1. What are the occupational hazards?
1, harmful factors in the production process
Chemical factors: (1) toxic substances, such as lead, mercury, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and styrene in ethylene production; There are dozens of butadiene, styrene, high aromatic oil, sodium nitrite and dicumyl peroxide in the production of styrene-butadiene rubber. (2) Productive dust, such as petroleum coke dust in the process of petroleum refining, uses aluminum silicate powder as catalyst (dust), etc. In the process of catalyst production, there are metal dust, cement dust and so on. In addition, there are asbestos dust and coal dust.
Physical factors: (1) Abnormal meteorological conditions, such as high temperature, high humidity and low temperature. (2) Abnormal air pressure, such as high air pressure and low air pressure.
(3) Noise and vibration. (4) Non-ionizing radiation, such as visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light, radio frequency, microwave and laser. (5) Ionizing radiation such as X-rays and γ-rays produced by radioisotope instruments.
Biological factors, such as anthrax attached to fur, mold on bagasse, etc. The petrochemical industry is rare.
2, harmful factors in the process of labor
Labor process refers to the labor organization, operation posture and mode in the production process, and the ratio of manual labor to mental labor. The harmful factors in this process are: unreasonable labor organization and system, unreasonable work and rest system, etc. ; Mental tension; The degree of automation is high, and instruments replace heavy manual labor and manual operation, which also brings mental stress problems. Excessive labor intensity or improper production quotas, such as the arranged homework is not suitable for the physiological condition of employees; Excessive strain on individual systems or organs, such as poor eyesight; Being in a bad position for a long time or using unreasonable tools.
3. Harmful factors in the production environment
The production environment can be natural environment or artificial environment established according to the needs of the production process. Occupational hazards in the production process include: factors in the natural environment, such as solar radiation in hot season; Unreasonable building or layout, such as toxic workshop and non-toxic workshop arranged in one workshop; Environmental pollution caused by unreasonable production technology, such as chlorine leakage in chlorine recovery, refining and liquefaction posts, sometimes causes environmental pollution around 10~20m ~ 20m.
Second, the constituent elements of occupational diseases
The occupational diseases stipulated in the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases must meet the following four conditions:
1, the main body of the disease is the workers of enterprises, institutions or individual economic organizations;
2. It must be produced in the process of engaging in professional activities;
3. It must be caused by occupational hazards such as dust, radioactive substances and other toxic and harmful substances;
4. It must be an occupational disease listed in the occupational disease classification and catalogue published by the state.
Four conditions are indispensable.