The knowledge points of plant cell engineering application in senior one biology include new ways of plant propagation, cultivation of new crop varieties, factory production of cell products and so on.
1. New methods of plant propagation: the following points should be kept in mind.
① micropropagation: a plant tissue culture technique for rapid propagation of fine varieties.
② Causes of virus-free crops: Crops that have been propagated asexually for a long time are prone to accumulate virus infection, resulting in reduced yield and poor quality, while meristems of plants are generally not infected with virus. A large number of virus-free seedlings can be obtained by tissue culture with cells in meristem. The main materials of crop detoxification: meristem cells; Methods of crop detoxification: tissue culture; Results: Virus-free vaccine was obtained.
(3) Artificial seeds: seeds obtained by wrapping embryoids, adventitious buds, terminal buds and axillary buds obtained by plant tissue culture with artificial films.
2. Cultivation of new crop varieties: mainly reflected in haploid breeding and utilization of mutants.
(1) haploid breeding process: plants (AaBb) obtain pollen (aB, ab, Ab, AB four types) through meiosis; In vitro anther culture of pollen (the technology is plant tissue culture); Obtaining haploid plants; Colchicine treatment was carried out at seedling stage; Normal homozygous diploid plants (aaBB, aabb, AAbb, AABB) were obtained. Advantages: obviously shorten the breeding cycle.
(2) Mutant utilization: Mutants will appear in tissue culture, and new varieties will be screened from useful mutants (such as screening mutants with disease resistance, salt tolerance and high protein content).
3. Factory production of cell products: tissue culture of cells that can produce beneficial products for people, so that they can produce cell products in large quantities. Cell products include protein, fat, sugar, drugs, spices, alkaloids and so on.
Analysis of practical application test sites of plant cell engineering
In the general examination, this knowledge point accounts for a small proportion, and it mostly appears in the form of multiple-choice questions or short-answer questions. Usually, it is flexible and not difficult to examine the application of plant tissue culture technology and other related issues. In the college entrance examination, judging from the biological examination questions in recent years, the application of plant cell engineering has always been one of the hot topics in the college entrance examination, and it often appears as part of the plant cell engineering examination. I hope the students will pay attention.
Misunderstanding of knowledge points in practical application of plant cell engineering
Lack of detailed understanding of the specific application of plant tissue culture technology often leads to wrong answers or misjudgments. For example, when using plant tissue culture to produce cell products, sometimes it is only necessary to culture explants to callus and obtain products from callus; The nutrients needed in the early stage of artificial seed development are provided by artificial endosperm; These details need to be firmly grasped.
Typical example
The following statement about the application of plant cell engineering is incorrect ()
A. using tissue culture technology to cultivate virus-free seedlings and obtain new virus-resistant varieties.
B. The artificial seeds obtained by tissue culture technology can keep the excellent characters of parents.
C. shikonin was obtained by cell culture technology, and the industrial production of cell products was realized.
D. obtained by plant somatic hybridization technology? Radish? Cabbage? Overcome the obstacle of distant hybridization incompatibility between different organisms
A: A.
Analysis: Virus-free seedlings can be cultivated by tissue culture technology, because plant tissue culture technology belongs to asexual reproduction and can not change the genetic material of this species, so this method can not obtain new varieties with antiviral ability; In order to obtain new virus-resistant varieties, cross breeding or genetic engineering breeding can be adopted. In addition, when students choose, they can compare the options first, and it can be seen that item A and item B are contradictory.
The knowledge points of animal cell fusion and monoclonal antibody in senior one include animal cell fusion, preparation of monoclonal antibody, application of monoclonal antibody and so on.
1. Animal cell fusion: also known as cell hybridization, refers to the process in which two or more animal cells combine to form one cell. Monocytes with original genetic information of two or more cells formed after fusion are called hybrid cells. The principle of animal cell fusion and plant protoplast fusion is basically the same, both of which are the fluidity of cell membrane. The method of inducing animal cell fusion is similar to plant protoplast fusion, and the commonly used inducing factors are polyethylene glycol, inactivated virus, electrical stimulation and so on. Animal cell fusion can overcome the incompatibility of distant hybridization and become an important means to study cytogenetics, cellular immunity, tumor and the cultivation of new biological varieties.
2. Preparation of monoclonal antibody: The preparation process of monoclonal antibody is as follows: inject sheep red blood cells into mice to make them have immune reaction. Then the corresponding B lymphocytes and myeloma cells were fused, and then screened with a specific selective medium. On this medium, both the unfused parent cells and the fused cells with the same nucleus will die, and only the fused hybrid cells can grow. The characteristic of this hybrid cell is that it can multiply rapidly and produce specific antibodies. For the above-mentioned selectively cultured hybridoma cells, clone culture and antibody detection are needed. After repeated screening, a sufficient number of cells that can secrete the required antibodies can be obtained. Finally, hybridoma cells were cultured on a large scale in vitro or injected into the abdominal cavity of mice for proliferation, so that a large number of monoclonal antibodies could be extracted from the cell culture solution or the abdominal cavity of mice.
3. Application of monoclonal antibody: ① As a diagnostic reagent, it has the advantages of accuracy, high efficiency, simplicity and rapidity by accurately identifying the subtle differences of various antigen substances and specifically binding with some antigens. ② Used for treating diseases and carrying drugs: mainly used for cancer treatment, can be made into? Biological missiles? A small amount is also used to treat other diseases.
