles is better? 55438.00000000606
5. 1 The concept of hospital modernization refers to the installation of technologically advanced machines to replace obsolete machines in science and technology. Modernization is different from replacing similar old machines with new machines, because the superiority of modern equipment lies in technological progress, rather than simple old and new problems.
6. Science and technology refers to the development of science and the application of its achievements in the field of production practice. After World War II, the rapid development of science and technology injected a strong impetus into the accelerated development of society. With the rapid development of science and technology in the world, the role of science and technology in social development is increasingly obvious.
7. Science and technology refers to natural science, and production technology refers to social science. Compared with the classical empirical model, the network model has stronger filtering ability and is stronger than the empirical model when dealing with noisy or sparse data.
8. Science and technology (mainly natural science) is the primary productive force, which refers to the importance of science and technology to the development of productive forces. Science and technology should be applied to production practice to promote and promote the development of productive forces.
9. However, some people in our country think that science and technology refers to natural science, and the relationship between science and technology and social science, and whether science and technology includes social science. , still inconsistent. Some people even doubt whether social science is science or productivity.
10, we believe that science and technology is an important conclusion of the primary productive force, in which science and technology refers to the whole of science and technology, that is, a complete system including natural science, engineering technology, management science and humanities and social sciences.
1 1. Science and technology refers to the actual ability of human beings to master, understand and apply the objective laws of nature. Scientific and technological achievements refer to the current level of this practical ability. Since the level of science and technology is the degree of human understanding and application of objective laws, every step of this level is a scientific and technological achievement.
12 thirdly, the decisive influence of science and technology (here mainly refers to information technology directly related to archival work) on archival work is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, tools created by science and technology, tools created by archival technology, tools for storage management, and tools for information transmission. And then affect the mode, social relations and status of archival work.
13, and "science" and "technology" are used together, called "science and technology", which refers to natural science and production technology means, generally excluding social science. Such enterprises are not always joint-stock companies or private companies, but they can be cooperatives or state-owned entities.
14. Today, science is usually used with the word technology, which is called science and technology. It includes basic science (pure science) and applied science, which is well known. Generally speaking, the former represents the epistemological value, cultural value and educational value of science and technology.
15, in these basic science categories and basic technologies, natural science and social science and technology are obviously included, that is, hard science and technology and soft science and technology are collectively referred to as science and technology. Of course, the science and technology referred to in people's traditional ideas are mainly hard science and technology (such as mechanical physics, chemical engineering and biotechnology).
16, people collectively call science and technology the development trend of integration of science and technology. Science and technology, as the unity of science and technology, is also the contradictory unity of human purpose and the regularity of nature.
17, science and technology (here mainly refers to technology) is the pillar of previous productive forces and social development, and it is the primary and fundamental revolutionary force. "Science and technology are the primary productive forces" (P274) Deng Xiaoping's assertion accurately pointed out the leading role and important position of science and technology in productive forces and social development for the first time.
18. Although they are usually called "science and technology", it should be clear that this is a parallel phrase. Because of different technologies, the corresponding management methods are also different.
19, and technology is the application of science in production, so since the modern industrial revolution, science and technology have truly merged, which is called "science and technology". Science and technology have no national boundaries and have universal significance or universal effectiveness beyond geographical restrictions. The practical application of science and technology inevitably requires the continuous transformation of social production and the all-round flow of social members, which leads to globalization.
20. I once wrote that the subject 1 1 adopted in China should be called "science and technology". In this relationship, natural science is further summarized as natural science and engineering technology, and engineering technology is its application.
2 1, we are often referred to as "science and technology" or "natural science" for short. Universities that offer all these subjects are called "universities of science and engineering". In fact, at present, most science and engineering universities in China only include science and engineering, excluding agricultural science and medicine.
The popular understanding is that high-tech must be industrialized to form industrial scale benefits. High-tech has no borders and needs global high-tech industries to jointly cope with the fate of mankind.
The "high" of high technology is relative to conventional technology and traditional technology, so it is not a fixed concept, but historical, developmental and dynamic. Today's high technology will become tomorrow's conventional technology and traditional technology. It is predicted that in 50-60 years, only 1% of the technology and knowledge people use today will remain, and 99% will be outdated.
● From the development of high technology in the world, high technology is not a single technology, but a new technology group at the forefront of science, technology and engineering. Each component of this group influences, complements and promotes each other. At the same time, because high-tech and high-tech industries are linked, it is also a production system integrating science, technology and production, which is strongly promoted by the market.
In addition, high technology is also different from the so-called "accumulation of experience" in the general sense of science and technology. It is not accumulated experience, but technology based on scientific discovery or creation.
