Hazard introduction Tobacco smoke contains at least three chemicals harmful to human body: tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide. Tar is a mixture of several substances, which will be concentrated into a viscous substance in the lungs. Nicotine is an addictive drug, which is absorbed by the lungs and mainly affects the nervous system. Carbon monoxide reduces the ability of red blood cells to deliver oxygen to the whole body. A person who smokes/kloc-0.5 to 20 cigarettes a day is four times more likely to develop lung cancer, oral cancer or laryngeal cancer and die than a non-smoker. The risk of dying from esophageal cancer is four times higher than that of non-smokers. The probability of dying from bladder cancer is twice as high; The risk of dying of heart disease is twice as high. Smoking is the main cause of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and chronic lung disease itself will increase the risk of pneumonia and heart disease, and smoking will also increase the risk of hypertension. Some data show that the incidence of lung cancer, laryngeal cancer and coronary heart disease in long-term smokers is 10-20 times, 6- 10 times and 2-3 times higher than that in non-smokers respectively. The incidence of circulatory system is 3 times higher, and the incidence of tracheitis is 2-8 times higher. A survey was conducted in 1000 families, and it was found that children under 0/6 years old in smoking families/kloc-had more respiratory diseases than children in non-smoking families. Among children under 5 years old, 33.5% of non-smoking families have respiratory symptoms, and 44.5% of smoking families have respiratory symptoms. Smoking is especially dangerous for women. If women who smoke are using oral contraceptives, they will increase the risk of heart disease and venous thrombosis of lower limbs. Pregnant women who smoke are prone to premature delivery and underweight, and the immune function of infants and young children is reduced, which is easy to get sick; According to statistics, the teratogenic rate of pregnant women's passive smoking infants has increased significantly. Smoking harms oneself and others, so we should consciously form a good health habit of not smoking. In the report "Smoking and Health" published by the Ministry of Health in China in 2006, we can see such data: in 2002, the smoking rate of people over 5 years old in China was 35.8%, of which the smoking rates of men and women were 66.0% and 3. 1% respectively. It is estimated that there are about 350 million smokers, accounting for one third of the world's smokers. Besides, smokers in China tend to be younger. Compared with the 1980s, the average age of starting smoking decreased from 22.4 to 19.7. China is not only a big country in tobacco production, but also a big country in tobacco consumption. China's tobacco production is equivalent to the sum of the other seven largest tobacco producing countries. China sells/kloc-0.6 trillion cigarettes every year, and China people consume about one-third of the world's cigarettes. If all the deaths caused by smoking-related diseases are counted, there are about 654.38+0 million deaths every year. At present, there are 1 1 billion smokers in the world, and it is estimated that 700 million people in China are directly or indirectly (passively) harmed by smoking. According to WHO statistics, as many as 4 million people die of smoking-related diseases every year, and one person dies of smoking-related diseases every second on average. If it is not controlled, by 2030, the number of people who die from smoking-related diseases will reach100000, and China will account for 2 million. According to the research report published by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from 1997 to 5438+0 in 2006, an average of 250,000 men and180,000 women in the United States died from smoking or passive smoking. It is estimated that smoking has reduced the average life expectancy of American adults by 14 years. Among the adults who died of smoking, 39.8% died of cancer, 34.7% died of vascular diseases and 25.5% died of respiratory diseases. According to the data analysis of 34,400 British male smokers tracked by the Royal Cancer Research Foundation for 40 years, there are about 40 fatal diseases caused by smoking, including oral cancer, esophageal cancer, laryngeal cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer and endometrial cancer. Smoking has become an urgent problem that seriously endangers health, harms human living environment, reduces people's quality of life and shortens human life. Therefore, the United Nations designated May 3 1 as the global smoking cessation day, and the World Health Organization regarded smoking as the 1 plague of the 20th century. [Edit this paragraph] The harm of smoking to various organs 1. The smoke of mouth and throat smoke, especially the tar contained in it, is a carcinogen-that is, it can cause cancer in the tissues it contacts, so cancer may occur in any part of the smoker's respiratory tract. 