We should pay attention to the following principles: the value principle, that is, the theoretical value and practical value of the topic, should have enlightenment, guidance and reference significance for other students; The principle of feasibility refers to the possibility of subjective and objective conditions, that is, the writer's personal professional knowledge, theoretical accomplishment, knowledge, materials at hand, experimental conditions and surrounding environment, and should not be greedy for the big and seek the deep, but should do what he can; The principle of novelty means that the topic should be something that others have not studied or studied but has not been solved or completely solved, so we should pay attention to "literary innovation" A good topic can make people see at a glance and never forget. It is like an advertisement to promote products, which plays a key role in attracting readers. A good title of scientific paper should emphasize three words: accuracy, smallness, novelty and accuracy. It means to accurately reveal the topic with concise words. For example, a scientific composition written by a classmate is entitled "Detergent Principle and Optimum Washing Concentration of Soap". When you look at the topic, you can know the content of the paper at a glance. Small means that the topic angle is small, the article is clear and easy to write densely and compactly. The topic is too wide, often because we put less energy into research and the scope is narrow. However, it is difficult to control. For example, a scientific and technological composition written by a middle school student is entitled "Development of Electrostatic Precipitator Eraser", which is small and specific and students can elaborate deeply. Innovation means trying to reveal fresh ideas in the theme. Only when the topic is fresh can it be read. There are no unique insights or new discoveries. No matter how good the expression is and how strong the argument is, it is a waste of wax for the blind to light a lamp. Writing an opening article in a fixed tone is very special. Writers have always attached importance to. The ancients said, "If you can't get up, you will float in chaos." Although the opening is short, it is an integral part of the whole article, prompting the author's ideas and intercepting a lot of materials. Therefore, you must have a general grasp of the whole article before writing. There are many beginnings of scientific and technological essays, and there is no fixed format, but there are rules to follow, so it is necessary to carefully understand various opening techniques. Examples lead the way to write small scientific papers, leading to topics at the beginning, showing the reality of research problems and stimulating readers' desire to follow suit. For example, in the article "An Easy-to-Solve Mechanical Problem" written by a classmate, the author put forward a mechanical problem that students are familiar with and easy to make mistakes at the beginning, and stated the wrong solution process to readers, which aroused readers' strong interest and made them eager to read the whole article to understand the mistakes of this problem. Revealing the background method puts the research problem in the current social and economic development environment and background, so that readers can understand the significance and even direction of their research at a higher level. For example, the article "Countermeasures for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution" begins like this: "Since the reform and opening up, the rapid rise and vigorous development of township enterprises have created a lot of material wealth and brought about a series of profound changes in the rural economy. In some developed and relatively developed areas, township enterprises have become an important pillar of rural economy and an important part of national economy. However, with the rapid development of township enterprises, the influence of township industries on environmental pollution and ecological destruction has become increasingly prominent. The research problem is closely related to the development trend of the proposition from the beginning, and the influence of township industry on environmental pollution and ecological destruction today makes people realize the urgency of controlling environmental pollution. Many small papers that point out the dispute and error correction of the risk rate often point out some disadvantages, which makes people suddenly panic and realize the urgency of solving the problem. In the preface, the author presents the main points to the reader, giving people a sense of wholeness, which is tantamount to giving the reader a bunch of keys. Reading on is trying to open a door. The method of setting questions is mainly to leave suspense for readers, so that they can't wait to pay attention to the problem under discussion driven by curiosity. The above are five ways to write the beginning of scientific papers. It is worth noting that there are countless methods at the beginning, and they are often organically combined and infiltrated. There are many complicated empirical materials to illustrate the main points, so how to unify them in the central argument in an orderly way? In the main part of the article, it is usually convenient to use the method of discussing one by one. The advantage of this writing is that it is clear and distinct, giving people a comprehensive and