Keywords:: analysis of the causes of air pollution in Shijiazhuang City, government behavior countermeasures
I. Overview
The bell of 2 1 century has rung. Looking back on the 20th century, China's economy has made great progress and the level of productivity has been greatly improved. However, the improvement of productivity under the traditional mode has promoted economic growth and brought profits to enterprises, but at the same time, it has also made our earth home riddled with holes and overwhelmed.
65438-0987, the World Commission on Environment and Development released a long report "Our Common Future". The report puts forward the definition of "sustainable development" for the first time, that is, "development that not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not harm the ability of future generations to meet needs". This definition clearly expresses two basic views:
Human beings should develop, especially in poor areas;
Development should be limited and should not endanger the development of future generations.
Shijiazhuang is a modern emerging industrial city in the north of China, and it is the political, economic, cultural and technological center of Hebei Province. Total area 15848 square kilometers, with a total population of 8.45 million. The traffic is developed, and Beijing-Guangzhou, Shitai and Shide railways meet with Beijing-Shenzhen, Shigang and Shitai expressways. In recent years, Shijiazhuang's industry has developed rapidly and people's living standards have improved significantly. However, the rapid economic growth has brought serious environmental problems. It is he who has become a famous environmental pollution city in China. Among them, air pollution is the most prominent: especially after the wind reaches a certain level, dust is flying all over the sky and garbage is rampant in some areas.
Second, Shijiazhuang air pollution status and causes analysis
1. 1 air pollution in Shijiazhuang.
In recent years, with the development of urban industry, air pollution has become increasingly serious and air quality has further deteriorated. This week's air quality test by Hebei Environmental Monitoring Station in April 1 1 showed that the primary pollutant in Shijiazhuang was inhalable particulate matter (PM 10). Because they are small in diameter and mixed with bacteria, they can be inhaled by the human body and cause diseases. At the same time, because they are light and not suitable for settlement, they always float in the air, and the sun shines on these tiny dust, which is absorbed or scattered, resulting in a gray sky and a significant decline in visibility. Dust pollution is also very serious, especially after rain, which is more intuitive. The windshield of the car is covered with mud, even the glasses are covered with mud. Due to poor garbage disposal in a few areas, piles of garbage rotted on the ground, hammered with the wind, and a stench came to the nose, which was disgusting. Waste water and waste gas discharged from factories also affect air pollution to varying degrees, which brings serious inconvenience to citizens' work and life.
Cause analysis of air pollution in Shijiazhuang 1.2
1.2. 1 Terrain and climate factors are the basic reasons that affect the air quality in Shijiazhuang.
Shijiazhuang is located in the south-central part of Hebei Province, bordering Taihang Mountain in the west and the vast North China Plain in the east, south and north. At the same time, Shijiazhuang has a temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, characterized by cold and little snow in winter, dry and windy in spring, hot and rainy in summer and sunny and cool in autumn. These special geographical and climatic factors make the air pollution in Shijiazhuang face severe challenges. Due to the southeast wind, pollutants such as inhalable particles over Shijiazhuang moved westward with the wind, and after being blocked by Taihang Mountain, they turned eastward and returned to their original places. Similarly, when the northwest wind blows, due to the huge barrier of Taihang Mountain, the northwest wind is intercepted in Shanxi, and some pollutants can't be blown away, so they can only stay over Shijiazhuang.
1.2.2 Urban construction is an important reason that affects air quality in Shijiazhuang.
Questionnaire on air pollution sources of gas in Shijiazhuang
According to the classified statistical analysis of major air pollution, its main sources can be summarized as three aspects: (1) fuel combustion (2) industrial production process (3) transportation and so on. According to statistics, the air pollution caused by the above three aspects accounts for 70%, 20% and 10% respectively. In direct fuel combustion, the amount of air pollutants emitted by combustion accounts for about 96% of the total fuel combustion emissions, among which the smoke, SO2, NOX and CO emitted by coal combustion account for 99%, 93%, 865, 438+0% and 97% of the total fuel combustion emissions respectively. Although the air pollution emissions from various industrial production processes only account for about 1/5 of the total air pollution emissions, the emission points are relatively concentrated. High concentration, so the air pollution in industrial and mining areas or local areas is more serious. Mobile sources such as motor vehicles may cause serious CO, NOX and HC pollution in busy streets, such as Yuhua Road and Zhongshan Road.
