Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases
Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Work Safety
Measures for the administration of occupational disease hazard project declaration
Measures for investigation and handling of occupational hazard accidents
Measures for the Administration of Occupational Health Surveillance
Guidelines for supervision and management of production safety in construction projects
Provisions on safety training of production and business units
Environmental protection (hereinafter referred to as environmental protection) is a serious environmental pollution caused by industrial development, which first attracted the attention of industrialized countries. Make use of national laws and regulations and public opinion propaganda to urge the whole society to pay attention to and deal with pollution problems.
1962, American biologist rachel carson published a book named Silent Spring, which expounded the pollution and destruction of pesticide ddt to the environment. Because of the warning of this book, the American government began to investigate the problem of highly toxic pesticides, and established the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970, and various States successively passed laws prohibiting the production and use of highly toxic pesticides. This book is regarded as the symbolic starting point of environmental ecology in the 20th century.
From June 5, 1972 to June 6, 1972,/kloc-0, sponsored by the United Nations, the first United Nations Conference on Human Environment was held in Stockholm, Sweden [1], and the famous Declaration on Human Environment was put forward, which was the beginning that environmental protection officially attracted the attention of governments all over the world. The Government of China also attended the meeting.
People's Republic of China (PRC)'s environmental protection also started with 1972. Guanting Reservoir Protection Office was established in Beijing, and Three Wastes Treatment Office was established in Hebei Province. * * * While studying and dealing with the pollution problem of Guanting Reservoir in pesticide plant, Shacheng, Hebei Province, China issued a law to formally ban the production and use of DDT nationwide. 1973 Established the Environmental Protection Office under the State Construction Committee, and later changed it to the State Environmental Protection Administration directly under the State Council. Provinces (cities, districts) have also established environmental protection bureaus (departments). And set up an environmental reporting hotline 12369 and an online center 12369 to receive reports of environmental pollution incidents from the masses.
The main responsibility of the government's environmental protection department is to implement the policies for controlling pollutant discharge formulated by parliaments (people's congresses) at all levels and encourage the development of pollutant discharge control technologies to control pollution and protect and improve the environment.
[Edit this paragraph] Code of Conduct for Citizens' Environmental Protection
1. Be proud of saving water-turn off the tap at any time and don't let the water run away in vain.
China is one of 12 water-deficient countries in the world, and its fresh water resources are less than14 of the world's per capita water. More than half of the more than 600 cities in China are short of water, of which 108 cities are seriously short of water. The scarcity of surface water resources leads to over-exploitation of groundwater. In the 1950s, wells in Beijing could pump water from 5 meters underground. Now the average depth of 40,000 wells in Beijing is 49 meters, and the groundwater resources are almost exhausted.
2. Protect the water source-Protecting the water source means caring for life.
According to environmental monitoring, about 654.38 billion tons of sewage is directly discharged into water bodies every day in China. More than half of China's seven major water systems are polluted. Of the 35 key lakes, 17 are seriously polluted, and13 of the water bodies in China are not suitable for irrigation. More than 90% of urban waters are seriously polluted, more than 50% of urban water sources do not meet drinking water standards, 40% of water sources are no longer drinkable, and 60%-70% of the total water shortage in southern cities is caused by water pollution.
3. Multi-use of one water-let the water be reused.
70% of the earth's surface is covered with water, which is about 65.438+0.4 billion cubic meters, of which 96.5% is seawater. Although the rest is fresh water, more than half of it is water resources that can be directly used, such as ice, rivers and lakes, accounting for only about 0.003% of the total water.
4. Stop dripping-check and repair the faucet
5. Use detergent with caution-use soap as much as possible to reduce water pollution.
Detergents are mostly chemical products, and a large amount of wastewater with high detergent content will be discharged into rivers, which will worsen the water quality. Improper use of detergents for a long time will damage people's central system, hinder people's intellectual development, reduce people's thinking ability and analytical ability, and even cause mental disorders. Detergent residue on clothes will irritate the skin and cause allergic dermatitis. If the detergent with high concentration is used for a long time, carcinogens in the detergent will enter the human body from the skin and mouth, which is harmful to health.