profound three-dimensional sense. Of course, every viewpoint must be the crystallization of careful consideration, with strong generality, objectivity and innovation. Making good use of materials in scientific papers is not simply listing the materials at hand in writing, but its essential feature is deep reasoning and regular guidance. Views and materials are the value of the paper reflected in the value of the selected topic, and the value of the selected topic is reflected through the demonstration of materials. The organic combination of the two will form a good scientific and technological paper. Common sense of manuscript writing In order to reduce the difficulty of editing and publishing, and also to reduce typographical errors, the author should pay attention to mastering some common sense of manuscript writing when writing scientific papers. Generally speaking, we should pay attention to the following issues: the manuscript should be clearly written on standard manuscript paper (or printed by computer). One word in each grid, punctuation marks should occupy a separate grid. All explanatory texts that don't need to be printed should be marked with a pencil. When writing, you should use standardized simplified words to prevent typos, not to mention inventing new words. Except for the numbers in idioms, ancient prose and quoted documents, Arabic numerals are generally used to represent numbers. The century, year, month, day, hour, minute and second are all Arabic numerals. The year cannot be abbreviated (for example, 1999 cannot be abbreviated to 99 years). Numbers with more than five digits can be in units of "100 million" and "10,000". Numbers with more than four digits can be written in series without dividing nodes. Foreign letters, chemical symbols, etc. It should be written correctly and clearly. Foreign languages should be written in print, with clear capitalization, and languages should be marked with pencils, italics and upper and lower corners. Please refer to the writing in middle school textbooks, and the arrangement of each line in chemistry must be accurate; Mathematical formulas and chemical equations should be written separately in the middle, using standard fonts; Use standard punctuation and other symbols. When writing, dashes occupy two spaces, ellipses occupy two spaces, hyphens occupy half a space, and other symbols occupy one space. Pay attention to the writing position of pause, comma, colon, semicolon and quotation mark. The units of measurement involved in the manuscript should use legal units of measurement, and use legal Chinese names in the text description; The forms in the manuscript should be filled out clearly by the author. The table number and name are generally in front of the table, and the description is behind. When the same form is written on another page, the words "continued form" should be marked in front. There are no punctuation marks at the end of the text in the table, and the top line should be returned. Words can clearly describe the content, generally without illustrations. The use of illustrations must play the role of illustrations. Pay attention to the connection and collocation of words and illustrations, and the illustrations should be numbered in sequence. Types of scientific essays (1) Scientific observation essays refer to teenagers' careful observation of something or natural phenomena, as well as their conclusions after careful analysis and comprehensive research on the obtained materials and data. Make a scientific explanation and description. It should be noted that the research objects in scientific observation papers are objective natural things or phenomena, and the observed objects, processes, conditions and phenomena produced by them cannot be attached with any artificial conditions or personal prejudice. In addition, observation is a long-term, systematic and repeated activity, which requires the patience, meticulousness and perseverance of the author. (2) Essays on scientific experiments. Sometimes called experimental report, it is an article written by teenagers who create specific conditions for the research object and analyze and synthesize the obtained materials and data after repeated experiments. It focuses on the objective description of the experimental process and the scientific explanation of experimental phenomena. (3) Scientific investigation essay You want to study the pollution degree of a certain water area and the air pollution source in a certain place closely related to people's lives. To find out the evolution process, animal and plant resources and distribution in a certain range of a strange rock and mountain, you have to go on a field trip. Small papers written by investigation methods such as investigation, interview and field investigation are called scientific investigation small papers. Sometimes it is also called scientific investigation report, scientific investigation report. (4) A scientific explanation essay refers to a kind of essay in which the author uses accurate and reliable information to explain and explain a natural phenomenon or thing. Generally speaking, it does not directly adopt research methods such as observation, experiment and investigation, but mainly obtains rich second-hand information from books, periodicals and teachers, and expounds a certain point of view in a language it understands through its own comprehensive analysis and logical reasoning. Special reminder is that