2. Nicotine contained in heart and arterial cigarettes will make the heart beat faster and blood pressure rise. Tobacco smoke may be due to carbon monoxide, which seems to promote the accumulation of atherosclerosis, which is the cause of many heart diseases. Heavy smokers are much more likely to die of a heart attack than non-smokers. 3. Esophagus Most smokers like to swallow a certain amount of cigarettes, so the digestive tract (especially the esophagus and pharynx) is at risk of cancer. 4. Fine hairs arranged on the airway of the lung usually exclude foreign bodies from the lung tissue. These villi will constantly sweep the particles in the lungs into phlegm or mucus and excrete them. In addition to causing cancer, the chemicals in tobacco smoke will gradually destroy some villi and increase mucus secretion, so there are chronic diseases in the lungs and bronchitis is also prone to infection. Obviously, the "smoker's cough" is due to the impairment of the mechanical efficiency of lung cleaning, so the amount of sputum has increased. 5. Bladder Because of long-term smoking, the smoke discharged from the bladder is black, so there is something wrong with the bladder! ! [Edit this paragraph] The harm of smoking to the skin In fact, everyone knows the harm of smoking to the human body, but the harm of smoking to women, especially the harm of smoking to the skin, is more aging, wrinkled and grayer than that of non-smoking women. In particular, wrinkles in the corners of the eyes, upper and lower lips and corners of the mouth have increased significantly. Among them, smoking is more harmful to women's health than men's and will seriously affect the health of the next generation. Smoking will not only make facial skin wrinkle and yellow, but also have the same effect on the whole body skin. If you quit smoking, it may make your skin recover slowly. Yolanda Helfrich of the University of Michigan and others found that the number of cigarettes a person smokes every day and his age are directly related to the skin damage he experiences. The researchers studied 82 volunteers, of whom 465,438+0 smoked and 465,438+0 did not smoke. Their ages range from 22 to 9 1 year. The researchers observed and photographed the inside of their upper limbs to show the quality of their skin. The results show that smokers over 65 have more wrinkles than non-smokers. When the skin is exposed to the sun, mainly on the face, it will become rough, wrinkled and morbidly yellowish. Previous studies have also proved that smokers' facial skin will also be damaged like exposure to the sun. However, this study by Helfrich et al. also proves that smoking will also cause the same damage to the body skin protected by clothes as the facial skin, which will lead to the aging of the whole body skin and the loss of elasticity and luster. Smoking leads to contraction of subcutaneous blood vessels and decreased blood supply to the skin. This may lead to skin damage and aging. It is precisely because of smoking that the blood supply is reduced and the corresponding internal organs are damaged, such as arteries, kidneys and hearts. Another new study shows that smokers' arteries become hard because of tobacco poisoning, which leads to cardiovascular diseases such as elevated blood pressure. Even after they quit smoking, it takes 10 years for blood vessels to return to normal. Moreover, smoking is harmful to others, and people who inhale smoke are more harmful than those who are smoking. Harm others and yourself, smoking is harmful. [Edit this paragraph] The toxicity and addiction of nicotine 1 Toxicity of Nicotine Nicotine is an odorous, bitter, colorless and transparent oily liquid with strong volatility, which can be easily oxidized to dark gray in air, quickly dissolved in water and alcohol, and easily absorbed by human body through nasal, oral and bronchial mucosa. Nicotine stuck to the skin surface can also be absorbed and penetrated into the body. Nicotine in one cigarette can poison a mouse, and nicotine in 20 cigarettes can poison a cow. The lethal dose of human is 50~70 mg, which is equivalent to the nicotine content of 20~25 cigarettes. If nicotine in a cigar or three cigarettes is injected into a person's vein for 3 to 5 minutes, he will die. Tobacco is not only harmful to higher animals, but also harmful to lower animals, so it is also the main component of agricultural pesticides. So "poisonous snakes don't bite smokers", because they smell the bitter taste of smoking, they run away. Similarly, passive smokers are uncomfortable with the smell of smoke. Acute poisoning death caused by smoking has occurred in China. If you smoke too much, you will be drunk and spit yellow water on the ground and die. So Emperor Chongzhen once ordered a ban on smoking. It is also reported abroad that a young man in the Soviet Union smoked for the first time and died after smoking a big cigar. A 40-year-old healthy man who smokes for a long time in Britain is engaged in a very important job; I smoked 14 cigars and 40 cigarettes overnight. I felt sick in the morning and died after being rescued by a