Low high-tech is not mysterious, high-tech is actually around you. High-tech is people-oriented, and high-tech is the display of human wisdom. The high-tech wave that is impacting us is impacting and changing all fields of human social life, and it is also impacting this point and shocking everyone's heart. High-tech concerns everyone, and everyone cares about high-tech.
science and technology
(A) the etymology of science and technology
science
The word "science" is a foreign noun translated from English "science". In the late Qing Dynasty, "science" was translated into "Gezhi". During the Meiji Restoration, Japanese scholars translated "science" into "science". Kang Youwei introduced the Japanese character "science" directly into Chinese for the first time. Yan Fu also translated "science" into "science" when he translated two books, Evolution and Fu Yuan, which were popular in China in the early 20th century.
2. Technology
The Greek root of the word "technology" is "tech", which originally means personal skills or skills. Early refers to the personal skills, production methods and recipes handed down from generation to generation by the family. Later, with the continuous development of science, the coverage of technology was greatly enhanced.
(B) the meaning of science and technology
1. Traditionally, science is a system of knowledge about nature, society and thinking accumulated by human beings.
2. What we call "science" refers to the natural science that studies natural phenomena and their laws; Technology generally refers to various tools, equipment, technologies and process systems combined for a practical purpose according to the production practice experience of natural science principles, but does not include the technical content corresponding to social science.
3. Science and technology are dialectical unity. Technology puts forward the topic and completes it scientifically. Science is the discovery of technology and theoretical guidance. Technology is an invention and a practical application of science.
(C) the relationship between science and technology and social production
The development history of human social civilization is also the development history of production and technology. Technology is determined by production from the beginning. Social production has continuously opened up new fields for science and technology and put forward new research objects. Science and technology is the product of the development of social production, which in turn promotes the development of social production.
● Concept of science and technology
Science and technology is short for science and technology. Science is a knowledge system of understanding world things accumulated by human beings in the long historical process of understanding and transforming the world. Technology refers to various technical operation methods and skills developed by human beings according to actual production experience and applied scientific principles, as well as materialized production means and material equipment.
Science and technology are the primary productive forces!
The word science and technology contains two concepts, science and technology. Although they belong to different categories, they are interrelated, complementary and inseparable. There are differences and connections between science and technology. Science is the theoretical guidance of technology, and technology is the theoretical basis of science. New methods, new materials, new processes, new varieties and new products are obtained in combination with production practice. Technology is the practical application of science and the intermediary between science and production. Without technology, science has no practical significance to production. Technology also has a great reaction to science. New phenomena and problems in the process of technological development can expand the field of scientific research, and technology can provide necessary instruments and equipment for scientific research. The progress of modern science and technology has effectively promoted the development of capitalist machine industry and socialized mass production. Marx clearly put forward the viewpoint that "science and technology are productive forces". As far as science and technology are concerned, as far as its production and development process are concerned. It is a social activity, which is determined by production; As far as its content attribute is concerned, science and technology is the crystallization of practical production experience and social consciousness, and as far as its practical function is concerned, science and technology is "general social productivity" and "direct productivity" characterized by knowledge form.
[Edit this paragraph] Meaning
Science and technology are the primary productive forces. Throughout the ages, every progress of human society is accompanied by the progress of science and technology. In particular, the rapid development of modern science and technology has opened up a broader space for the development of social productive forces and human civilization and effectively promoted economic and social development. The rapid growth of computer, communication, biomedicine, new materials and other high-tech enterprises in China has greatly improved China's industrial technology level, promoted the improvement of industrial and agricultural labor productivity, and effectively promoted the development of the entire national economy. Practice has proved that high-tech and its industries have become the leading industries in contemporary economic development.
Science and technology are the symbols of human civilization. The progress and popularization of science and technology have provided mankind with new means to spread ideas and culture, such as radio, television, movies, videos and the Internet, which has given spiritual civilization a new carrier. At the same time, it is of great significance to enrich people's spiritual life, update people's ideas and get rid of superstitions.
The progress of science and technology has created great material wealth and spiritual wealth for mankind. With the advent of the era of knowledge economy, the endless development of science and technology and its unlimited creativity will continue to make greater contributions to human civilization.
[Edit this paragraph] Classification
● Modern technology
Human knowledge will greatly increase, and today, new inventions that we didn't expect will appear frequently. Sometimes I almost regret that I was born too early and I don't know what will happen.
Benjamin Franklin
High-tech is like a messenger to communicate reality and future, guiding people to explore the space for development and move towards a dynamic new world.
The contemporary scientific and technological revolution with information technology as the core is booming around the world, marking a historic leap from industrial society to information society. Information technology includes microelectronics, optoelectronics, computer technology, communication technology, imaging technology, display technology and so on. Since 1990s, information technology has developed rapidly in the direction of digitalization, high speed, networking, integration and intelligence. Its rapid development and wide application have triggered many changes in high-tech fields and formed a magnificent picture of scientific and technological innovation.
