Adolescent mental health knowledge
Knowledge 1: Practice is a process of observation.
Practice can lead to truth.
Every little experiment of children means their understanding of the world.
There are usually some familiar contents in our experimental class.
Perhaps what impressed us the most was that the seniors in the practice class are a kind of practice, and we may be a kind of play from the beginning.
Whenever we hand out textbooks, we will know in advance whether we have seen the contents.
Most of what we know in advance is the life experiences of our predecessors who have been imitated by us.
Knowledge 2: Autonomy is a growing process.
Autonomy is a way of life.
Autonomous people are good at management and have their own ideas.
Be good at expressing one's views.
They may not trust others easily, nor agree with others' views easily.
This is the characteristic of people with independent ideas.
Knowledge 3: Reflection is a learning process.
Reflection is to find the answer.
Today, the child went to the Internet cafe again. When he got home, he said he wouldn't leave until he finished his homework.
Severe criticism from parents.
There is a feeling of anger.
Perhaps reflection can find the answer.
Knowledge 4: Communication is a process of understanding.
Communication is a kind of mutual understanding.
He didn't come to class these days.
There are countless opinions about what the students are talking about.
Later, I really understood the truth in communication.
When there may be various problems in our life, we usually take impression as the scoring standard.
In fact, at some point, there are still some differences between impression and reality.
Knowledge 5: Cooperation is a process of understanding.
Cooperation is a kind of mutual support.
When a child faces many problems alone, his heart will be confused.
When a group of friends solve problems together, they also depend on each other.
Collective spirit is a kind of forward force.
Adolescent mental health knowledge
Adolescence is not lonely.
Boys and girls who enter adolescence will feel that they are adults and want to mature overnight. Parents' concern is no longer as warm and touching as in the past, but they feel nagging and harsh; The teacher seems to have lost his old prestige in his mind; Even the classmates who are good at ordinary times are not so close and talk about everything now; I'm full of worries and I don't know who to tell. Boys and girls who enter the second psychological weaning period will always sigh:? Nobody understands me! I am so lonely! ?
Why do you feel particularly lonely after entering adolescence?
Because adolescence is the transition stage from children to adults. At this stage, all kinds of information about yourself and society come in droves, and you need to keep thinking before you can finally determine your life goals.
At the beginning of this process, boys and girls often don't know what they want to do, what they can do and what kind of person they are. Social roles suddenly increased: not only as children, but also as students; Among my classmates, I want to be accepted and loved by others; Hope to gain the respect and trust of adults. In different environments? Play? It is not easy for boys and girls to play the corresponding roles, but they want to be independent and mature. On the one hand, they need to discuss and communicate with others, on the other hand, they are unwilling to open their hearts.
So the German psychologist Sprange said:? No one looks out of the window with eager eyes from their lonely room more than young people, and no one is more eager to get in touch with and understand the outside world than young people who are deeply lonely. ? This kind of loneliness is a manifestation of the development of teenagers' self-awareness. With the growth of age, rich social experience and in-depth self-exploration, teenagers will gradually gain a feeling of being familiar with themselves, confident and sure of themselves. At this time, I can not only think independently, but also communicate with others.
How to resolve the loneliness of adolescence?
Cry if you want.
Medical psychologists believe that crying can relieve stress and loneliness. Psychologists once tested the blood pressure of some adults, and then divided them into two groups according to normal blood pressure and high blood pressure, and asked them if they had ever cried. As a result, 87% of people with normal blood pressure say they cry occasionally, while most people with high blood pressure say they never cry. From this perspective, it is much more beneficial for people to express their feelings than to bury them in their hearts.
decomposition method
List the stress and loneliness in life one by one, and you will feel amazing after writing it, as long as you? Break them all? These so-called pressures and loneliness can be gradually resolved.
Put on your favorite old clothes.
Put on an old pair of trousers and a loose shirt that you usually like to wear, and your psychological stress and loneliness will be relieved unconsciously. Because wearing clothes for a long time will remind people of the feelings of a certain time and space, deeply immersed in the memories of past life, people's mood will be high for this.
