Values are people's reflection of social existence. The natural environment and social environment, including social status and material living conditions, determine people's values. People in the same natural environment and social environment will have basically the same values, and each society has some universal values that are recognized by the same people, so as to find generally consistent or mostly consistent behavior patterns, or social behavior patterns.
Values are acquired and cultivated through socialization. Families, schools and other groups play a key role in the formation of personal values, and other social environments also have important influences. Personal values have a forming process, which is gradually established with the growth of knowledge and the accumulation of life experience. Once personal values are established, they are relatively stable, forming a certain value orientation and behavior set, which is not easy to change. But as far as society and group are concerned, the values of society or group are constantly changing because of the changes of people and environment. Traditional values will be constantly challenged by new values. As a result of this value conflict, the general trend is that the former gradually gives way to the latter. The change of values is the premise and inevitable result of social change.
Values refer to a person's overall evaluation and view of the significance and importance of the surrounding objective things (including people, things and things). The priority and severity of opinions and evaluations on such things is the value system. Values and value system are the psychological basis that determines people's behavior.
Characteristics of values
Values are relatively stable and lasting. Under certain time, place and conditions, people's values are always relatively stable and lasting. For example, there is always a view and evaluation of the quality of something, and this view will not change under the same conditions. However, with the change of people's economic status and outlook on life and world, this kind of values will also change. In other words, values are also changing.
Values depend on outlook on life and world.
Values depend on outlook on life and world. A person's values are gradually formed from birth under the influence of family and society. A person's social production mode and economic status have a decisive influence on the formation of his values. Of course, the views of newspapers, TV and radio, as well as the views and behaviors of parents, teachers, friends and public celebrities, can not be ignored in one's values.
The influence effect of values
Values not only affect individual behavior, but also affect group behavior and the whole organization behavior. Under the same objective conditions, people will have different behaviors for the same thing because of different values. In the same unit, some people pay attention to work performance, some people pay attention to monetary rewards, and some people pay attention to status and power. This is because their values are different. The same rules and regulations, if two people have opposite values, then they will take completely opposite behaviors and play a completely different role in achieving organizational goals.
Type of value
1, rational values It is a value centered on knowledge and truth. People with rational value put the pursuit of truth above everything else.
2. The value of beauty is a value centered on shape harmony and symmetry. They think beauty and harmony are more important than anything else.
3. Political Values It is a value centered on power and status, and these people regard power and status as the most valuable.
4. Social values It is a value centered on the group and others, and serving the group and others is considered to be the most valuable.
5. Economic values are values centered on utility and benefit. Think that everything that can be bought in the world is the most valuable.
6. Religious values are faith-centered values. Faith is the most valuable thing in life.
Values are an internal measure, which is above the whole human nature and dominates people's behavior, attitude, observation, belief and understanding, and dominates people's understanding of the world, the meaning of things to themselves, self-awareness, self-positioning and self-design. It also provides sufficient reasons for people to think that they are reasonable. The professional values we are looking at here are to explore which values people give priority to among many value orientations in their career choices and professional lives. Values have the following characteristics: (l) Values vary from person to person. Because everyone's innate conditions and acquired environment are different, and their life experiences are different, the formation of everyone's values will be affected in different ways. Therefore, everyone has their own values and value system. Under the same objective conditions, people with different values and value systems have different motivation patterns and different behaviors. (2) Values are relatively stable. Values are the deep foundation of people's ideological understanding and form people's world outlook and outlook on life. With the development of human cognitive ability, it is gradually cultivated under the influence of environment and education. Once people's values are formed, they are relatively stable and lasting. (3) In some cases, values can be changed. Due to the change of environment, the accumulation of experience and the growth of knowledge, people's values may change.
Values are the spiritual pillar to support human life, which determines the orientation of human behavior and what kind of mentality and will people use to create their own new life, so they are of fundamental guiding significance to human life.
As people's reflection and pursuit of the meaning of their own lives, values are relatively stable and will change with the changes of social life.
