Keywords: China history; Male style
Masculinity refers to homosexuality or homosexual activities. Most people in modern society hold an exclusive attitude towards "masculinity", but the records of "masculinity" in China's history are endless in history books, which shows the prosperity of "masculinity" in ancient times and the ancient people's recognition attitude towards it. For example, during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, "Toy Boy was more prosperous than women" (1). In addition, many literati's poems also show people's attitudes and views on "masculinity" in the historical period at that time. For example, in his poem Love Poetry, Ruan Ji chanted and praised "Anling" and "Longyang": Fanhuazi, Anling and Longyang. Yao Lihua, burning with a blush. The moon is like nine springs, and the pan is like autumn frost. I look forward to charm, laughter and fragrance. Hand in hand waiting for love, stay in the clothes of the past month. I'd like to fly together, fly with me. Dan Qing vowed never to forget each other. Throughout the history of China, "masculinity" can be divided into two types according to whether there is same-sex love or not: First, loveless love under power often appears in the upper classes such as kings and nobles. Their power deprives others of their sexual choices and forces handsome young men to make fun of them. Among them, Zheng De of Ming Wuzong is the best. Wu Zongxi is a handsome young child molester. His Toy Boy is numerous, and he looks for Toy Boy everywhere. One of them is to choose a child molester from the palace eunuchs as his personal entourage, and of course have sex with him: "In the early years of Wu Zongxi, he chose a handsome minister as a favor and called him" Laoerdang "("Laoerdang "was synonymous with gay men at that time). Due to the prevalence of male chauvinism, there were many synonyms and nicknames for gay men at that time. When you are young, you will be old. " (2) Xu Chong's "Warmth by Pen" Volume III also said: "In the early days of Zheng De, the most favored minister was the old man, who was still waiting for his peers. However, he doesn't care about the young and the old, but he is honored. Visiting the old man recently should be done by a handsome young minister. What about Hongru and Jiru? " Moreover, since the object of love is not limited to the minister. When he traveled abroad, he also searched for child molesters everywhere: "Wu Zong was lucky in the south. When he arrived at Xiang's home, he was attended by a singer. Yue is white, ask what name, what name. He was named "sheep fat jade" and was ordered to go north. First of all, I went to Fu Xuan and the singers were very happy. Asked his name, the left and right with "white on the head" as the right, covered the music department of the governor's office and guarded the eunuch's confession, so he got this nickname. He smiled and said, "since my head is white, I wonder if my waist is white, too?" "When they were arrested, they castrated them. I ask this question because I care about the imperial edict or want to enter the palace. (3) A large number of minions, either for fame and fortune, or for wealth, or succumbed to power, only a few rebelled. In 370 AD, the former Qin Dynasty in Fu Jian destroyed the former Yan Empire of Murong family in one fell swoop, and a pair of royal brothers and sisters of former Yan, fourteen-year-old qinghe princess and twelve-year-old Mu Rongchong, also fell into the hands of Fu Jian. Fu Jian is greedy for their beauty and loves this little brother and sister very much. At that time, there was a song in Chang' an city, "A woman and a man both flew into the Purple Palace." But is this female and male willing to be Fu Jian's sexual child? Finally, Mu Rongchong defected and Fu Jian was surrendered. Mu Rongchong used his anger to announce the fact that sex polluted by power brought people only humiliation and pain. Second, appreciate each other's love with love. In Yuan Dynasty, Lin Zaiqing's Miscellaneous Notes on Cheng Zhai recorded the events from acquaintance to love, brotherhood and even mutual destruction between Pan Zhang and Wang Zhongxian during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Later, a tree with branches and leaves embraced each other grew in the grave where they were buried together. It can be said that we still love each other after death, and we are sincere and sincere. This tree is also called "pillow tree". Although the story is a little mysterious, we can still see the deep love between Pan Zhang and Wang Zhongxian. In addition, the stories of Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty and Dong Xian are also talked about by the world. Dong Xian, also known as Sheng Qing and Yunyang, is beautiful and complacent. When he saw it, he mourned his emperor's appearance and worshipped him as Huang Menlang, so he was lucky. Ask his father, and today he will be ordered by Baling to move Dr. Guanglu. Xian doted on him day by day, served as a captain of Xu, took part in cycling when he went out, entered the imperial palace, and rewarded huge sums of money during the tenth month, which greatly shocked the court. I often lie with my bed. I tried to sleep during the day, but I tried to get up with my sleeves on. I want to get up, but the sage doesn't feel it. He who didn't want to move the sage broke his sleeve. (4) This shows the deep friendship between Ai Di and Dong Xian. Confucius said in the Analects of Confucius: "The beauty without happiness is the beauty of Song, and this world is hard to dye!" Mozi also said, "My Lord, I don't know whether it is wise or not to take Shang Xian as the government and make a fortune for no reason and let him look good! The princes love their colors, so they can't cure hundreds of people and make them officials of thousands of people; If you can't cure a thousand people, you will be an official of ten thousand people. " This shows that "male chauvinism" is against etiquette. Then, in ancient China, a society full of feudal ethics, why did this same-sex love, which completely violated ethics, have such a great influence and even become a "wind" of its own? Here we have to mention two representative historical periods: Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, where metaphysics prevailed, and Ming and Qing Dynasties, where sexual imprisonment was practiced. 1. Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties, 1. The formation of masculinity in turbulent times is inseparable from the political turmoil at that time, the separatist regime of warlords and the helplessness of the people. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were wars and political darkness, and the ruling class had no time to pay attention to the education of ethics, which led to the relaxation of ethics and chaos in people's marriage and love. In this case, many people treat life with a decadent, dissolute and selfish attitude, and even "treat men as women" or look at women for comfort. In addition, this period can be described as a paradise for literati. Scholars in the world were metaphysical, talkative, elegant and seeking freedom, forming a social atmosphere of bohemian and free human nature at that time. There is an interesting record about the same-sex love between Yu Xin, a writer, and Xiao Shao, the imperial clan of Liang Dynasty: "Shao used to be a young child. Yu Xin loved him, broke his sleeves and believed in him." When meeting guests, Shao is also a letter after letter of wine. After that, Yunzhou, Xin went west to Jiangling, passing through Jiangxia. Shao received a very thin letter, sitting under the green oil curtain, and Fuze entered the banquet, sitting on the letter bed, full of pride. The letter was a little unbearable. Because he was drunk, he went to Shao's bed, practiced cooking, looked Shao in the face and said,' Today the official description is different.' Shao was ashamed that the guests were full. ⑤ What this document describes is that Yu Xin's neglect of herself at that time led to conflicts between the two sides, and even insulted each other. It can be seen that masculinity was not only prevalent at that time, but also its depth was not superficial, but like the love between men and women. When politeness is cold, resentment, even quarrels and conflicts will arise. 2. The rise of metaphysics between the prosperity of metaphysics makes people begin to examine and criticize some moral values and world views in the past with rational eyes. Wang Bi, who is also a master of metaphysics, put forward the theory of "advocating the end of principal and interest", emphasizing natural inaction as the "foundation", teaching ceremony as the "end" and emphasizing human nature. Ji Kang clearly put forward the view that "the more famous a teacher is, the more natural it is". Under the strong influence of metaphysical theory, some intellectuals first accepted this concept and began to emphasize people's true feelings, naturalness and individuality. Based on this premise, the pursuit of sensuality is natural and justified. To some extent, this has got rid of the shackles of Confucian classics and fame and fortune in the past. The so-called food, color and sex are also human desires. Since we want to pursue nature and humanity, of course, it also includes sex. Therefore, we can say that celebrities in Wei and Jin dynasties pursued the liberation of humanity, thought and morality, and also the liberation of the body.
3. Unique Aesthetics Out of cherishing and cherishing life, scholars in Wei and Jin dynasties attached importance to appearance and sought the beauty of life in painting. Pan Yuechuan in the Book of Jin said, "Yue Mei has a beautiful figure and beautiful handwriting, which is especially sad. When I was young, I often jumped out of Luoyang Road with my arms in my arms, and everyone I met was entangled in my hands. I voted in favor and returned with a full load. " ⑥ This social atmosphere, which takes men's gfd and powder makeup as beauty, caused men in society to be too fat and tend to be feminine at that time. This phenomenon promotes the development of male same-sex love. Second, the Ming and Qing Dynasties 1, the sexual imprisonment of extremes meet, Five Miscellanies written by the Ming Metabolic System, elaborated in detail the development of gay men as a historical tradition to the Ming Dynasty: "The rise of masculinity, since Iraq's training is better than the urchin's precept, we can see that ancient times have long passed. Anling Longyang, seen in Biography and Lucky Articles, is a historical book. When it comes to gold, it is full of prosperity. What the world says is what it is. Judge a person by his appearance and behave well. After the history called Xianning and Taikang, Toy Boy was more prosperous than women, and domestic scholars followed suit. As for the separation of husband and wife, there is resentment. In the Song Dynasty, Taoism rarely declined, but now it is a little more prosperous. Southeastern people are more important than northwest people. " It can be seen that the male style was still very popular in the Ming Dynasty. However, as we all know, the Ming Dynasty continued to be influenced by Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism and feudal ethics, and imposed a very severe sexual imprisonment: after Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty, the court issued a decree to eliminate official prostitutes and strictly enforced this order. No matter officials and scholars, those who make a living from prostitution or have a little improper sexual behavior will be demoted or dismissed and will never be employed. However, it is this sexual imprisonment that promotes the development and prevalence of "male chauvinism". The original intention of Xuande's return to morality was not realized, but it was counterproductive. Because in feudal society, marriage is involuntary, parents' orders and