Solve a thousand worries at first reading
When traveling in the world of books, all the troubles, loneliness and sadness are forgotten and vanished. Reading can gradually make people open-minded, open-minded, and not afraid of pressure and loneliness.
fancy fish
A psychological experiment shows that when nervous people are watching goldfish or tropical fish dancing gracefully in a fish tank, they often unconsciously enter? Forget all the insults? State, the pressure and loneliness in the heart will be greatly reduced.
Health knowledge of adolescent boys and girls
Because human development is influenced by many factors, the time to start and end development is uneven, and the age of puberty varies with the environment, climate and living conditions. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines the age range of adolescence as 1020 years old, while China generally defines the age range of adolescence as118 years old, which is divided into three stages: that is, early adolescence, girls start from 10 years old, and boys start from/kloc. The middle adolescence is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics of boys and girls and menarche of girls, which is a significant sign of girls' development; In the late adolescence, the growth and development are a little slow, the sexual development is mature, the secondary sexual characteristics develop like adults, the physical development is gradually complete, and finally the development reaches the adult level. Each issue lasts about 24 years.
Girls enter puberty two years earlier than boys.
Physical changes in adolescence
When we enter adolescence, our bodies are like a river that opens its floodgates, moving forward and developing rapidly.
1, suddenly increased. Growing fast, the clothes worn in the first half of the year are small in the second half. The height growth of female students is the fastest around menarche (113 years old), and generally stops after 1923 years old. Boys grow a little later in height (13 15 years old) and generally stop at 2326 years old. The height of a child is related to heredity, but it is not absolute. It has a lot to do with acquired nutrition, physical exercise and living habits. In adolescence, adequate sleep can make people grow taller, and physical exercise and adequate nutrition are also extremely important factors affecting height.
2, the weight has increased significantly.
3. Men and women have different physical changes. In adolescence, boys are thinner than girls. The reason is that during the development process, other cells in boys grow rapidly, while fat cells in girls grow slowly, while fat cells in girls grow rapidly together with other cells. In this way, girls have twice as much fat as boys of the same age, so boys look slim and girls look plump. It can be seen that it is normal for girls to have high fat content, so they are too worried about having it? Obesity This is unnecessary. Some girls mistakenly think that the thinner the better, dieting is afraid of gaining weight, which will affect the normal development of girls.
4. The vital capacity increased significantly.
5. The heart develops rapidly.
6. The brain is in the golden age of intellectual development.
Health knowledge of adolescent girls
About the primary sexual characteristics: the different reproductive systems of men and women appear in the fetal period. This innate sexual characteristic is called the primary sexual characteristic, also known as the main sexual characteristic.
Secondary sexual characteristics: adolescent girls are becoming more and more beautiful, slim and graceful. They are obviously different from boys in figure, posture, appearance and voice. This unique feature of men and women except reproductive organs is called secondary sexual characteristics, also called accessory sexual characteristics. Girls' secondary sexual characteristics have four remarkable characteristics: one is breast bulge; Second, her hips protrude; Third, her skin becomes delicate, smooth and soft, and her figure is full; Fourth, her voice gradually became mellow.
(A) the development of breast
Breast development is usually divided into five different stages.
The first stage: childhood breasts are flat, the chest is flat, and only the nipple protrudes.
The second stage: breast germination. The breast and adipose tissue form a button-sized bulge, the nipple begins to get bigger, and the areola expands to form areola swelling. Nipples and areola darken.
The third stage: the breast and areola begin to develop. At this time, the nipple and areola are swollen, the mammary duct protrudes outward, and the breast will be more round than before. The areola is wider and darker. During this period, a swelling and painful lump will appear around the nipple. If you accidentally touch it, your nipples will hurt. This is the areola stage, and the breasts are tapered.
The fourth stage: the nipple and areola protrude slightly to the breast, the breast bulge is faintly visible, and the breast is gradually hemispherical.
The fifth stage: nipple, areola and other breast parts develop into the shape of a fully mature breast. The breasts are plump, and small holes appear on the nipples, which is convenient for later milk discharge.
The development of breasts varies from person to person, with different development speed, size and time. Puberty breast development marks the beginning of girls' maturity, which is a normal physiological phenomenon. Prominent breasts also reflect the unique curvaceous beauty of women's figure, and more importantly, they prepare conditions for breastfeeding in the future. Therefore, we should learn the correct knowledge of breast health care, overcome shyness, hold out our chest and show a confident smile.
