Basic information
English name 4-(2- aminoethyl) benzene-1, 2- diol
Chinese name 4-(2- ethylamino) benzene-1, 2- diol
Other names 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethylamine; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine; 3- hydroxytyramine; DA； IntropinRevivan hydroxytyramine
Identification Chemical Abstracts Service No.51-61-6 pub chem681smiles1= cc (= c (c = c1cn) o) o.
Property chemical formula C8H 1 1NO2
Molar mass 153 438+078 gmol- 1.
Melting point 128℃ (40 1K)
Solubility in water is 60.0 g/100 ml (Celsius), solid.
Overview of dopamine
Dopamine (C6H3 (OH) 2-CH2-CH2-NH2) is a kind of brain endocrine, which can affect a person's mood. Its formal chemical name is 4-(2- ethylamino) benzene-1, 2- diol, or "DA" for short. Arvid karlsson won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovering that dopamine is the information transmitter in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical used to help cells transmit pulses. This kind of brain endocrine is mainly responsible for the lust and feeling of the brain, transmitting information of excitement and happiness, and is also related to addiction. Love is actually the result of a large amount of dopamine produced by the brain. Therefore, smoking and drug abuse can increase the secretion of dopamine and make addicts feel happy and excited. According to research, dopamine can treat depression; However, the lack of dopamine will make people lose the ability to control muscles, which will seriously make patients' hands and feet shake involuntarily or lead to Parkinson's disease. Recently, some scientists have found that dopamine is helpful for further treatment of Parkinson's disease. The treatment lies in restoring the level of dopamine in the brain and controlling the disease.
Its hydrochloride is often used as white or white-like shiny crystal; Odorless and slightly bitter; Exposed to air and light, the color changes gradually. Soluble in water, slightly soluble in anhydrous ethanol, very slightly soluble in chlorine analogues or ether. The melting point is 243℃-249℃ (decomposition).
Function and use
This product is the precursor of adrenaline synthesis in vivo, which has β receptor agonist and certain receptor agonist effect. It can enhance myocardial contractility, increase blood output and slightly accelerate heart rate (not as obvious as isoproterenol); It can slightly contract peripheral blood vessels, increase arterial pressure, expand visceral blood vessels (kidney, mesentery, coronary artery) and increase blood flow; It can increase renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, thus promoting the increase of urine volume and sodium excretion. It can be used for various types of shock, including toxic shock 1JLl-induced shock, hemorrhagic shock and central shock, and is especially suitable for patients with renal insufficiency, decreased cardiac output and increased peripheral vascular resistance who have been supplemented with blood volume.
Drug characteristics
Dopamine is a precursor of sodium and a key neurotransmitter in hypothalamus and pituitary. The concentration of dopamine in the central nervous system is influenced by mental factors. There is axonal connection and interaction between nerve endings GnRH and dopamine, and dopamine can inhibit GnRI-{.
Dopamine, a neurogenic substance in midbrain, directly affects people's mood. In theory, adding this substance can be exciting, but it will be addictive. Dopamine appears in the forebrain and basal ganglia, which is responsible for dealing with fear, but because dopamine replaces the feeling of fear, many people's addiction behaviors are caused by dopamine.
Have you ever wondered why people think, feel and pursue something enthusiastically, all of which may come from the chemical action of some tiny substances in our brains?
Arvid Carlson and others won the Nobel Prize for their research on this kind of substance that everyone has. The chemical they study is called dopamine, which can affect everyone's happiness in things.
There are hundreds of billions of nerve cells in the brain. The reason why people can have secular desires and control the flexible movements of limbs and bodies is because brain information is transmitted unimpeded between them. However, there is a gap between nerve cells, just like there is a gap between two cliffs, and information can only be transmitted through this gap.
These protruding cliffs on nerve cells are called synapses. When information reaches the synapse, it releases chemicals, which can pass through the gap and transmit information. This chemical is called a transmitter, and dopamine is one of them.
The function of dopamine is to convey information of excitement and pleasure. People are addicted to something mainly because of it. Commenting on the award, Nobel Committee Chairman Peter Peterson said: "Smokers, alcoholics and hermits are all related to the amount of dopamine and are controlled by dopamine."
Nicotine in cigarettes is addictive, because nicotine stimulates neurons to secrete dopamine, which makes people feel happy. Therefore, in recent years, some smoking cessation studies have been carried out for dopamine. Even, some scholars have suggested that the generation of love also stems from the excitement brought by dopamine secretion.
Dopamine may aggravate Parkinson's disease.
Tremor, stiffness and slurred speech are common symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. The root cause of these symptoms is the death of neurons that produce dopamine, a chemical that controls muscle movement. However, what killed these brain cells has been a long-standing problem for researchers. Now, an exciting study speculates that an amazing killer, a form of dopamine itself, may contribute to the degeneration of neurons, which is the explanation of this disease.