matchmakers' words, the feelings between husband and wife are often weak. Engels said that prostitution and adultery are complementary to monogamy. Now the "supplementary" road of staying in prostitution is broken, so we have to vent between the same sex. "Five Miscellaneous Notes" is like the following passage: "Dressed in the web of literature, forbidden in Longyang, wider than narrow evil, scholars trapped in congestion, the cost of broken sleeves, killed in the head network, the roar of Hedong, every time reduced to our porch, sang in the Covenant, so it is difficult to rely on jade, which is the reason for Toy Boy's prosperity." In other words, compared with prostitutes, male chauvinism did not conflict with the law at that time and cost less. In addition, it is difficult for a man to ask, investigate and object to the blind date, and family conflicts will not be very sharp. As far as the imperial clan is concerned, same-sex love will not give birth to offspring, but will lead to blood disorder, which is necessary for Manchu rulers, because Manchu people attach importance to blood, especially the royal family. In order to maintain their Manchu royal lineage, the Manchu court banned Manchu-Chinese marriage. In this way, homosexuality became a sexual relationship between Manchu and Han, which was acquiesced by the rulers, so the society relaxed the restrictions on same-sex love while strictly controlling heterosexual sex. In this way, masculinity is getting stronger and stronger. 2. Emancipation of the mind, represented by the Ming Dynasty philosopher Wang Yangming (1472-1528), advocated the theory of "mind is reason", gradually broke through the shackles of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, and the idea of expanding natural lust began to sprout. Wang Yangming advocated personal expression and personality development, and his followers later developed this philosophy. They put forward that desire and emotion are human nature, repression makes people do nothing, and people should express and release their desires from their hearts and nature. Of course, the gay atmosphere in the court will have a certain social influence, but what really makes masculinity prevail is the change of the whole social concept and sexual orientation, especially the active participation of scholars and officials. In ancient China, literati were the leaders of social trends, and their tastes and tendencies were sometimes more appealing than imperial edicts. Except those Taoists who pretend to be orthodox, scholars in Ming and Qing dynasties usually not only do not exclude or condemn homosexuality, but often talk about homosexuality as an affair and advocate it. This moral openness led to the unprecedented prosperity of homosexuality in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In A Dream of Red Mansions, the pinnacle of China literature, Cao Xueqin described the relationship between Baoyu and Qin Zhong, and between Baoyu and Jiang Yuhan. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty, there were a lot of homosexual stories in Woods Language by Yuan Mei, a scholar, and there was also a homosexual love between Yuan Mei himself and Guo Chun, a scholar, in Martial Arts. Zheng Banqiao, a famous poet and painter, once said, "I am a lecherous, and I especially like Yu Tao's glib tongue and pepper wind." All landowners is to admit that he is also a male. A number of works devoted to homosexual love appeared in the homosexual literature in Qing Dynasty, such as Strange Thoughts of Spring, Yang Long's History, and A Treasure of Flowers, which undoubtedly reflected the unprecedented prosperity of masculinity at that time. Although masculinity flourished in ancient China, it has always been centered on infatuation with young masculinity in the history of China, which is characterized by hedonism and fleeting. It prevailed for a hundred years, but it never formed a social force, or did not form a family model or marriage mechanism dominated by same-sex marriage, which directly led to the decline of masculinity after the late Qing Dynasty.
Judging from the development of civilization, China's suppression of same-sex love is a part of the century-long tragedy of the Chinese nation. In feudal society, homosexuals often became victims of social movements. The prosperity of masculinity has attracted the attention of the rulers, making it a "social problem" in itself. In contrast, the Spartan gay legion in ancient Greece made outstanding achievements in defending the country. In this environment, homosexuality has been treated leniently and even praised by society, which is justified. Unfortunately, the Reform Movement of 1898, which came late under the roar of foreign guns, was stillborn, which made the marriage law proposed by Kang Youwei at that time (including the legalization of same-sex marriage) unable to be implemented in China. The May 4th Movement advocated learning from the West, but unfortunately, the love for homosexuality was generally regarded as morbid in the West at that time. However, the research on the normality and health of homosexuality and the subsequent rehabilitation policies in 1950s were not absorbed in time due to the interruption of academic exchanges, and the "out-of-context" research made homosexuality still be classified as morbid in China. Now, the 30th anniversary of the reform and opening up has passed, and some people in China have gradually re-recognized the normality of homosexuality in order to retaliate against same-sex love. More and more people begin to know and understand homosexuality, and society gradually begins to accept homosexuality. I think, as a new generation of the country and the future of the country, it is also necessary for us to face up to the same-sex love and learn from history. While pursuing heterosexual love, we are also helping these groups who have been discriminated against for a long time to explore a long-term healthy and stable life.