Wearing the right bra at the right time is very important for protecting and supporting breasts. As for when to start wearing bras, it depends on your own situation. Generally speaking, the best time to wear a bra should be when you feel the need. If your breasts make you uncomfortable during exercise, you can wear a bra. When you feel that your chest has become the focus of attention, you'd better start wearing a bra. Or when most of the girls on duty are already wearing bras, and you don't want to be considered different, you can also choose bras. Female student 15 years old, with basically stereotyped breasts. At this time, they should put on their bras in time.
How to choose the right bra: Because everyone's body shape and bust size are different, you must learn to choose the right size bra to make people feel comfortable without feeling tight.
Some girls' breasts develop late and are very small. Even in adolescence, they still can't reach fullness. If you wear a bra too early, especially a bra with padding such as hard lining and sponge, it will affect the continued development of the breast, and sometimes the hard lining will scratch the nipple. Of course, in the case that almost all female students wear bras, it is not bad to wear them as exercise in advance out of a sense of identity.
Breast hygiene: Because of endocrine reasons, adolescent girls may have breast pain and itchy nipples before and after the menstrual cycle. At this time, do not squeeze the breast and pick up the nipple at will, so as not to cause cracks and infections. Always clean breasts, especially areola and nipples, and keep them clean and hygienic.
(2) Changes of buttocks and pubic hair
Women's secondary sexual characteristics are also manifested in protruding buttocks, widening pelvis, delicate skin, plump figure and developed pubic hair. The development of pubic hair is usually divided into five stages.
The first stage: From birth to childhood, the pubic mound and labia majora have no pubic hair.
The second stage: pubic hair begins to appear. Usually straight and slender, you need to distinguish it carefully to see it. The buttocks began to develop into a fuller shape.
The third stage: pubic hair is more and more curved, thicker and darker. The coverage area is constantly expanding, covering more pubic mound and labia majora. The hips are wider.
The fourth stage: pubic hair is thicker, more curved and darker. Pubic hair covers the pubic mound and labia majora.
The fifth stage: pubic hair is dense and tightly curled together, covering an area larger than that of the previous stage, showing an inverted triangle distribution. The hips are wider and fuller. The development is complete.
The development of female breast and pubic hair area does not necessarily occur at the same time.
Puberty and menstruation
(A) to understand menstruation
The sign of female sexual maturity is regular ovulation every month. This regular ovulation is characterized by regular menstrual cramps. The formation of menstruation is closely related to the periodic changes of ovary and uterus. Since puberty, women's endometrium has undergone periodic changes under the action of hormones secreted by ovaries, the most significant of which is periodic shedding and bleeding of endometrium. This periodic change is called menstrual cycle. The first menstrual period is called menarche. Menarche is generally between 12 and 18 years old, and is often affected by the environment, such as good living conditions, rapid physical development and early menarche; Another example is the influence of geography and latitude. Menstruation is early in tropical areas and late in cold areas. Another example is early menarche, good nutrition and good health. In China, on the whole, the age of menarche of urban girls is earlier than that of rural girls. Even for girls in the same class, the age of menarche varies greatly. However, it should be pointed out that if 18 years old still has no menstruation, it is best to go to the hospital for gynecological examination. As for the cause of menstruation, students will understand it in biology class, so I won't explain it too much now. Menstruation is a natural physiological phenomenon that occurs automatically when a girl's physiology develops to a certain extent, and it is not controlled by human will. From the first day of menstruation to the day before the next menstruation is usually called a menstrual cycle. The average menstrual cycle is about 28 days, and it is normal within 2 135 days. Girls will also find that their menstruation is irregular, sometimes it will appear every month, sometimes there will be no movement for two or three months, and sometimes the menstrual flow will be less. This is because in adolescence, the functions of the ovaries and uterus of girls are not balanced, so it is normal to have irregular menstrual cycles in the years after menarche. Life changes and emotional changes, such as transfer, relocation, travel or examination, will affect the length of menstrual cycle and menstrual flow. Even after adulthood, the length of menstrual cycle will vary from person to person.