The hallmark of some neurons in the brain affected by Parkinson's disease is that they exist in an entangled form called Louis Bodice. These nerve clusters consist of a folded or fibrous protein called α -synuclein. Neuroscientists initially thought that fibrous a- synuclein caused the death of nerve cells. Fibrous α -synuclein is related to unfolded protein, which is ubiquitous in healthy brains. Recently, however, researchers tracked an α -synuclein that drifted between normal protein and fibrin, which they called fibrinogen. Some researchers believe that fibrils are more toxic than fibers. In order to better understand fibrils, Peter lansbury of Harvard Medical School and his colleagues began to look for compounds that affect fibril formation. The researchers reported in the journal Science 165438 published on October 9th that they screened 169 compounds in the test tube containing α-synuclein, among which 15 compounds inhibited the conversion of fibrils to fibrils. Researchers believe that if fibrils are more toxic, then this inhibition is a bad thing. Among the 15 inhibitors, 14 belongs to a class of neuroregulators called catecholamine, including dopamine. Because Parkinson's disease is caused by dopamine deficiency, it seems strange that dopamine or dopamine-like compounds may aggravate the disease.
When the researchers added antioxidants to the mixture in the test tube, the speed of fiber conversion to fibril increased, which provided a key clue. Lansbury explained that dopamine is formed in the cytoplasm, where it can be oxidized. But dopamine that reaches the synaptic capsule will be stored and released there, which can protect them from oxidation. Peter lansbury suspects that there is a problem in the natural balance between dopamine and its oxidized forms in the brain of Parkinson's patients.
Virginia Lee, a neurobiologist at the University of Pennsylvania, said that this work supplemented the evidence that fibrils were harmful and oxidative stress helped them stay nearby. However, scientists also agree that this research should be repeated in cultured cells and animal experiments, so that the conclusion can be reiterated and better understood.
Please control your dopamine before shopping.
Now, science has confirmed what Samiza and many consumers have long known: shopping can make people feel happy. More and more brain research results show that shopping can stimulate the main areas of the brain, improve mood and make us relax-at least temporarily. Browsing a newly decorated holiday window or finding a long-awaited toy seems to open the reward center of the brain, stimulate the release of brain chemicals and make you excited about shopping. Understanding the brain's response to shopping will help you understand the peaks and valleys of holiday shopping, avoid buyers' regrets and reduce the risk of excessive consumption.
Many of the pleasures of holiday shopping are related to dopamine, a chemical in the brain. Dopamine plays a vital role in our physical and mental health, and it is also related to pleasure and satisfaction. When we experience something new, exciting or challenging, dopamine is secreted in our brain. For many people, shopping falls into this category. Engels, a professor of shopping addiction at Indiana University, said that people will be more extravagant when shopping outside the community.
However, the MRI study of brain activity shows that the increase of dopamine concentration is more related to the expectation of experience than the actual experience, which can explain why people feel very happy when shopping or looking for cheap goods.
Dopamine can make a person addicted to shopping and make wrong decisions. Burns of Emory University says dopamine can explain why a person never wears shoes after buying them. He said that after seeing these shoes, this person's dopamine was secreted in large quantities. Dopamine will stimulate your desire to buy, he said. It is like a booster of action, but once the purchase is completed, its concentration will drop. Louis, a neuroscientist and director of R&D, also pointed out that crowded customers, poor service and the fact that you spent too much money on holidays will soon dispel the good feeling of shopping.
Understanding the actual changes caused by shopping in our brains will help us make better shopping decisions and avoid excessive consumption when dopamine brings buying impulses. For example, staying away from what you want to buy and choosing the next day will eliminate the impulse to shop and help you make a more sober decision.
Engels of Indiana University compiled a note to help people make better shopping decisions. Although these steps are designed to help people with compulsive shopping problems, they are suitable for anyone who is full of holiday shopping fanatics.
-only buy the goods on the list to avoid shopping impulse.
-Use cash or debit card. Financial constraints will make you give up goods you can't afford when you have the urge to shop.
Browse the goods in the window when the shop is closed or when you leave your wallet at home. You can enjoy shopping without the risk of overspending.
Visit relatives and friends and don't shop. The novelty of shopping in a strange place is likely to make you buy unwanted goods.
Dopamine is always unforgettable.
Love is beautiful, breaking up is painful, but they are all happy. Unfortunately, however, it seems that it is always difficult for single men and women who have been in love to find the object that they have been passionate about and liked. Why is this? American scientists solved the mystery by studying voles.