(1) fuel combustion. In Shijiazhuang, natural gas has not been popularized in residents' lives, and coal is still the first choice fuel for people. In the coal-fired market, high-sulfur coal still dominates. Due to the limitation of economic conditions, it is impossible for people to give up cheap high-sulfur coal and buy environmentally friendly low-sulfur coal. This leads to a large amount of SO2 emission. At the same time, because Shijiazhuang is located in North China, it is cold in winter and needs heating. In order to save money, some units have implemented self-sufficient heating systems, which have increased the amount of coal burning and caused a heavy burden to the atmosphere.
(2) Industrial production process. In recent years, Shijiazhuang textile industry has developed rapidly, and it is one of the cotton textile industrial bases in China. The chemical industry is also an important development sector. There are large-scale North China Pharmaceutical Factory and Shijiazhuang Fertilizer Plant, and the coal industry also occupies an important position. These industrial and mining enterprises are the most polluted enterprises even if they are the key development departments in Shijiazhuang. Moreover, most of these industrial and mining enterprises are concentrated in urban areas, such as Huabei Pharmaceutical Factory and Shijiazhuang Fertilizer Plant with considerable scale. In addition, there are some powder metallurgy factories and printing and dyeing factories that are also the main force of air pollution in Shijiazhuang.
(3) Transportation. In recent years, Shijiazhuang's economy has developed rapidly, and transportation has also developed rapidly. Especially in recent years, the number of private cars has increased dramatically. However, the development of traffic has brought serious environmental problems. Automobile exhaust COntains a lot of co, which is very harmful to human body, especially some diesel cars and cars with black smoke. Exhaust gas mixed with a large number of inhalable particles is an important factor leading to diseases. According to Dr. Grace Wai Wong of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the inhalable particulate matter in the exhaust gas emitted by a diesel vehicle is almost the sum of 100 gasoline vehicles, which is a serious pollution source. However, Shijiazhuang allowed diesel vehicles to enter the city, which led to a sharp increase in the concentration of inhalable particulate matter in the air.
(4) Municipal construction. There is a common problem in the slope of roads in Shijiazhuang, that is, the pedestrian lanes on both sides of the road are obviously higher than the road surface and perpendicular to the road surface, showing a concave shape. As a result, the dust on the road could not be blown away and accumulated more and more, which is also the direct reason for Chen Tianqi's development. According to statistics, the inhalable particulate matter in urban dust accounts for about 40% of the total, but people tolerate the dust caused by bare ground, construction sites, demolition sites, gravel yards, etc., and never take effective measures to fundamentally control it. In addition, the chemical components in industrial wastewater are also prone to chemical reactions, producing gases harmful to human body.
(5) Industrial layout. Some industrial and mining enterprises in Shijiazhuang are mostly concentrated in the northeast of the city, and some are distributed in different areas of the city. The dispersion of these industrial and mining enterprises means that the air pollution of the whole city is affected to varying degrees.
(6) greening. As a new industrial city, Shijiazhuang's greening has not kept pace with industrial development. Only the internal greening of the government, some enterprises and institutions and government organizations has basically reached the standard, but the greening of the whole city is far from meeting the requirements. Only in the past two years, several trees have been planted in the South Second Ring Road, and other places are still bare.
1.2.3 Market failure. The so-called market failure refers to the phenomenon that the incompleteness of the market (such as the existence of monopoly power, the lack of liquidity of production factors, the existence of huge externalities, and the lack of knowledge and information) weakens the role of the market economy. That is, the market economy cannot achieve its theoretical benefits. From the perspective of sustainable development, externality is an important factor of market failure. Externality refers to the situation that the income and cost borne by an individual or an economic unit are the direct result of the behavior of other individuals and economic units without any compensation. For example, a chemical fertilizer plant pollutes the atmosphere, but ordinary people are forced to bear the damage caused by air pollution. It can be seen that market failure has also led to air pollution.
1.2.4 government policy failure. The government is not omnipotent, and the failure of government decision-making will also produce environmental problems. For example, the Hebei provincial government intends to build Shijiazhuang into a famous "drug capital" in China, and pharmaceutical factories are extremely polluting enterprises, so this policy orientation will inevitably have a negative impact on air pollution in Shijiazhuang.