6. Care about air quality-don't forget that you have been breathing.
The monitoring results of the Global Atmospheric Monitoring Network show that the daily average concentration of total suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere of Beijing, Shenyang, Xi, Shanghai and Guangzhou is 200-500 micrograms per cubic meter, which is 3-9 times higher than the standard of the World Health Organization and is listed as one of the top ten polluted cities in the world.
7. Turn off the lights at will-save electricity for one time and cause less pollution.
China is a country with thermal power generation as the main energy source and coal as the main energy source. Coal accounts for more than 70% of the disposable energy structure. If it develops in the conventional way, it will need at least 654.38+000 billion tons of coal for energy consumption to reach the level of developed countries, which will be equivalent to the sum of global energy consumption. When coal burns, it will release a lot of harmful gases, seriously pollute the atmosphere, form acid rain and cause greenhouse effect.
8. Save electrical appliances-contribute to slowing global warming.
A large number of coal, natural gas and petroleum fuels are used in industry, commerce, housing and transportation. The excessive carbon dioxide produced when these fuels are burned is like a glass cover, which blocks the radiation of ground heat to outer space and leaves hot gas in the atmosphere, resulting in the "greenhouse effect", which makes the global meteorological variation, produces disastrous droughts and floods, melts icebergs in the North and South poles, and leads to the rise of sea level. Scientists estimate that if the trend of climate warming continues, low-lying areas such as Bengal, Holland, Egypt, China and some island countries will be in danger of being swallowed up by seawater.
9. Reduce air conditioning-reduce energy consumption
Fuels such as coal will release carbon and nitrogen oxides in gaseous form when burned. These oxides combine with water vapor in the air to form highly corrosive sulfuric acid and nitric acid, and then fall back to the ground with rain, snow and fog. This is called "death in the air" acid rain. There are three major acid rain areas in the world: the United States and Canada, Northern Europe and South China. Acid rain can not only strongly corrode buildings, but also acidify the soil, resulting in the death of trees, the reduction of crop production, the acidification of lake water and the death of fish and shrimp. Due to the extensive use of coal fuel in China, the annual economic loss caused by acid rain pollution is about 20 billion yuan. The acidity of precipitation in acid rain area of China is still rising, and the area is still expanding.
10. Support green lighting-energy-saving lamps for everyone [1]
"China Green Lighting Project" is one of the key points of energy saving in China. According to the implementation plan of the project, energy-saving and high-efficiency lighting lamps will be promoted throughout the country during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period. By the year 2000, we will strive to save 22 billion kWh of lighting electricity, save the corresponding coal burning in power plants, and reduce the emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, dust, ash and carbon dioxide.
1 1. Use renewable resources-don't wait until the energy runs out.
90% of the energy currently used by mankind is oil, natural gas and coal. The formation process of these fuels takes hundreds of millions of years and is a non-renewable resource. Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy and geothermal energy are renewable and are called renewable energy. People call those energy sources that do not pollute the environment "clean energy".
12. Be a "bus family"-be proud of taking the bus.
There are nearly1.2000 motor vehicles in Beijing, the capital of China, only 1/6 in Tokyo and new york. However, the concentration of pollutants emitted by each vehicle is 3- 10 times higher than that of similar foreign vehicles. 73% of hydrocarbons, 63% of carbon monoxide and 37% of nitrogen oxides in Beijing's atmosphere come from motor vehicle emissions.
13. be a "riding hero"-protect the atmosphere from one step.
In Europe, in order to reduce air pollution caused by driving, many people are willing to go to work by bike. Such people are respected as environmental defenders. American newspapers often mobilize people to buy as many necessities as possible when shopping in supermarkets to save gasoline and reduce air pollution. The influential American Bicycle Association has been calling on the government to build bicycle lanes when building roads. In Germany, many families like to go out in the same car with their neighbors to reduce the emission of automobile exhaust. In order to purify the urban air, the Iranian capital Tehran has set up a "selfless car-free day". On this day, the Iranian president also went to work by bus with the citizens. In China and Shanghai, employees of some companies often share a taxi, which is called "fighting".
14. Reducing exhaust emissions-the responsibility of drivers
The Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution stipulates that motor vehicles and ships shall not discharge pollutants into the atmosphere beyond the prescribed emission standards, and control measures shall be taken for motor vehicles and ships that exceed the prescribed emission standards. Vehicles with pollutant emissions exceeding the national emission standards shall not be manufactured, sold or imported.