Microbubbles are "temperament animals" who practice lifelong monogamy. According to the British "Guardian" reported on February 5, 65438+, scholars from California State University recently tracked this animal, studied its brain and behavior, and analyzed the process of their love. As a result, scholars have found that when male voles mate with female voles, male voles will be loyal to female voles for life. At this time, the male vole's brain will release a lot of dopamine-a kind called
Brandon aragona, the research leader, dubbed this dopamine "the poison of love". When they injected this chemical into the brains of male voles who had never mated, they found that these little guys immediately gave up the pursuit of other female voles and just wanted to get the love of female voles who had fallen in love. Further research found that this dopamine can change the "sulcus" of a certain area in the brain of voles, which is owned by many animals, including humans. When a male vole who has a partner or has had a partner meets a new opposite sex again, this area of his brain will change dramatically. Although the male vole's brain will also produce the chemical "poison of love" at this time, this chemical will be guided to another neuron by the changed "ditch", which will make the male vole unable to ignite his passion for the new opposite sex and become indifferent.
Aragonna believes that although the vole's love life is different from that of human beings, the principle of action is * * *. In other words, human beings always remember everything, which is actually the result of dopamine.
Dopamine hydrochloride injection
basic document
General name dopamine hydrochloride injection
Previous name
English name dopamine hydrochloride injection
Pinyin Name Doban Yanate Zhu Shuhai
Drug categories: anti-shock vasoactive drugs and drugs for improving heart and brain circulation.
Properties This product is a colorless and clear liquid.
Pharmacology and toxicology
The action of adrenergic receptors in sympathetic nervous system and dopamine receptors in kidney, mesentery, coronary artery and cerebral artery is dose-dependent. When the dose of (1) is low (0,5-2 ug/min), it mainly acts on dopamine receptors, which dilates the renal and mesenteric vessels, increases the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, and increases the urine volume and sodium excretion. ⑵ Small to moderate dose (2- 10ug/㎏ per minute according to body weight) can directly excite β 1 receptor, indirectly promote the release of norepinephrine from the storage site, generate positive stress on myocardium, increase myocardial contractility and stroke volume, and finally increase cardiac output, systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, while diastolic blood pressure remains unchanged or slightly increases. ⑶ When the dosage is high (above 10ug/㎏), the α receptor is excited, which leads to the increase of peripheral vascular resistance, renal vascular contraction, renal blood flow and urine volume decrease. Due to the increase of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure increase. ① Stimulating cardiac β 1 receptor can increase myocardial contractility; ② Increasing the blood flow of kidney and mesentery can prevent the malignant development of shock caused by ischemia of these organs. Under the condition of increasing myocardial contractility, arrhythmia and increasing myocardial oxygen consumption are weak. In a word, dopamine is especially suitable for shock patients with weakened myocardial contractility and decreased urine volume, but their blood volume has been supplemented.
pharmacokinetics
Oral administration is ineffective, and it is widely distributed in the body after intravenous drip, and it is not easy to pass through the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Intravenous injection takes effect within 5 minutes and lasts for 5- 10 minutes. The duration of action has nothing to do with dose. In vivo, monoamine oxidase and catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) rapidly degrade into inactive compounds in liver, kidney and plasma. About 25% of a dose is metabolized into norepinephrine at the adrenal nerve endings. The half-life is about 2 minutes. After renal excretion, about 80% of urine is excreted within 24 hours, and the urine is mainly metabolites, and a very small part is the prototype.
indicate
It is suitable for shock syndrome caused by myocardial infarction, trauma, endotoxemia, heart surgery, renal failure and congestive heart failure. Shock can not be corrected after blood volume supplementation, especially those with oliguria and normal or low peripheral vascular resistance. Because this product can increase cardiac output, it is also used for cardiac insufficiency that digitalis and diuretics are ineffective.
dosage
Adults generally use intravenous injection. At first, it will increase at the rate of 1-4 ug/㎏ per minute according to the weight of 65438 and 10 minute, and achieve the maximum curative effect. Chronic refractory heart failure, at the beginning of intravenous drip, gradually increases with 0.5-2 ug/㎏ weight per minute. For most patients, the dose is 1-3ug/㎏/min, and it will take effect. For patients with occlusive vascular disease, intravenous drip should start with 1ug/㎏/ min, gradually increase to 5- 1ug/㎏/min, and reach 20ug/㎏/ min to achieve the most satisfactory effect. For critical cases, the dosage should be 5ug/㎏/ min, and then increased from 5- 10 ug/㎏/min to 20-50 ug/㎏/min to achieve satisfactory results. Or add 20% of this product to 200-300ml of 5% glucose injection for intravenous drip. At the beginning, drip at the speed of 75- 100 ug/min. In the future, according to the blood pressure, the speed and concentration can be increased, but the maximum dose does not exceed 500ug/min.
counteraction
Common are chest pain, dyspnea, palpitation, arrhythmia (especially in large doses) and general weakness; Slow heartbeat, headache, nausea and vomiting are rare. Long-term use of large or small doses in patients with peripheral vascular diseases has caused pain or chills in hands and feet; Long-term contraction of peripheral blood vessels may lead to local necrosis or gangrene; If the blood pressure is too high, it may increase, so the drug should be stopped and α -receptor blockers should be given if necessary.