1.2.5 The whole people don't know enough about the environment.
At present, there are many misunderstandings about environmental protection. For example, people don't know enough about the potential, long-term, urgency and arduousness of environmental problems, and they don't understand the government's environmental protection policies. Because they lack understanding and ideological attention, their behavior is not active enough and they are not cooperative enough. For example, in Jianling village in the southeast of Shishi, the roads are rugged and dusty, the villagers' own quality is not high, and garbage can be seen everywhere. Especially after the fair, it was a mess, which made the villagers and passers-by miserable.
Third, the government behavior countermeasures
In today's increasingly serious ecological damage and environmental pollution, the saying that "economic development depends on the market and environmental protection depends on the government" has been widely accepted. The failure of environmental resources allocation requires the government to strengthen the administrative supervision of environmental protection and take effective administrative, economic, legal and educational measures to play its important role in solving environmental problems. After China's entry into WTO, our environmental management will be impacted. Therefore, we must renew our ideas, improve our understanding and adapt to the new situation and environment.
1, improve the functions of government agencies, and organically combine macro and micro. Implementing the strategy of sustainable development requires changes in almost all policy areas, changing the closed and divided way of formulating and implementing economic, social and environmental policies in the past, and combining environmental protection with other policies. This is not only beneficial to the environment itself, but also can improve the efficiency of other policies, which requires the Shijiazhuang municipal government to establish an environmental management system, and its performance distribution is shown in the above figure:
According to this system, the government should improve the institutional setup. Implement the administrative leadership responsibility system for environmental quality, clarify the responsibilities of various departments, and define the specific behaviors of the government and functional departments, enterprises and institutions that violate environmental laws and regulations. Give corresponding punishment to departments and organs that violate environmental protection laws and regulations or fail to implement them effectively, so that the "own work" of the leaders can be linked to the environmental protection in the area they are responsible for. In addition, it is necessary to delegate the real power to the environmental protection department with clear powers and responsibilities in order to effectively implement it.
2, do a good job of supervision and investigation, unified layout, classified management. To control environmental pollution, we must adhere to the principle of putting prevention first and combining prevention with control, and realize comprehensive planning and rational layout.
2. 1 The environmental protection department of the government should earnestly do a good job in environmental monitoring and investigation. Recently, Hebei Environmental Monitoring Center Station is a supervision and quarantine station set up for the increasingly serious indoor environmental pollution. In the future, we should further improve similar institutions and strengthen the monitoring of air pollution sources; The implementation of urban air quality weekly or daily newspaper, so that all parties concerned can timely understand the possible air pollution. So that some units with large pollutant emissions and people sensitive to air pollutants can make preparations in advance. Take necessary measures to provide timely, accurate and comprehensive environmental quality information for environmental management decision-making. At the same time, the government can invest in building an environmental command center with monitoring, information and testing as the core, equipped with remote sensing monitoring vehicles for motor vehicle exhaust, and strengthen the standardization of environmental supervision.
2.2 According to the existing laws, regulations and rules, formulate and improve local regulations and strengthen environmental law enforcement supervision. In order to carry out environmental protection work in depth, it is necessary to establish an environmental legal system that is suitable for sustainable development and market economy and beneficial to environmental protection. The government can formulate a series of corresponding policies and regulations to improve this system (note that there should be comprehensive laws and regulations, and all aspects should be clearly defined, and they should be revised continuously with the development of science and technology. On this basis, we will carry out environmental law enforcement supervision, effectively supervise all economic activities related to environmental protection based on national environmental policies, laws, regulations and standards, focusing on national environmental protection priorities, combining with Shijiazhuang environmental protection priorities, using the rights endowed by national laws and the administrative powers entrusted by Shijiazhuang Municipal Government, with Shijiazhuang Environmental Protection Bureau as the main body and with the cooperation of relevant departments.
3. According to the main causes of air pollution in Shijiazhuang, take corresponding prevention measures and strengthen management.