Animal cell fusion and analysis of monoclonal antibody detection sites
In the general examination, this knowledge point accounts for a large proportion, and it mostly appears in the form of multiple-choice questions or short-answer questions. Usually, it is flexible and difficult to examine the fusion principle, induction method, preparation technology and application. In the college entrance examination, judging from the biology test questions in recent years, this part of knowledge has always been one of the hot topics in the college entrance examination, and the topics are mostly examined in the form of short answers. Based on the preparation process diagram of monoclonal antibody, this paper examines the relevant basic knowledge.
Misunderstanding of animal cell fusion and monoclonal antibody knowledge points
The unclear preparation principle and the reason of secondary screening in the preparation of monoclonal antibodies are the main reasons for making mistakes. It is necessary to distinguish between animal cell fusion and animal cell culture, and truly understand the significance and methods of related processes. In addition, animal cell fusion technology and plant somatic hybridization technology should be distinguished.
Typical example
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a glycoprotein secreted by placental trophoblast cells after pregnancy. Anti-HCG monoclonal antibody can be used for the diagnosis of early pregnancy. The attached figure is a schematic diagram of the preparation process of anti-HCG monoclonal antibody. Please analyze and answer the following questions.
(1) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ techniques were used to prepare monoclonal antibodies.
(2) In the process of preparing monoclonal antibodies, HCG injected into mice is equivalent to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(3) In cells, there are generally two ways of DNA synthesis. The main pathway is to synthesize nucleotides from intracellular sugars and amino acids, and then to synthesize DNA, which can be blocked by aminopterin. Another auxiliary pathway is enzymatic synthesis of DNA in the presence of hypoxanthine and thymidine, but there is no such auxiliary pathway in DNA synthesis of myeloma cells.
① The HAT culture medium prepared by using the different characteristics of the two DNA synthesis pathways contains many components, among which the added _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ component has the function of screening hybridoma cells.
② The hybridoma cells finally screened have the characteristics of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(4) The monoclonal antibody produced in this process can specifically bind to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
Answer: (1) animal cell culture animal cell fusion (2) antigen antibody body fluid (3) methotrexate (2) can proliferate indefinitely and secrete specific antibodies (4) human chorionic gonadotropin (or HCG).
Analysis: The preparation of monoclonal antibodies requires animal cell culture and animal cell fusion technology. HCG injected into mice is equivalent to antigen, and mice produce B lymphocytes that can secrete corresponding antibodies through humoral immunity. Adding aminopterin to the culture medium can block the process of nucleotide synthesis from sugar and amino acids in cells, thus inhibiting DNA replication through this pathway. Therefore, when this medium is used for screening, the DNA replication process of myeloma cells in the medium is blocked, myeloma cells cannot grow, and B lymphocytes stimulated by antigen cannot proliferate, so all the screened cells are hybridoma cells.
The knowledge points of nuclear transfer in senior one biological animals include the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer, the application prospect of somatic cell nuclear transfer technology, the problems existing in somatic cell nuclear transfer technology and so on.
1. The process of somatic cell nuclear transfer: Animal somatic cell nuclear transfer technology is to transfer the nucleus of an animal to another enucleated oocyte, so that it can recombine and develop into an embryo and eventually develop into an animal individual. Generally, donor cells used for nuclear transfer are cells that have been passaged within 10 generation, because such cells can maintain normal diploid karyotype. Cloned animals produced by nuclear transfer method are not 100% copies of nuclear donor animals, because biological characters are not only controlled by nuclear genes, but also influenced by cytoplasmic genes and external environment. The specific process is as follows:
2. The application prospect of somatic cell nuclear transfer technology: ① to speed up the process of genetic improvement of livestock and promote the breeding of excellent herds; (2) Protecting endangered species and increasing the number of survivors; ③ Producing precious medical protein; ④ As a xenograft donor; ⑤ Used for tissue and organ transplantation.
3. Problems in somatic cell nuclear transfer technology: Cloned animals have health problems, showing genetic and physiological defects.
Analysis of experimental points of animal somatic cell nuclear transfer technology
In the general examination, this knowledge point accounts for a small proportion, and it mostly appears in the form of multiple-choice questions or short-answer questions. Usually, the basic process of somatic cell nuclear transfer, the requirements of recipients and donors and other details will be investigated. In the college entrance examination, judging from the biology test questions in recent years, this part of knowledge is involved, and the questions are mostly examined in the form of short answers. Most of them are investigated as part of embryo engineering, and there are not many scores, so students pay attention to relevant basic knowledge when reviewing.
Misunderstanding of technical knowledge points of animal somatic cell nuclear transfer
The genetic characteristics, requirements and hormone treatment of somatic cell nuclear transfer recipients and donors are easy for students to make mistakes. I hope students can remember accurately and don't be confused.
Typical example
Somatic nuclear transfer technology in livestock production can accelerate the improvement process of livestock and promote the production of excellent herds; In the protection of endangered species: the number of these animals can be increased. In the field of medicine and health: produce many precious; When treating human diseases, transgenic cloned animal cells, tissues and organs can be used as donors; Human nuclear transplantation can be used in tissues and organs after inducing differentiation to form corresponding tissues and organs. Studying harmony can make people understand and deal with it more deeply; Using cloned animals can make people better track the development of diseases and treat diseases.
Answer: Genetic breeding, survival number, medical protein xenotransplantation? Embryonic stem cell transplantation cloning animal cloning cell embryo development? Aging disease model