doctor. A French club held a smoking competition. The winner smoked 60 cigarettes and died before receiving the prize. Other participants were dying and went to the hospital for rescue. So why do some people smoke a lot but are not poisoned? There are many people who smoke more than one box (20 cigarettes) every day, among which the nicotine content greatly exceeds the lethal dose of people, but few people die of acute poisoning, because some nicotine in tobacco is neutralized by formaldehyde, a poison in smoke, and most people do not smoke continuously, and these nicotine slowly enters the human body intermittently. In addition, 50% of nicotine diffuses into the air with smoke, 5% is thrown away with cigarette butts, 25% is destroyed by burning, and only 20% is absorbed by human body. Nicotine is rapidly detoxified in the body and excreted with urine. Coupled with long-term smokers, the body has tolerance and addiction to nicotine, which makes people addicted to cigarettes. 2. Why is smoking addictive When it comes to addictive substances, people often think of opium, heroin, marijuana and other drugs at once, but forget the most used and harmful tobacco in the world. In fact, compared with heroin, except one is legal consumer goods and the other is contraband, there is almost no qualitative difference in other aspects, especially from the perspective of material dependence. There are two main grounds for judging whether a substance is dependent in medicine. First, it depends on whether people have the characteristics of compulsory use and seeking this substance; The second is whether there is a strong desire to use a substance again after stopping using it and the corresponding behavior. The so-called compulsory use and seeking means that it is already addictive and unnecessary. This sense of necessity is determined by the nature of addictive substances. That is to say, the fundamental reason for forcing addicts to quit smoking is physical dependence and mental dependence caused by long-term use of addictive substances, which is also known as withdrawal reaction, that is, after quitting smoking for dozens of minutes to several hours, they begin to want to smoke, feel restless, fidgety and at a loss, and then have headaches, palpitations, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, listlessness, difficulty in concentrating and hair-loving. All these symptoms make smokers more eager for tobacco. These symptoms are most prominent within three or four days after quitting smoking, and then gradually disappear around 1 month. But a few symptoms, such as difficulty in concentration and drowsiness, will last for a long time. Very similar to heroin and other drugs, once taken, all withdrawal symptoms can be relieved immediately, which is also the common feature of all addictive substances. Scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of research on the mechanism of physical dependence and mental dependence. Some scholars let smokers smoke freely in the laboratory and give them different doses of nicotine or normal saline intravenously. It was found that subjects who ingested 4 mg nicotine per hour smoked 60% less than those who ingested normal saline. It shows that the desire and behavior of smoking are regulated by the nicotine content in human blood. The content of nicotine in tobacco is 0.5%~8%, which is mainly absorbed by respiratory mucosa. Nicotine in long-term smokers keeps a constant level, and the body has adapted to this state. Therefore, once you stop smoking, your nicotine level will drop, and smokers will feel all kinds of discomfort. Just like hypertension patients, once their blood pressure suddenly drops to normal, they will feel dizzy and all kinds of discomfort. In addition, an interesting phenomenon is that when people are nervous or tired, they often unconsciously want to smoke in order to have a rest or relax. But in fact, smoking can make blood pressure rise, breathing excited and heart rate accelerate, which is just the opposite of what happens when people rest, but the subjective feeling of every smoker is really comfortable and relaxed. What is the reason? In fact, nicotine stimulates the secretion of adrenaline in the body, which can obviously increase the stress ability of the human body, thus improving the adaptability of people to external stimuli and leading to subjective relaxation. The specific harm of smoking ● The carcinogenic effect of smoking in China in 2006 pointed out that since the 1950s, a large number of epidemiological studies around the world have confirmed that smoking is the primary risk factor leading to lung cancer, and 87% of patients who died of lung cancer are caused by smoking (including passive smoking). The mortality rate of lung cancer in male smokers is 8-20 times that of non-smokers. In addition, there is a dose-effect relationship between smoking and the occurrence of lung cancer. Smoking more than 25 cigarettes a day, the incidence of lung cancer is 227/65438+ ten thousand; 15 ~ 24 branch is 139/65438+ ten thousand; 1 ~ 14 branch is 75/65438+ ten