Normal menstrual bleeding: about 3? 5 days, that is, 1 of menstrual cycle? Five days. Generally, there is more bleeding on the second or third day of menstruation. The amount of bleeding during each menstrual period is generally about 50 ml, which is about 4? 8 tablespoons. Such menstrual blood is not enough to cause anemia in women, just keep a balanced diet. Girls with early or late menarche are more likely to have menarche than girls with normal menarche age (13? 15 menarche), more menstrual flow. Menstrual blood is different from the blood we shed when we were injured. Except for a small part of blood, most of it is exfoliated endometrium. It is thicker than ordinary blood, generally dark red, thick without blood clots, mixed with endometrial debris and mucus, and slightly fishy.
In the menstrual cycle, proper bleeding is of great significance for washing the necrotic tissue of uterus and ensuring the repair of functional layer. Of course, the wound caused by endometrial shedding is easy to be infected with germs, so attention should be paid to menstrual health care.
(2) Self-care during menstrual period
During menstruation, the girl's endometrium falls off, causing a temporary large-scale wound on the inner wall of the uterus. The distance from the female vaginal opening to the cervical opening is only 8? 10 cm, bacteria in vitro can easily enter the uterus through vagina, causing infection. In addition, menstruation itself will bring physical and mental discomfort, so learn to protect yourself during menstruation. During the menstrual period, we should do the following:
1, pay attention to the cleanliness of underwear and other items during menstruation, and change underwear frequently; Pay attention to the cleanliness of the vulva, and the vulva is often cleaned; Menstrual products should be clean and dedicated to prevent menstrual infection; Don't take a bath in the bathtub, and don't use the public bathtub to avoid bacterial infection. In addition, wear cotton underwear to ventilate the perineum and keep it clean and dry.
2. Choose appropriate menstrual hygiene products. There are many kinds of sanitary napkins on the market now. How to use them correctly during menstruation to avoid the trouble caused by menstrual blood leakage? There are many kinds of sanitary napkins, such as slim-fit, slim-fit airfoil, nightwing, cotton mesh and dry mesh, which can provide you with just the right protection. When the menstrual flow is large, you can choose wing protection to prevent side leakage; When there is more time at night, you can choose nightwing; Menstruation is usually very small. Therefore, you don't have to buy only one kind of sanitary towel every month, you can buy several different types together, don't worry. Exposed? Yes
3. Keep warm to avoid catching a cold. Getting cold in the lower body during menstruation will reduce the body's resistance and lead to a cold. Due to the weak menstrual resistance, the pelvic cavity is congested. After being stimulated by cold, the blood vessels in the pelvic cavity will contract, leading to menstruation reduction and even sudden stop, leading to irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and other diseases. So don't get wet in the rain, take a bath, wash your hair and feet with cold water, wade, swim, go into the water, sit on the cool and humid ground, etc. And keep warm.
4. Ensure adequate sleep and balanced nutrition. Generally speaking, girls are more likely to be tired and sleepy during menstruation than usual, and some people will have headaches. This is because women's physical strength changes periodically with the menstrual cycle. 8 before menstruation? After 9 days, the body temperature gradually increased until before menstruation 1. After 3 days, the body temperature reached its peak; Body temperature drops sharply after menstrual cramps; After menstruation, the body temperature gradually recovered. Knowing this rule, don't overwork during menstruation, and ensure adequate sleep and proper rest.
Pay attention to food hygiene during menstruation, eat more nutritious and digestible food, eat less spicy, cold, sour and spicy food, eat more fruits and vegetables, keep the stool unobstructed and reduce pelvic congestion. Drink more boiled water, try to drink less cold drinks in summer, increase the number of urination and prevent inflammation.
5. Keep a good mood. Most girls have different degrees of discomfort during menstruation, such as backache, abnormal mood changes, irritability, anxiety, nervousness and lack of self-confidence. And I often lose my temper for a little thing and my mood is extremely unstable. Therefore, it is particularly important to maintain an optimistic and stable mood. It should be avoided that emotional instability or strong emotional conflicts during menstruation affect the regulatory function of the cerebral cortex, leading to irregular menstruation.
