According to the definition of health by the World Health Organization, health is not only the absence of diseases and defects in the body, but also a complete physical and psychological state and the ability to adapt to society.
Parents often judge the development from the indicators of growth and development. As we all know, this needs to be judged by combining the results of many measurements with their own longitudinal comparison. As long as the growth value of children's weight and length reaches the standard and shows an upward trend, it is normal.
The simple way is to compare children with children of the same age. For example, children's weight and length are similar to those of most children of the same age, and generally they grow and develop normally.
The reference standards of infant growth and development in China are divided into two aspects. One is quantifiable "growth indicators", such as body length, weight and teeth. The other is that intelligence, movement, language, etc. cannot be quantified. This is called development, and sometimes it can be collectively called growth and development. Now briefly describe it.
1) weight:
The average weight of a baby at birth is 3kg. Now, due to the improvement of living conditions, the average weight of a newborn is 3300-3500g.
On the 2nd-4th day after birth, the baby lost weight 150-300g.
Excessive weight gain does not mean that the baby is healthy.
The basic weight within one year after birth is:
Weight in the first half of the year = birth weight +0.7kg x months old.
Weight in the second half of the year = birth weight +0.7kg x 6+0.25 x (month age -6)
Weight from 2 years old to before puberty = age x 2+8kg.
2) Height: The average length of a baby at birth is 50cm (cm), reaching 65-67 cm at 6 months, 75cm at 1 year, 85cm at 2 years old and twice as long as at 4 years old.
The body length after 2 years old can be calculated according to the formula: body length (cm)= age x 5+75(cm)
/kloc-after 0/2 years old, adolescent children begin to grow up, and the above formula is not allowed. Girls stop after 17 years old to 19 years old, boys stop after 20 years old.
3) Head circumference: newborn 34cm, 1 year 46cm. At the age of 2, it was 48 cm. By the age of 5, it will reach 50 cm.
4) fontanel: There is no difference in the size of fontanel between men and women. With the increase of head circumference in 2~3 months, it gradually ossifies and becomes smaller in 6 months. It usually closes in 12~ 18 months. Early closure may be suspected of microcephaly, and attention should be paid to whether there is rickets or genetic diseases.
5) Teeth: deciduous teeth begin to appear at 5 10 months after birth and grow in pairs.
The order is: upper and lower incisors (incisors), first molars, canines, second molars, 20 deciduous teeth of 20-30 months, and the number of teeth of children of 6-24 months can be calculated according to the following formula: tooth age -4 (or 6).
After 6 years old, it began to change to permanent teeth. After 12 years old, a second permanent molar emerged, and by 12 15 years old, there were 28 permanent teeth.
Some children have temporary drooling, restless sleep, low fever, and love to bite their mother's nipples when teething.
The disorder of teething order can be seen in diseases such as congenital stupidity, nutritional disorders and rickets, but there are great individual differences in children's growth and development. However, in recent years, children's growth tends to be ahead of the above standards, and many children can be higher than the above standards in the physical examination.
Many children's congenital diseases are caused by virus infection and malnutrition during pregnancy, which will cause intrauterine growth retardation, thus affecting the height of the child after birth.
Therefore, pregnant women should try to achieve a balanced diet during pregnancy. Some pregnant women will have a serious pregnancy reaction after pregnancy. You know, the best nutrition comes from diet, so you should try to eat less.
There are also picky eaters during pregnancy, or losing weight leads to uneven nutrition. We should abandon unhealthy eating habits, eat more dark green vegetables, and eat more seafood rich in zinc and protein.
In short stature children, it may also be caused by growth hormone deficiency, which is often observed to be related to abnormal delivery, such as breech delivery and foot presentation.
These ectopic delivery methods can easily lead to pituitary damage and make children short.
This requires regular prenatal examination, timely detection of abnormal fetal position, early measures under the guidance of doctors, or caesarean section. After birth, parents should ensure the reasonable nutrition of their children.
Malnutrition will certainly lead to slow growth in height, but obesity will also reduce the secretion of growth hormone and fail to reach the ideal height.
What needs special reminder is that many "heightening" preparations on the market now are actually some common androgen drugs.
It can promote growth in a short time, but it will advance the age of epiphysis closure and hinder growth. This is the practice of "quenching thirst by drinking poison". Don't listen to that fool.
The second is neuropsychological development, such as perception, taste, movement, language and psychological activities. Now briefly introduce the development in one year.
At the full moon, you can look up for three seconds on your stomach; I can look at the moving objects in front of me. When I cry, I will be quiet when I hear the sound. My hands can hold the pen tightly.
When lying prone in March, you can hold your chest out and support your upper body with your elbows; When you see your hands, you will scratch your clothes and face; Eyes can follow the object 180 degrees; Laugh at people; Will scream.
In June, hands can play with feet and eat toes; The head, trunk and lower limbs are completely flat; Hold a toy in one hand, you can hold it steady; Can listen to the sound and see the target, and make actions that adults are familiar with when reciting children's songs; Laugh when looking in the mirror and touch Byakki Smoker with your hand; Help yourself to cookies.
In September, support the object and step sideways with your feet; Thumb and forefinger can pick up tiny things; Can understand your own name; Can answer questions in simple language; Will shake rhythmically with the music; Know the five senses; Knowing that adults talk about themselves, they will cooperate with dressing.
65438+ February, you can stand still and walk a few steps by yourself without help; Know three or four body parts; Know three kinds of animals; Will perform with children's songs; Can complete the simple requirements put forward by adults.
Various nutritional deficiencies mainly occur in 1-3 years old.
During this period, the growth and development of the baby's body and brain is still very rapid.
However, many mothers only pay attention to how to make their babies eat well and eat more, and often ignore how to eat reasonably to meet the needs of growth and development.
So many babies will have various nutritional problems during this period, such as iron deficiency, calcium deficiency, zinc deficiency, vitamin deficiency, obesity and so on.
Therefore, we should pay attention to the intake of dairy products in recipes, the quality of food should be diversified, and the cooking should be fine, soft, rotten and tender. At the same time, we should pay attention to the reasonable collocation of dry, thin, sweet, salty and meat, pay attention to the color, fragrance and taste of food, and improve the baby's appetite.
Family observation of children's development should include both physical and intellectual aspects. Nowadays, children's development has received great attention.
In fact, there are many factors that affect children's development, such as nutrition, disease, mother's pregnancy, living environment and so on.
We should also know that children's development is a continuous process, and there are certain individual differences, that is, early and late, but as long as it is within the normal development range, there is no need to worry.