3. 1 The government should govern industrial and mining enterprises by economic means. Enterprises are the main producers and emitters of various pollutants, which requires enterprises to take practical measures to reduce pollution while pursuing economic benefits and realize the unity of economic, social and environmental benefits. Make enterprises change their ideas, abandon the prejudice of the Ministry of Environmental Protection against the economy, and establish the concept that attaching importance to the environment is more conducive to the economy. Propagandize and implement the principle of "polluter pays, which is used for compensation, developer protection and destroyer recovery". Units that destroy the environment and discharge pollutants at will or exceed the standards set by the state shall be fined or charged with sewage charges according to the types, quantities and degrees of pollution; Units that discharge pollutants that damage people's health or cause property losses shall be ordered to compensate the victims; Give tax relief or other economic benefits to products produced by waste; Implement the tax and fee system for the development and utilization of natural resources.
3.2 Establish strict standards to control dust and waste gas pollution. Close the unqualified gravel yard. For the demolition site of the construction site, the engineering contractor is required to raise a protective net around the site and cover the temporary traffic roads around it with asphalt; Some that do not return to the soil should be transported out of the city at any time. The truck is required to have a cover to prevent building materials from being scattered on the street. The company should adopt modern electronic filter tower and other advanced equipment to purify the waste gas containing putty and harmful sulfur dioxide. Chemical plants should use pipelines to transport waste gas and other malodorous gases produced by overproduction to coal stations for combustion, then turn them into harmless carbonic acid gas and steam, and then discharge them into the air through tall chimneys. Pharmaceutical factories should set up recovery devices for harmful gases, which can be used to make gypsum. Formulate and implement new emission standards for nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds and fuel quality assessment standards for factories and services. In addition, the government should speed up the construction of non-coal areas and integrate the central area of Shijiazhuang (Heping Road, Tiyu Street, Huainan Road and Cang 'an Road; Weiming street and area) basically built a coal-free area, and gradually built the whole urban area into a coal-free area. At the same time, the government should order some units with central heating conditions to provide central heating.
3.3 Use administrative means to reduce motor vehicle pollution. The government should implement strict local laws and regulations, prohibit the sale of cars that do not meet the national exhaust emission standards, and eliminate cars with excessive exhaust emissions; Installation of EFI and three-way catalytic devices; Accelerate the conversion of motor vehicle fuel,
Use clean energy such as nature and electricity; At the same time, pollution-free vehicles such as trams can be set up. For some new buses, it is necessary to buy clean models with natural gas as fuel and build natural gas filling stations. Tractors, motor tricycles and motorcycles of non-urban brands are prohibited from entering the urban areas.
3.4 The government should strictly plan and solve the problem of road slope in Shijiazhuang. On the one hand, in the new road engineering, try to avoid the problem of road slope. At the same time, for some main roads with slope problems, the government can order the relevant departments to replace fences with flower beds and plant trees on both sides of the roads to achieve the dual effects of dust prevention and sand prevention and air purification. On the other hand, the number of sprinklers can be increased, and some treated sewage can be sprinkled on the road several times a day with sprinklers.
3.5 Adjust the industrial layout to realize the industrial layout of the park. The government should make greater efforts to gradually change the unreasonable industrial layout, implement the industrial policy of "promoting three with excellence" in urban areas, shift the industrial focus to development zones, develop industrial parks, and strictly implement the industrial development-oriented policy and the "three simultaneities" regulation. Restricting the establishment of polluting industrial projects in some sensitive areas, and implementing policies such as relocation, production suspension, production change or rectification within a time limit for some enterprises with serious pollution. Expand the scale of Shishi economic and technological development zone and high-tech industrial development zone.
4. Be alert to the rational planning and management of urban traffic and public facilities.
4. 1 The government should increase investment.
4. 1. 1 Increase investment in public facilities. The government can increase investment in some public facilities, such as building fountains and fire pools in some parks and squares. Open up car-free areas and commercial pedestrian streets at appropriate locations to reduce traffic flow.
4. 1.2 The government should increase capital investment to control urban garbage. The government can invest in setting up several garbage drop points in a residential area and regularly drop garbage every day. At the same time, the government can invest in the development of garbage industry. Of course, the way out of garbage must also adhere to the principle of putting prevention first and combining prevention with control, rather than taking the road of pollution first and then treatment. The government can let enterprises consider creating conditions to reduce garbage in production, such as reducing packaging or changing disposable packaging into reusable packaging. For some garbage that can't be decomposed naturally, it can be burned, but the dust and waste gas emission from the incineration plant must be strictly limited, and the chimney is expensive. It is necessary to install waste gas filtering devices to minimize the discharge of toxic substances into the atmosphere.