In the 20th century, with the development of science and industry, the degree of socialization of human behavior has increased unprecedentedly, and the social effects of human behavior have increased unprecedentedly. The revenge of nature caused by human's "conquest" of the earth has also become more violent, resulting in a global problem that seriously threatens human survival. The harsh facts bankrupt people's belief in conquering the earth with science and technology, forcing people to rethink the role and rationality of science and technology. The development of modern science and technology presents new features that are more and more close to humanities and social sciences. The social influence and humanistic significance of science and technology are more obvious, and the humanistic value of science and technology is increasingly prominent.
Realize the scientific theory of value philosophy or the scientific basic theory of value philosophy, promote the society to establish a healthy and upward value system, establish a healthy and upward spiritual pillar, establish correct beliefs, ideals and beliefs, and strive to overcome the emptiness of spiritual life, moral decline, behavioral anomie and other phenomena.
Value norm is not only the embodiment of the meaning and order of social life, but also the constraint condition of social resource control and interest distribution.
Any values and norms that guide human behavior are produced in human communication, and communication itself is a value relationship. In order to maintain the stability and order of this relationship, people need to make value expectations of others' behaviors, and a basic condition for making expectations possible is that people's social behaviors may show repetitive characteristics because they abide by certain rules, that is, behaviors are standardized and standardization becomes a condition for realizing value expectations. The normative meaning of social action is realized through the construction of conceptual system, that is to say, the normative meaning of social action is expressed as a knowledge structure, which serves as a form of social life knowledge to guide individual behavior.
Value norm is a code of conduct, or a system of rules that guide groups to share the same value. As W·M· Urban, the representative figure of value theory, said, "To establish a norm is to establish a truth or a form of knowledge." This form of knowledge not only provides a source of legitimacy for the society, but also is a way of public discourse. It not only makes individuals with free will spontaneously form or consciously integrate into an orderly society, but also directly affects people's daily life practice, making social control increasingly the basic condition of self-cognition.
Global integration has become the most basic living state of contemporary mankind, which is related to the survival and development of the whole mankind. With the process of global integration, human beings have formed some recognized values. This kind of values recognized by human beings is a belief about how to survive better, which is generally formed by human beings, and they are becoming recognized value principles and activity norms. Whether the values recognized by mankind are correct or not is not only related to the process of global integration, but also to the future and destiny of all mankind.
Industrial civilization is based on market economy. The interest-driven mechanism of market economy not only fully mobilized people's enthusiasm for production, promoted the development of production, but also stimulated the expansion of people's material desires. Under the market economy, people's material desire is manifested in the pursuit of abstract "things"-money, and it is also the pursuit of abstract and general material wealth, which will inevitably induce money worship. The expansion of material desires will hurt people's emotional world, distort family ties and friendship between people, hinder people's spiritual exchange and communication, and the noble territory of spiritual production will also be polluted by utilitarianism. One-sided pursuit of social material wealth will fundamentally affect people's consumption concept. If thrift was still the mainstream value advocated by the society in the early stage of industrial civilization, then with the influence of profit-seeking production on consumption, it will inevitably stimulate people's desire for excessive consumption and cause a disaster of consumerism. In this case, social material desire and spiritual pursuit split, and the whole human civilization leans towards material desire. In the 20th century, due to the monopoly of social and economic development, the gap between the rich and the poor widened, people's conflicts of interest became more obvious, people's pursuit of material desires became more intense, money worship and hedonism flooded, and people often filled their spiritual emptiness with excessive material consumption. Utilitarianism permeates spiritual production, elegant culture is ignored, and vulgar culture is full of cultural market.
Nowadays, with the complexity of social factors, people often no longer regard the value goal and meaning of life as certain. The turmoil in the living world makes it difficult for people to form fixed values. Many people have lost their firm belief in the meaning of life, and skepticism, relativism and irrationalism have spread. However, modern society requires people to have a clear attitude towards their lives and make clear self-decisions and choices. People have never needed the support of relatively stable values so strongly as today, and they need to seek a stable spiritual home in an ever-changing world. However, the change of life world and the loss of ideals and beliefs make it difficult to understand the ultimate meaning of life. People often live in such a contradiction: they are eager to know the ultimate meaning of life, but they doubt its existence. They live in a contradiction. Because they lack stable values, they are at a loss about the world around them, but they must make a clear self-decision. Due to the lack of spiritual support, people's psychological endurance is fragile, unable to cope with complex social contradictions and changing social life, and mental patients are increasing.