thousand. A study by a cancer center in the United States confirmed that when polycyclic aromatic hydroxyl compounds in smoke are inhaled into the lungs, they are oxidized into "phenylpropanediol epoxide" by a polycyclic hydroxyl activating enzyme in the body, which will mutate the P53 gene that inhibits tumors and lead to lung cancer. The research report published in Brj Cancer on June 5438+1 October 25th, 2005 (Doll et al. of Radcliffe College, Oxford University, UK) made a survey of 34,439 male doctors in the UK in the past 50 years (1, 956,5438+0,654,38+0 to 2006,5430). ● The harm of smoking to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases Many studies have confirmed that smoking is one of the main risk factors for many cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The incidence of hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease in smokers has increased significantly. Statistics show that the incidence of coronary heart disease in smokers is 3% higher than that in non-smokers. The mortality rate of coronary heart disease is 6 times higher than that of the latter. The incidence of myocardial infarction in the former is 2-6 times higher than that in the latter, and pathological anatomy also shows that coronary atherosclerosis in the former is more extensive and serious than that in the latter. The incidence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease in smokers increased by 9-12 times. 30%-40% of cardiovascular deaths are caused by smoking, and the increase of mortality is directly proportional to the amount of smoking. In addition, smoking can increase the level of plasma fibrinogen, leading to dysfunction of coagulation system; Smoking can also affect the metabolism of arachidonic acid, reduce PGI2 _ 2 production and increase thromboxane A _ 2 relatively, thus further increasing vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. All these will promote the occurrence and development of hypertension and coronary heart disease. Due to myocardial hypoxia, myocardial stress increases and ventricular fibrillation threshold decreases, so smokers with coronary heart disease are more prone to arrhythmia and the risk of sudden death increases. According to epidemiological investigation, the risk of stroke of smokers is 2-3.5 times that of non-smokers. If smoking and hypertension coexist, the risk of stroke will increase nearly 20 times. In addition, smokers are prone to arteriosclerosis obliterans and thromboangiitis obliterans. ● Smoking can easily lead to sudden death. After 12 years of research, Framingham found that the sudden death of smokers due to coronary heart disease is more than four times higher than that of non-smokers, and the incidence of sudden death is also directly proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked every day. The follow-up study found that the recurrence rate of sudden death in the smoking cessation group was 65438 09%, while that in the continuing smoking group was 27%, with significant difference. Quitting smoking can reduce the recurrence rate of sudden death. Experts pointed out that smoking can easily lead to sudden death because harmful substances such as carbon monoxide in smoke can easily induce coronary artery spasm, thus causing myocardial ischemia and hypoxia, leading to unstable myocardial electrical life activities. At the same time, nicotine and carbon monoxide can lower the threshold of myocardial ventricular fibrillation, which is more likely to cause ventricular fibrillation. In addition, it can also promote the hyperfunction of platelet aggregation and easily form intra-arterial thrombosis. These factors all contribute to the occurrence of sudden death. Therefore, smoking is an important risk factor of sudden cardiac death, and quitting smoking is one of the important measures to prevent sudden cardiac death. ● Smoking leads to vision loss According to the comparative study of St. Louis University Medical Center, smoking is a significant risk factor for sudden vision loss caused by ischemic foresight neuropathy. This is because smoking can easily increase the source of fibrin, increase platelet aggregation, reduce high-density lipoprotein, increase vasoconstriction, and thus reduce the blood supply to the optic nerve. The common symptoms of this ischemic optic neuropathy include blurred visual matter, single skin upper or lower visual field defect, and even complete blindness. Fortunately, as long as people quit smoking immediately and stick to it, the risk of ischemic optic neuropathy will be greatly reduced, even comparable to the incidence of non-smokers. ● Smoking affects women. Smoking is more harmful to women than to men. Women who smoke can lead to menstrual disorder, difficulty in conception, ectopic pregnancy, low estrogen, osteoporosis and early menopause. With the development of perinatal medicine, it is found that a large number of adverse perinatal events are related to smoking during pregnancy. Harmful substances such as carbon monoxide in smoke enter the fetal blood, forming carboxyhemoglobin, causing