4.2 Strengthen urban greening and establish a three-dimensional urban greening system. Shijiazhuang planted trees and grass on a large scale, and implemented three-dimensional greening on the basis of vertical greening. With the development of industry and the change of people's lifestyle, indoor greening has become very important, because many new houses and office buildings have a lot of pollutants, some of which will release harmful gases or dust particles to pollute the air, including a variety of fuels, wood, building materials, office equipment, furniture, carpets and chemical cleaners. In addition, plants, pets or room air conditioning systems can also carry bacteria and destroy indoor air quality. Three-dimensional greening is to form a three-dimensional greening network in rooms, floors, roofs and walls to prevent the breeding of bacteria and molds. In addition, chemicals such as paint fuel and pesticides should be restricted.
5. Extensive use of publicity, education and other means to improve citizens' quality and environmental awareness. Environmental protection is related to the survival and development of the whole nation, and the essence of environmental protection is to protect productive forces. All localities and departments should further raise awareness of the importance of environmental protection, further strengthen publicity and education on environmental protection, widely popularize and publicize environmental scientific knowledge and legal knowledge, effectively enhance citizens' awareness of environmental protection and legal concept, and raise citizens' awareness of environmental protection. (1) All localities and departments should take legal knowledge of environmental protection as an important part of the training of cadres and workers, and improve the consciousness of leading cadres and the masses at all levels to abide by environmental protection laws and regulations. Governments at all levels should take environmental performance as the main index to assess the performance of government officials, and let governments at all levels put environmental protection on the agenda. (2) Schools should actively carry out environmental education. (3) Establish public talents and mechanisms, give play to the role of social organizations, encourage the public to participate in environmental protection work, and report and expose all kinds of violations of environmental protection laws and regulations. (4) Newspapers, radio and television and other news media shall timely report and commend advanced models in environmental protection work, and publicly expose and criticize illegal acts that pollute and destroy the ecological environment. Expose individuals in units that seriously pollute and destroy the ecological environment and give play to the supervisory role of news and public opinion. (5) Governments at all levels can set up publicity columns in residential areas to publicize environmental protection laws and regulations and fully mobilize the consciousness of the masses.
6. Vigorously develop environmental protection technology and promote the development of environmental protection industry.
6. 1 Actively develop science and technology to promote environmental protection enterprises. China has joined the WTO, and all domestic enterprises have to face the challenges and tests of economic globalization. It is short-sighted to open the international market only by the low price of human resources and labor. The competition at the expense of people's low income has a wrong starting point and its sustainability is even more doubtful. Strengthening the scientific and technological connotation of enterprises is the fundamental way out. In the face of the present situation that the number of enterprises in environmental protection field is small and the scale is small, it is imperative to vigorously develop scientific and technological environmental protection enterprises. The government should strengthen the support and policy guidance for the scientific and technological development of environmental protection enterprises. (1) The fiscal and taxation policies are inclined to the scientific and technological development behavior of enterprises. If an enterprise's investment and technological development are confirmed through the corresponding supervision and supervision mechanism, the tax on the investment can be reduced or exempted; If, after corresponding argumentation, enterprise investment and a certain technological research can promote the technological progress of the whole industry in the whole region, then preferential loans or even discount loans can be obtained from the government. (2) In the field of environment, set up technology research and development projects for environmental protection enterprises with matching funds. (3) Select environmental protection enterprises with scale, rich practical experience and technical research foundation as the key support objects, and give full play to their best role with a clear aim.
6.2 Encourage and support scientific and technological research and inventions in environmental protection and pollution control, and strive to turn the research results into practical results.
6.3 Strengthen contacts and cooperation with other regions and countries. Introduce foreign capital to make up for the shortage of funds; Actively carry out technical exchanges and cooperation with other regions and countries, and study and apply new forms of environmental protection concepts and technologies; Invite well-known environmental experts at home and abroad to participate in the formulation of the work plan for environmental improvement, development and governance in our city, and so on.