The core values of contemporary human beings are a value system with the individual as the axis and the basic value orientation of encouraging and encouraging individuals to pursue real interests freely. Individual is a relative concept, which can be an individual relative to a country, a country relative to human beings, and a human being relative to the universe. Therefore, the core values of contemporary human beings are actually both individualistic (relative to the country), national (relative to human beings) and anthropocentric (relative to the universe).
Therefore, the rights and interests of mankind as a whole and nature cannot be guaranteed. In this way, blindly stimulating and encouraging individuals to pursue entities freely may make human beings as a whole and nature unprotected victims. Moreover, the acquisition of beneficial interests is basically the possession of wealth, which ultimately comes from nature, which is not inexhaustible, and the desire for people is always infinite. In this way, the free pursuit of practical interests (because people's desires are infinite, this free pursuit will inevitably become an insatiable pursuit), coupled with the rapid expansion of population, will inevitably lead to the rapid consumption or even exhaustion of limited natural resources, and will inevitably lead to various struggles and even wars caused by possessing more wealth, which will inevitably lead to the increasingly serious survival crisis of mankind as a whole and the increasingly severe survival pressure of human individuals.
With the development of modern civilization, the defects of contemporary human core values are increasingly exposed, which has led to many adverse consequences. These negative consequences can mainly be seen from the relationship between individuals and themselves, individuals and individuals, countries and countries, and people and nature.
From the perspective of the relationship between individuals and themselves, people are more and more dominated and enslaved by desires because of excessive stimulation of actual interests and encouragement of unlimited pursuit of actual interests. Desire is unsatisfied and feels pain, satisfaction and emptiness, while desire is constantly stimulated and developed, and in fact it can never be fully satisfied. In this way, people's minds are always restless and can't get a moment's peace.
From the perspective of the relationship between individuals, because social resources as tangible interests are always relatively limited, and people are becoming more and more insatiable, the competition between people for power and profits is becoming increasingly fierce. People living in today's world not only generally feel like a car being pushed into the fast lane, but also feel that people living around them are their own competitors and have to be wary everywhere. As a result, interpersonal relationships are increasingly tense, people's emotional needs are not properly met, people feel lonely and depressed, and they are prone to mental illness. Anti-social and anti-physiological behaviors such as drug abuse, sexual promiscuity, heresy and suicide are popular. On the other hand, due to the insurmountable inequality between people in material and environmental conditions, even if people are equal in personality, rights and opportunities, it will inevitably lead to de facto inequality between people. At present, this inequality is not only manifested in the polarization between the rich and the poor, but also in the opposition between the rich and the poor, strong and weak, which is difficult to solve in the contemporary view of justice, because the contemporary view of justice aims at safeguarding individual freedom and equality of rights.
Judging from the relationship between countries, with the nationalization of all mankind, the status and role of the state in human life are increasingly prominent, and it has become a very special interest entity. On the grounds of safeguarding the freedom, rights and interests of its citizens, the state builds a strong national defense and a huge army, and regards other countries as imaginary enemies. In order to safeguard and expand our national interests, we will do whatever it takes, even resort to force. As a result, the strength of the international community is disparity, and the law of the jungle is rampant.
Judging from the relationship between human beings and nature, in order to satisfy the insatiable desire, human beings constantly wage wars against nature, treating the earth as an inexhaustible treasure house and brutally plundering it. At the same time that human beings have truly become the masters of the earth, the earth has been unable to bear the ravages of human beings, environmental pollution and the destruction of ecological balance, and the earth ecosystem on which human beings depend has been on the verge of collapse. Although human beings have generally established the concept of environmental protection, this concept cannot resist the growing "appetite" of human beings.
Facts show that human beings will die in their own glory if they don't work hard to overcome the defects of their own values. Therefore, today, human beings need to reflect and criticize the established values, and through this reflection and criticism, we can overcome the defects of the current values and make them perfect and reasonable. According to the advantages and disadvantages of contemporary human core values, human beings should not simply deny these values, but should appropriately limit and adjust these concepts and supplement some necessary new concepts. This may be the future trend of the values recognized by human beings.