15. Use unleaded gasoline-driver's choice
Cars that use leaded gasoline will emit lead through exhaust gas. After these lead particles enter the human body with breathing, they will harm the human nervous system and accumulate in human bones. If it falls into soil or rivers, it will be absorbed by various animals and plants and enter the human food chain. Lead accumulation in the human body to a certain extent will cause anemia, hepatitis, pneumonia, emphysema, angina pectoris, neurasthenia and other diseases.
16. Cherish paper, that is, cherish forests and rivers.
The soaring demand for paper is one of the reasons for the increase in wood consumption. The annual consumption of wood for papermaking in China is100000 cubic meters, including 65438+300000 tons of imported wood pulp and 4 million tons of imported paper. How many trees will be cut down! The large consumption of paper not only causes the destruction of forests, but also seriously pollutes rivers and lakes because of the sewage discharged from pulp production (the pollution caused by paper industry accounts for more than 30% of the total water pollution).
17. Use recycled paper-reduce deforestation
The forest coverage rate in China is only 1/4 of the world average. According to statistics, the forest in China decreased by 23% during the period of 10, and the logging volume decreased by 50%. Since 1950s, the natural forests in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province have disappeared at a rate of about10.6 million hectares per year. At that time, 55% of the original forest coverage area has now been reduced by half.
18. replacing the new year card-reducing the burden on the earth
In recent years, Japanese people with various manners are also changing the habit of giving a large number of New Year cards. Some big companies advertise that they will no longer send greeting cards. Chinese college students organize the activity of "saving cards to save trees" and advocate saving money to buy greeting cards and plant trees to protect nature.
19. The new fashion of saving grain-turning frugality into glory
China has1.300 million hectares of cultivated land, accounting for 7% of the world's cultivated land. The per capita arable land is less than 47% of the world average, and the per capita arable land in more than 600 counties (districts) in the east is below the warning line of 0.05 hectares set by FAO.
20. Control noise pollution-let's supervise each other.
Noise will interfere with the normal life of residents and damage people's hearing. Noise has obvious influence on human nervous system and cardiac engineering vascular system. People who have been exposed to noise for a long time will have symptoms such as headache, brain swelling, palpitation, memory loss and fatigue. Low frequency noise makes people feel chest tightness and nausea. Noise can also affect the digestive system, leading to coronary heart disease and arteriosclerosis.
2 1. Maintain a peaceful environment-let's start from ourselves.
Germany stipulates that when audio equipment is used indoors, the volume should be audible indoors. American law requires schools to offer noise courses. According to British regulations, audio equipment is not allowed to be used in advertising, entertainment and business activities, and it is not allowed to be used in public places at night. Japan stipulates that it is necessary to control the noise generated by night operation in catering industry and the noise generated by publicity with audio equipment; Vehicles shall not produce unnecessary noise that affects others, and unnecessary idling of vehicles is prohibited.
22. Recognize the "environmental label"-buy green food.
Environmental protection products certified by China Green Label Certification Committee include low-fluorine household refrigeration appliances, fluorine-free hair gel and styling hair gel, lead-free gasoline, cadmium-free mercury-lead rechargeable battery, phosphorus-free fabric detergent, low-noise washing machine and energy-saving fluorescent lamp. These environmental label products are all marked with "China Environmental Label". The central structure of the sign is green hills, green waters and the sun, which shows the environment on which human beings depend. The outer ring 10 means public participation in environmental protection.
23. Use fluorine-free products-protect the ozone layer
The ozone layer can absorb ultraviolet rays and protect people, animals and plants from harm. Chlorine atoms in Freon have a great destructive effect on the ozone layer, which can decompose ozone that absorbs ultraviolet rays and make the ozone layer thinner. Intense ultraviolet radiation will damage the immune function of people and animals, induce skin cancer and cataracts, and destroy the ecosystem on the earth. 1994, people observed the largest ozone house hole in Antarctica, covering an area of 2,400 square kilometers. According to relevant data, in southern Chile, which is located on the edge of Antarctic ozone layer, crops are damaged and pasture animals are blind. The ozone layer over the Arctic is also thinning. At present, all the 24 developed countries that first used cfc (freon is a kind of cfc substance) signed the Montreal Protocol to restrict the use of cfc, and the amendment 1990 set the time for the developed countries to ban the use of cfc in 2000. 1993 in February, the China municipal government approved the China ozone-depleting substances elimination program, and decided to completely eliminate ozone-depleting substances in 20 10.