6. Keep a record of menstrual cycle. With the gradual regularity of menstrual cycle, learn to record the date of each menstrual cycle, master the interval time and menstrual days of each menstrual cycle, so as to roughly estimate the date of the next menstrual cycle and make preparations in advance. For example, prepare sanitary napkins in advance and put them in your schoolbag to avoid the embarrassment and trouble caused by unexpected menstruation.
7. Avoid overwork. Avoid excessive physical labor and strenuous physical exercise, but you can participate in moderate and light exercise and labor to promote pelvic blood circulation and relieve menstrual discomfort and lower abdominal pain.
In short, menstrual cramps will add a lot of trouble to girls, but this is a normal physiological phenomenon that a mature woman must have. As long as you pay attention to menstrual hygiene, adjust your mood and rest properly, menstruation will not affect your normal life. Knowing the knowledge of menstrual health care can make a relaxed and confident happy girl.
(3) Physical exercise and health care for girls during menstruation.
Some girls may feel backache and abdominal pain when they have menstrual cramps, so they think that they can't take part in sports during menstruation, or even don't want to take part in school physical education class and class exercises. In fact, this practice is not correct. Menstruation is a normal physiological phenomenon of women, and there is generally no need to stop physical exercise during menstruation. On the contrary, proper participation in some activities during menstruation can improve pelvic blood circulation, regulate the brain, make people feel happy and reduce troubles. However, during menstrual exercise, we should pay attention to the following points:
1, reduce the amount of exercise. It is advisable to take part in some sports that you usually take part in, such as gymnastics, volleyball, badminton, table tennis, basketball, etc., and pay attention to shortening the exercise time.
2. Avoid strenuous exercise. Avoid taking part in high jump, long jump, throwing, 100-meter race, playing football and other sports, and do not do strength training such as push-ups and lifting dumbbells to increase abdominal pressure. Because some people's blood circulation is accelerated during strenuous exercise, and the blood flow speed is several times faster than when they are quiet, thus aggravating endometrial congestion, leading to menorrhagia and prolonged menstruation; Some people's strenuous exercise may cause nervous system tension, affect gonadal secretion, reduce menstrual flow and even amenorrhea.
3. You can't participate in water sports. During the menstrual period, the endometrium falls off and a wound is formed in the uterus. Taking part in water sports such as swimming can easily make water enter the uterus from the vagina, causing infection. In addition, women are sensitive to cold during menstruation, especially in the lower abdomen, which may cause sudden contraction of abdominal blood vessels due to cold stimulation, which will reduce or stop menstruation and cause menstrual disorder. (Similarly, don't eat or drink iced food or take a cold bath. )
4, menstrual period is not suitable for singing. Girls' voices will be worse than usual during menstruation, and their voices will be extremely tired. This change is due to endocrine changes during menstruation, which is a normal phenomenon. During the menstrual period, the capillaries of vocal cord muscles will be congested, and the blood vessel wall will become more fragile. At this time, if she sings loudly, the capillaries of the vocal cords will rupture and bleed, causing vocal cord strain, making the vocal cords thicker and thicker, making the beautiful voice lower and thicker, and even hoarse. Therefore, don't use your voice excessively during menstruation, don't sing and talk continuously for a long time, and don't shout. Eat less spicy food and more fruits and vegetables to reduce the irritation to vocal cords. Don't drink cold water or eat cold food immediately after exercise or singing or speaking to reduce the damage to vocal cords. Pay attention to the combination of work and rest, avoid catching a cold, get enough sleep and don't overwork. If you find vocal cords and voice problems, you should seek medical treatment in time.
Precautions during menstruation:
1. Wash vulva with warm water every night. The basin, towel and water for cleaning vulva should be used alone, and should not be mixed with the basin and towel for washing feet.
2. Don't wear other people's underwear. Your underwear should be made of cotton fabric with good air permeability and strong water absorption. Change frequently, wash and dry.
3. Develop the habit of wiping from front to back after defecation and from back to front after urination to prevent bacteria from entering the vagina from anus and urethra. Pay attention to menstrual hygiene.
Adolescence is an important stage of everyone's growth and development, and adolescence is beautiful. Let's grasp the beautiful adolescence, self-esteem, self-love, self-confidence, self-reliance and self-improvement, depict gorgeous youth and create a brilliant life!