hypoxia; At the same time, nicotine constricts blood vessels, reduces the blood supply and nutrition supply of the fetus, and affects the normal growth and development of the fetus. The incidence of spontaneous abortion, premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption, placenta previa, premature delivery and abnormal fetal development caused by smoking increased, and the perinatal mortality rate increased. ● The increase of accidental injuries caused by smoking found that the incidence of sprains and fractures of recruits who smoked was 50% higher than that of non-smokers in basic training in military camps. John W., Ph.D., Health Care, Maryland Military Academy. Gardner pointed out that smoking has long-term risks, which can lead to cancer and heart disease, which is well known. The new experiment confirms that smoking has a more direct impact on health. He hopes that this discovery will help some young smokers to quit smoking. Generally speaking, the injury rate of smokers is 1.5 times that of ordinary people. The most common are sprains, abrasions and injuries similar to tendinitis. The author said that the harmful factors that caused the injury would continue for a certain period of time after quitting smoking, because the study ended in eight months, and researchers could not predict how long the side effects would last. Gardner noticed that smoking can cause injuries, because smoking can reduce bone density and slow down wound healing. ● The harm of passive smoking Passive smoking is much more harmful than active smoking. In the cold smoke exhaled by smokers, the tar content of smoke is higher than that of the hot smoke inhaled by smokers 1 times, 2 times higher than that of benzopyrene and 4 times higher than that of carbon monoxide. The pollution caused by smoking two cigarettes indoors is 20 times higher than that caused by smoking outdoors. The lifetime cancer risk of the same smoker increased by 1.4 times, and the lifetime cancer risk of the same smoker increased by 2.3 times. Epidemiological investigation shows that the prevalence of lung cancer in women whose husbands smoke is 1.6-3.4 times higher than that in non-smokers whose husbands smoke. According to an international sampling survey, 50% of cancer patients caused by smoking are passive smokers. Smoking in public places must be strongly advocated. Tobacco has brought a heavy burden to society, and an obvious evidence is the increase in medical expenses. The economic benefits brought by tobacco industry tax have been integrated into social expenditures such as medical care and labor loss. ● Smoking affects sexual function. Smoking will affect blood circulation, reduce genital blood flow, and then lead to sexual arousal difficulties (including men and women). In 2007, a large-scale survey in China also found that 20% of male erectile dysfunction was related to smoking. [Edit this paragraph] The influence of smoking on morbidity and mortality According to a number of national research surveys, the mortality rate of smokers is 70% higher than that of non-smokers, especially teenagers. In the United States, smoking has become the number one killer of health, causing 350,000 premature deaths, coronary artery disease and lung cancer every year. Effects of smoking on various diseases: 1. Coronary artery disease: About100000 people in the United States die of coronary heart disease every year, and the number of smokers who cause coronary heart disease is about 8 times that of non-smokers. 2. Cerebrovascular diseases: Smoking is also one of the important risk factors of "stroke". 3. Atherosclerosis: The peripheral blood circulation of smokers is worse than that of non-smokers. 4. Hypertension: Although smoking is not the direct cause of hypertension, it will aggravate hypertension and directly lead to death. At the same time, smoking will also interfere with the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs, so that hypertension can not be effectively controlled. 5. Diabetes: Smoking will increase blood sugar and interfere with the absorption of insulin, so it has a negative impact on diabetes control. 6. Chronic lung disease: Long-term smoking causes chronic lung disease and finally forms chronic cardiopulmonary failure. 7. The chance of a smoker getting pregnant will be reduced, and at the same time, the growth of the fetus in the uterus will be delayed, so that the average weight of the fetus is lower than170g, and the growth and intellectual development of the child after birth will also be affected. 8. Smoking will interfere with the repair of gastric mucosa, so smokers are more likely to suffer from gastric and duodenal ulcers than non-smokers. 9. Malignant tumor: Smoking is prone to lung cancer, oral cancer, laryngeal cancer and urinary organ cancer. Advice: Smoking is really "harmful" to human beings. Whether it is yourself or people who smoke second-hand smoke, it will do great harm to people. Therefore, for the health of oneself and others, it is suggested that drug addicts give up smoking immediately!
Seek adoption