24. Choose phosphorus-free washing powder-protect the rivers and lakes.
Most washing powders produced in China contain phosphorus. The annual output of washing powder in China is 2 million tons. According to the average phosphorus content 15%, more than 70 thousand tons of phosphorus are discharged into surface water every year, which has a great impact on rivers and lakes. According to the investigation, the total phosphorus levels in Dianchi Lake, Erhai Lake and Xuanwu Lake are quite high, and the phosphorus brought by washing powder in Kunming domestic sewage exceeds 50% of the total phosphorus load. After a large amount of phosphorus-containing sewage enters the water source, it will cause algae to grow wildly in the water, make the water eutrophication, reduce the oxygen content in the water, and make the creatures in the water die due to lack of oxygen. Therefore, water has become stagnant water and smelly water.
25. Buy environmentally friendly batteries-prevent mercury and cadmium pollution.
The batteries we use every day rely on chemical action, also known as corrosion, to generate electricity. Moreover, its corrosion contains a lot of heavy metal pollutants-cadmium, mercury, manganese and so on. When it is abandoned in nature, these toxic substances will slowly overflow from the battery, enter the soil or water source, and then enter the human food chain through crops. These toxic substances will accumulate in the human body for a long time, which is difficult to eliminate, damaging the nervous system, hematopoietic function, kidneys and bones, and some will cause cancer. Batteries can be said to be scrapped as much as they are produced; Centralized production and decentralized pollution; Short-term use, long-term pollution
26. Choose green packaging-reduce garbage disaster.
The weight of garbage thrown away by each person every day is more than five or six times the average body weight. The annual output of garbage in Beijing is 4.3 million tons, and the daily output of garbage is10.2 million tons. On average, each person throws out about 1 kg of garbage every day, which is equivalent to piling up two Jingshan mountains every year. At present, China's garbage output is four times that of 1989, and a large part of it is caused by over-packaging. The packaging cost of many commodities, especially cosmetics and health products, has accounted for 30%-50% of the cost. Overpackaging not only causes great waste, but also increases the economic burden of consumers. At the same time, it also increases the amount of garbage and pollutes the environment.
27. Identify green food signs-protect your health.
At present, there are more than 300 green food production enterprises in China, and there are more than 700 kinds of green food produced according to green food standards. Products involved in beverages, powdered sugar, fruits, dairy products, cereals, aquaculture and other food categories. Other green foods, such as whole wheat bread, fresh whole grains, beans and mushrooms, are also very beneficial to human health.
28. Buy pollution-free food-maintain the ecological environment
Food pollution sources: first, industrial waste pollutes farmland, water sources and atmosphere, leading to the accumulation of harmful substances in agricultural products; Second, chemical fertilizers and pesticides remain in agricultural products; Third, some chemical pigments and additives are improperly used in food processing; The fourth is microbial pollution caused by improper storage and processing. After several years, the pesticides on fruits and vegetables invade the human body, which will be manifested through the disorder of cancer and immune system, hormone secretion system and reproductive system.
29. Use less disposable products-save the earth's resources
Those "disposable" plastic bags not only cause huge waste of resources, but also increase the amount of garbage. The annual plastic waste in China exceeds 6,543,800 tons. If everyone in Beijing consumes a plastic bag every day, each bag weighs 4 grams, 4.4 grams of polyethylene film will be thrown away every day, and nearly 40 thousand yuan will be thrown away for raw materials alone. If these plastics are spread out, the area of plastic film discarded by each person will reach 240 square meters every year, and the plastic bags discarded by 6,543,800 people in Beijing every year are twice the area of urban construction.
30. Bring your own shopping bag-use less plastic bags.
In Germany, plastic bags in many supermarkets are not provided free of charge, in order to reduce the use of plastic bags. When many Germans buy things, they are used to carrying cloth bags or loading the goods directly into the car without plastic bags. Some housewives go shopping with huge rattan baskets in order to use less plastic bags. German hotels do not provide disposable toothbrushes, toothpaste, combs and slippers. Stainless steel knives and forks are used in restaurants and reused after high temperature disinfection.