Physical health knowledge of adolescent boys
Male: long beard, prominent Adam's apple, low tone and muscular.
There are many body hairs, and there are body hairs (pubic hairs) around armpits and genitals.
Before the third grade of primary school (about 9 years old), boys' testicles are smaller and less than 2.5cm in length. * * and scrotum are still in infancy. In the fourth and fifth grades (about 9~ 1 1 year), the testicular length began to increase, and the scrotum was loose and red. After the sixth grade, the testicles began to thicken, gain weight and become longer, the scrotum increased, the pubic hair increased, and the color turned black, slightly hard and dense. Testicular enlargement is a signal that male puberty begins. About 9.5~ 13.5 years old, with an average of 1 1.5 years old. About half a year later, it reached 1 year, and the average age of the sudden increase was 12.5 years old. Before puberty, the penis length is generally less than 5cm, and it can reach 12.4cm at the end of adolescence.
The main function of testis is to produce sperm and androgen. After the sperm leaves the testis, it stays in the epididymis for about 2 1 day, continues to develop and mature, and is mixed with the semen produced by the rapidly developing seminal vesicle and the prostatic fluid produced by the prostate to form semen.
When semen accumulates in the body to a certain amount, it will overflow and produce nocturnal emission. Therefore, nocturnal emission is a normal physiological phenomenon of men after puberty.
The age of first nocturnal emission ranged from12 to18, with an average of 15.6. More summer, more sleep.
Some boys are often afraid because they are unprepared. Some may show panic, and some even think that they are ill, because they are ashamed to ask for help.
The development of secondary sexual characteristics
Mainly manifested in pubic hair, armpit hair, beard, voice change, Adam's apple and so on. Pubic hair begins to develop at different ages, and generally begins to appear around 1 1 year. About 1~2 years later, armpit hair began to appear and beard grew out. The voice of 13 years old gradually became thicker, and the development of 18 years old was completed. In addition, it is worth noting that 1/3~ 1/2 boys will have breast development, often with a nipple protruding first, a lump and slight swelling pain under the areola. Generally, it will subside on its own in about half a year, which is a normal phenomenon.
Health care for adolescent boys
1. Protect external genitalia
The whole external genitalia of a boy, including penis and scrotum, is an important part of the body. Testicular is very sensitive to external pressure, even if it is pinched with a small amount of force, the pain will be unbearable. The penis is composed of cavernous body, which is rich in blood vessels and densely covered with sensory nerve endings. Penis and scrotum are very sensitive to mechanical stimulation, so we should pay attention to avoid collision and fiddling.
It is precisely because the boy's external genitalia structure has the above characteristics that we should pay attention to protecting our external genitalia.
Introduce several possible causes of injury:
(1) Hit the genitals when playing ball or wrestling;
(2) when riding bump or bump, make the external genitals hit, pay attention to the following matters;
③ External genital injuries caused by fighting and collision while playing football.
Usually, when the scrotum is hit, the testicles will contract upward reflexively, so as to reduce the impact and damage. At this point, you should immediately force the child to stand up and jump hard to get it back, and then send the child to the hospital for treatment.
2. Cleanliness of external genitalia
Wash with clean warm water every night and change your underwear frequently. When taking a bath, turn the foreskin over and rinse it with water. If you don't pay attention to keep clean, scale stimulation will cause inflammation, which will seriously affect urination.
3. Treatment of nocturnal emission
After entering puberty, the sperm in the testis begins to develop and gradually mature. Prostate and seminal vesicle secrete seminal plasma, which forms semen. After reaching a certain amount, it will flow out of * *, which is called nocturnal emission. Most of them happen when sleeping at night.
After the first nocturnal emission, the boy is a mature man physically. Nocturnal emission is a normal physiological phenomenon, and unnecessary tension and anxiety should be eliminated. Wet dream? Not much, but boys usually wake up. Generally, nocturnal emission occurs 1~2 times a month, which is a normal physiological phenomenon, and unnecessary tension and anxiety should be eliminated. Prepare a small towel at ordinary times, such as at night? What happened? Don't make a fuss, you can clean it with it when you have nocturnal emission. Use soft cloth for underwear, not too tight, so as not to stimulate. When you sleep, you should not be too warm or too heavy. It is best to sleep on your side.