writing a small scientific explanation paper is by no means a matter of asking a question and looking up the information in a hurry, and then copying the explanation without analysis. This is nothing new. Articles without new ideas can only be regarded as general popular science articles, not as scientific essays, let alone cultivate their ability to study problems. In the process of observing nature, I accidentally found that the shape of the trunk is almost round-empty cone. Why is the trunk conical? What are the benefits of a conical trunk? In order to discuss these problems, I made more in-depth observation and analysis. With the help of my tutor, I consulted relevant materials and learned that the stems of plants have the functions of supporting plants and transporting water and other nutrients. The stems of trees are mainly composed of vascular bundles. The supporting function of stem is mainly borne by xylem wood fiber. Although the stems of woody plants will become thicker year by year, the number of woody fibers in the stems is certain within a certain time range. In other words, the cross-sectional area of the trunk of a tree is constant. Then, assuming that the cross-sectional area of the trunk is constant, we design experiments to explore the reasons and advantages of conical trunk. Through experiments, we found that (1) when the cross-sectional area and length are fixed, the vertical supporting force of triangular columnar objects is the largest and the lateral bearing capacity is the smallest; The vertical supporting force of cylindrical objects is not as good as that of triangular cylindrical objects, but the lateral bearing force is the largest; (2) For trunks with the same mass and different shapes, the short conical trunk bears the largest wind force; (3) Wind is a natural phenomenon, which affects the cross-sectional shape of trees and the height at which trees grow. The cone-shaped trunk has a lower center of gravity, and the huge root system is connected with the earth, which makes the center of gravity lower and more stable. (4) The cross section of the trunk is round, which can reduce the damage, and has stronger mechanical strength and can resist the wind attack. At the same time, under the action of wind, the bending degree of the trunk is almost everywhere. No matter which direction the wind blows, the resistance of the trunk is similar, and the trunk is not easy to be damaged. The above experiments reflect the laws of nature, and the enlightenment of nature is that (1) the vertical supporting force of a cylindrical object with a triangular cross section is the greatest. (2) A circular object with a circular cross section has the largest lateral bearing capacity, and similar building materials can be found everywhere, such as TV towers and telephone poles. In the process of observation, experiment and analysis, I gradually explained and revealed the mystery of conical trunk, which increased my knowledge. Combining what I have learned with practice, I not only consolidated what I have learned, improved my interest in learning, but also learned the scientific observation and analysis methods. Every Sunday, I always finish the task of shoeshine given to me by my mother. I tell you, this is the source of my pocket money for a week! After getting the leather shoes covered with dust, I first wipe off the dust on the vamp, then apply shoe polish and wipe them carefully, and the leather shoes will become bright and beautiful. But why? So, I found two pairs of old and new leather shoes with the same brand and style for comparative observation. I first touched the uppers of two pairs of leather shoes and found that the surface of the new shoes was much smoother than the old ones. After the old shoes are carefully polished with shoe polish, although they shine a lot, they are still not as good as the new ones. Is there a relationship between the brightness of leather shoes and the smoothness of uppers? I took a pair of old leather shoes that were not polished, and the uppers were uneven under the magnifying glass. Then, I circled two rough areas A and B on the leather shoes. Apply shoe polish to area A and polish it carefully, and do not apply shoe polish to area B as a blank control. I found that the surface of area A is obviously smoother after grinding, and it is more shiny than area B when placed in the sun. Why is there such a big difference between the two regions? I think in physics class, the teacher once said: the surface of the theater wall is uneven, so that most of the sound can be absorbed and the audience will not be disturbed by the echo. Similarly, light will be reflected on the surface of any object. If the plane is uneven, light will scatter in all directions; If this plane is smooth, then we can see the reflected light in a certain direction. The surface of leather shoes is not absolutely smooth. If it is an old leather shoe, its surface is of course more uneven and can't reflect light in a certain direction, so it looks dull. There are some small particles in shoe polish, which can just be filled into the pits on the surface of leather shoes when shining shoes. If you wipe it with a cloth again, if the shoe polish is applied more evenly, the surface of the leather shoes will become smooth and flat, and the reflective ability will be strengthened. Through the experiment, I finally know the secret of shoes getting brighter and brighter! For reference only. Thank you.