3 1. Bring your own lunch box-reduce white pollution
The tide of environmental protection makes the industry of producing disposable products decline, and many countries are developing and producing degradable plastics so that they can be dissolved in nature after use; Some countries have stopped using plastics and replaced them with special paper packaging. Many countries advocate the reuse and recycling of packaging materials. Denmark and Germany stipulate that glass bottles containing drinks can be reused many times after disinfection. A largest dairy factory in Sweden has introduced a glass bottle that can be reused for 75 times. Some developed countries regard the manufacture of wooden pens as a "sunset industry" and begin to produce mechanical pencil.
32. Use less disposable chopsticks-don't let the forest become sawdust.
Disposable chopsticks were invented by the Japanese, whose forest coverage rate is as high as 65%, but they don't cut down trees on their own land to make disposable chopsticks, and they rely entirely on imports. The forest coverage rate of China is less than 14%, but it is a big exporter of disposable chopsticks. The disposable chopsticks industry in northern China exports 6.5438+0.5 million cubic meters to Japan and South Korea every year, reducing the forest stock by 2 million cubic meters.
33. Make clever use of old things-extend the life of limited resources.
The global and ecological crisis makes people have to consider giving up the "shepherd boy economy" and accepting the concept of "spaceship economy". The former regards nature as a place for grazing and littering at will; The latter cherishes the limited space and resources very much, just like life on a spaceship, and uses various substances repeatedly.
34. Exchange donated surplus items-idleness and waste, and donation is glorious.
35. Recycling waste plastics-developing the "second oil field"
Many waste plastics can be reduced to recycled plastics, all waste plastics-waste lunch boxes, food bags, woven bags, soft packaging boxes and so on. Can be recycled into fuel. 1 ton of waste plastics can recover at least 600kg of gasoline and diesel. No wonder some people call recycling old plastics "the second oil field".
36. Recycle used batteries-prevent the tragedy from happening again.
"Pain" and "Minamata disease" are both industrial hazards in Japan. This is because industrial wastewater containing cadmium or mercury will pollute soil and water sources and enter the human food chain. "Minamata disease" is mercury poisoning. The patient suffered from brain central nerve and peripheral nerve injury due to a large amount of methylmercury accumulated in the body, ranging from numbness of hands and feet to death. "Pain" is cadmium poisoning. The patient's hands and feet are painful and the whole body is prone to fractures. People with this disease have been shouting "pain!" It hurts! "Until death, so it is called" painful disease ". Because ordinary dry soil batteries contain these two toxic metal elements, batteries are always polluted from production to waste. The recycling of batteries is imperative!
37. Recycling waste paper-recycling forest resources
Recycling 1 ton waste paper can produce 800 kilograms of good paper, cut down less 17 trees, save 3 cubic meters of landfill space, save more than half of papermaking energy, reduce 35% of water pollution, and each paper can be recycled at least twice. Office paper, old envelope stationery, notebooks, books, newspapers, advertising paper, commodity wrapping paper, cartons, paper tableware, etc. Can be recycled and printed into books, manuscripts, business cards, notes and so on. After the second recycling, it can also be made into toilet paper.
38. Recycling biological waste-recycling green fertilizer
Garbage mixed loading is to treat garbage as waste, and garbage sub-packaging is to treat garbage as resources; The mixed garbage is sent to landfill, occupying a lot of land, and the sub-packaged garbage is distributed to various recycling departments without occupying land; Mixed garbage, whether buried or burned, will pollute the land and atmosphere, and repackaging garbage will promote harmless treatment; Mixed garbage increases the work of sanitation and environmental protection departments, and repackaging garbage only requires us to lift a finger.
39. Recycle all kinds of wastes-all garbage can be turned into resources.
Beijing municipal solid waste can recycle about 180 tons of scrap metal every day. Extracting aluminum from aluminum cans consumes 7 1% less energy than extracting aluminum from bauxite, reducing air pollution by 95%. Using waste glass to make glass can not only save quartz sand, soda ash, feldspar powder and coal, but also save electricity, reduce energy consumption by about 32%, reduce air pollution by 20% and water pollution by 50%. The energy saved by recycling a glass bottle can keep the light bulb on for 4 hours.
40. Promote garbage sorting and recycling-garbage pollution can be eliminated as easily as blowing off dust.
"recycling