● Life science
Modern life science and technology, especially the discovery of DNA double helix structure and the implementation of human genome project, make life science and technology become the mainstream of high technology in 2 1 century. Because life science and technology can reveal the secrets of biological structure and heredity, it plays an important role in promoting the development of population and health, agricultural high technology, ecological environment, food and chemical industry, so it has broad development prospects.
● Space science
Space science is one of the fastest-growing frontier technologies in contemporary science and technology. Going into space, conducting scientific research there, developing unlimited space resources, settling and traveling, and even establishing space civilization have always been human dreams. Realizing this dream will depend on the progress of space technology. In the past half century, with the development of space technology and the wide application of various applied satellites, mankind has created unprecedented new fields such as satellite communication, satellite broadcasting, satellite meteorology, satellite navigation, satellite measurement, space science and military applications. The development of space technology has played an important role in radio and television, long-distance communication, weather forecast, resource investigation, navigation and positioning, agricultural production, emergency rescue and disaster relief, environmental monitoring and scientific research, etc.
Space technology is an important symbol of a country's scientific and technological development level, and its development and application have become an important means of modernization in all countries of the world.
[Edit this paragraph] Major scientists and their contributions
Isaac newton (1642- 1727) is a British scientist and the founder of modern physics. His discoveries such as Newton's three laws and the law of universal gravitation have far-reaching influence.
Werner von Siemens (18 16- 1892) is a German engineer and entrepreneur. He invented the motor, generator, tram and compass telegraph, improved the submarine cable, put forward the open hearth steelmaking method and innovated the steelmaking process. He was the founder of Siemens.
Thomson Joseph John (1856— 1940) is a British physicist. 1897 discovered the first basic particle of matter structure-electron.
Fulton (1765— 18 15) was an American inventor. 1807, fulton made a steamboat.
Karl friedrich benz (1844- 1929) is a German engineer. 1868, the world's first three-wheeled internal combustion engine car was built.
Volta (1745- 1829) is an Italian physicist. 1800, he made a voltaic pile, and soon invented a voltaic cell, which made people get a stable and continuous current for the first time.
Kauros August Otto (1832- 189 1) is a German engineer. 1876, the first four-stroke cycle gas internal combustion engine was built. This made it possible for cars and subsequent planes to appear.
Daimler (1834- 1900) is a German mechanical engineer. 1883 made the first gasoline engine, and 1886 made the world's first four-wheel internal combustion engine car.
Talcott Parsons was an English inventor. 1884, the first multi-stage reactive steam turbine was manufactured.
Rudolf Dissel (1858- 19 13) is a German engineer. The first diesel engine was manufactured in 1897.
Bessemer (1813-1898) is a British engineer. Converter steelmaking was invented in 1856.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847— 193 1) was an American inventor. He completed more than 1300 inventions in his life, which had a great influence on mankind. 1897, he successfully developed the incandescent lamp.
Morse (1791-1872) was an American inventor. 1837, the invention of the telegraph, 1844, May 24th, the world's first telegraph was sent.
Alexander bell (1847— 1922) was an American inventor. The telephone was invented in 1876.
Guillermo Marconi (1874— 1937) is an Italian engineer. The wireless telegraph was invented in 1895. 1March 28th, 899, radio communication was successfully realized.
Alfred bernhard Nobel (1833- 1896) is a Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist. 1866, Nobel made safe explosives and created the Nobel Prize.
Max Planck (1858.4.23-1947.10.3) is a German physicist, the pioneer and founder of quantum physics, and the winner of the 19 18 Nobel Prize in Physics. Since then, the situation that classical physics dominated the whole country has ended.
Albert Einstein (1March 87914-1April 95 18), a world-famous German-American scientist, Jew, pioneer and founder of modern physics, proposer of relativity and "mass-energy relationship", and "deterministic quantum mechanics"
[Edit this paragraph] Social roles
Science and technology is produced and developed in a certain social environment, and it will also have an impact on social development. From the perspective of economic, military, political and social progress, its role is:
(1), the driving force of economic development. At present, the labor productivity of China is only 1/40 of that of developed countries. Once science and technology are transformed into productive forces, it will greatly improve production efficiency, thus promoting rapid economic development, and its role greatly exceeds the transformation of the economy by capital and labor.
(2) Military combat effectiveness. In today's world, peace and development are the themes of the times. However, the "cold war" mentality still exists, and hegemonism and power politics are still the main sources that threaten world peace and stability. It is the same choice for a powerful country in science and technology to become a modern country.
(3) Political influence. The level of modern science and technology has become a bargaining chip in international political struggle and a symbol of great power status. Deng Xiaoping once pointed out: "If China had no atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs and satellites since the 1960s, China would not be a big country with important influence and would not have such an international status."
(4), the driving force of social progress. The productivity of scientific and technological development has created a highly developed material civilization, but improper use of science and technology has caused worldwide environmental problems.