Contraindications
Precautions (1) Cross-allergic reaction: Patients who are highly sensitive to other sympathomimetic drugs may also be extremely sensitive to this product. ⑵ Insufficient research on human body, and no teratogenic effect was found in animal experiments. It has been reported that giving pregnant rats leads to a decrease in the survival rate of newborn rats, and the survivors may form cataracts. Pregnant women must weigh the pros and cons when applying. ⑶ Whether this product is discharged into breast milk is uncertain, but there is no problem when it is applied to wet nurses. ⑷ The application of this product in children has not been fully studied. 5] The application of this product in the elderly has not been fully studied, but no problems have been reported. [6] Use with caution in the following situations: ① pheochromocytoma patients should not use it; ② Occlusive vascular diseases (or those with a past history), including arterial embolism, atherosclerosis, thromboangiitis obliterans, frostbite (such as chilblain), diabetic endocarditis, Raynaud's disease, etc. ; ③ Patients with poor circulation of limbs should be closely monitored for the possibility of necrosis and gangrene; ④ Care should also be taken when using this product in frequent ventricular arrhythmia. Once, blood pressure, cardiac output, electrocardiogram and urine volume should be monitored when this product is dripped. ⑻ The Administration stated that ① Hypovolemia must be corrected before dopamine treatment. (2) It must be diluted before drip, and the concentration of diluent depends on the dosage and the liquid required by individuals. If it is not necessary to expand, 0.8㎎/ml solution can be used, and if there is liquid retention, 1.6-3.2 ㎎/ml solution can be used. Middle and small doses have no effect on peripheral vascular resistance and are used to treat hypotension caused by low cardiac output. A larger dose is used to improve peripheral vascular resistance to correct hypotension. ③ Use thick vein for intravenous injection or intravenous drip to prevent liquid medicine from overflowing and tissue necrosis; If liquid overflows, 5- 10 ㎎ phentolamine diluted solution can be used to penetrate at the injection site. ④ The drip rate per minute should be controlled during intravenous drip, and the drip rate and time should be determined according to blood pressure, heart rate, urine volume, peripheral vascular perfusion and ectopic pulsation. If possible, cardiac output should be measured. ⑤ When the vibration is corrected, the descending speed will slow down. ⑥ In case of arrhythmia caused by disproportionate increase of diastolic blood pressure, decrease of pulse pressure, decrease of urine volume, increase of heart rate or excessive contraction of blood vessels, the dripping speed must be slowed down or suspended. ⑦ If the blood pressure drops continuously when dopamine is instilled, or after the dosage is adjusted, dopamine should be stopped and a stronger vasoconstrictor should be used instead. 8 Sudden withdrawal of drugs can cause severe hypotension, which should be gradually reduced when stopping drugs.
Drug treatment for pregnant and lactating women is not clear.
Children's medication
Medication for elderly patients
drug interaction
(1) Pay attention to the change of cardiac output when it is used with sodium nitroprusside, isoproterenol and dobutamine, which is different from that when it is used alone. ⑵ High dose dopamine is equivalent to α receptor blockers such as phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine and tolazolin, and the vasodilating effect of the latter can be antagonized by the contraction of peripheral blood vessels. ⑶ It is used with general anesthetics (especially cyclopropane or halogenated hydrocarbons) because the latter can make the myocardium abnormally sensitive to dopamine and cause ventricular arrhythmia. ⑷ Combined with β -blockers can antagonize the effect of dopamine on cardiac β 1 receptor. 5. Similar use with nitrates can weaken the anti-angina effect of nitrates and the pressor effect of dopamine. [6] When combined with diuretics, on the one hand, this product acts on dopamine receptors to dilate renal blood vessels and increase renal blood flow, which can increase diuretic effect; On the other hand, the product itself has a direct diuretic effect. Once combined with guanethidine, it can strengthen the pressor effect of dopamine and weaken the hypotensive effect of guanethidine, leading to hypertension and arrhythmia. Use with tricyclic antidepressants may increase the cardiovascular effect of dopamine and lead to arrhythmia, tachycardia and hypertension. (9) When used together with monoamine oxidase inhibitor, the effect of dopamine can be prolonged and strengthened; It is known that this product is metabolized by monoamine oxidase, and the initial dose of patients who have been treated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors 2-3 weeks before dopamine administration is at least reduced to110 of the usual dose. ⑽ Intravenous injection with phenytoin sodium can produce hypotension and bradycardia. When using dopamine, if phenytoin sodium must be used for anticonvulsant treatment, the alternate use of the two drugs must be considered.