The Connotation and Main Features of 1 Eco-city
1. 1 the connotation of eco-city
Eco-city is a concept put forward by UNESCO in the research process of "Man and Biosphere (MAB)", which is the result of urban ecological development. It is a form of human habitation with social harmony, economic efficiency and virtuous ecological cycle, and a mutually beneficial structure formed by the integration of nature, city and people. In a word, an eco-city is an ecologically healthy city.
1.2 main features of eco-city
Compared with traditional cities, eco-cities mainly have the following characteristics:
1.2. 1
The harmony of eco-city is not only reflected in the relationship between man and nature, between nature and man's life, between man and nature, and between man and man.
1.2.2 Efficiency
Eco-city can improve the utilization efficiency of all resources: make the best use of things, land, people, and people, so that materials and energy can be used and recycled to varying degrees, and the relationship between industries and departments can be coordinated.
1.2.3 sustainability
Eco-city is guided by the concept of sustainable development. At the same time, take into account different time and space, and rationally allocate resources. It not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet their needs, ensuring their healthy, sustained and coordinated development.
1.2.4 integrity
Eco-city does not simply pursue the beauty of the environment or its own prosperity, but takes into account the overall benefits of society, economy and environment. It not only pays attention to the coordination between economic development and ecological environment, but also pays attention to the improvement of human life quality, and seeks development under the overall coordinated order.
1.2.5 area
As the unity of urban and rural areas, eco-city itself is a regional concept, which is based on regional balance. However, cities are interrelated and mutually restricted, and only balanced and coordinated regions can have balanced and coordinated eco-cities. 2 China's current urban environment and the start of ecological environment construction.
2. 1 Current urban conditions
The Ninth Five-Year Plan period is a five-year period of great development of environmental protection, which is embodied in the following aspects: the party and the state attach great importance to environmental protection, the environmental awareness of the whole nation is generally improved, environmental protection measures are strengthened, investment in environmental protection is greatly increased, and environmental quality is improved. However, environmental pollution is still serious, and the trend of ecological deterioration has not been effectively curbed. The water environment pollution is quite serious. The water quality of 36% urban rivers in China is worse than Grade 5, and most urban groundwater is polluted in different degrees. Air pollution is very prominent. In 34 1 city monitored, 66.7% of the cities' air quality exceeded the national second-class standard. Solid waste, urban garbage and "white pollution" are still serious; Less than10% of the total amount of municipal solid waste in China is truly harmless; It is very common for urban noise to disturb people. 200 1 year, 55.7% of the urban noise in the monitoring area is moderately polluted. Serious environmental pollution has caused many citizens to get sick.
2.2 the start of ecological environment construction
China began to explore ecological environment construction in 1980s. 1999, Hainan was first approved by the state to build an ecological province. 200 1, Jilin and Heilongjiang were approved to build an ecological province. Shaanxi, Fujian, Shandong and Sichuan also proposed to build an ecological province. Shanghai, Changsha, Yichun, Yangzhou, Weihai, Shenzhen and many other cities have put forward the goal of building eco-cities. In recent years, urban planning society of china, China Ecological Society and its local societies have held many national and local academic seminars, which have pushed academic research and exchanges to a climax. The fifth international eco-city conference was held in Shenzhen from August 6 to 23, 2002. Shenzhen Declaration on Eco-city Construction is the main content of this meeting, which will play a positive guiding role in the construction and development of world cities and the improvement of human settlements.
How to build an eco-city in China?
3. 1 Guiding ideology and goal of eco-city construction
The author believes that the guiding ideology of eco-city construction is: taking urban ecology and environmental economics as theoretical guidance, taking sustainable development as the theme, taking urban planning as the blueprint, focusing on environmental protection, taking urban management as the means, establishing a new mechanism of government-led, market-driven, law enforcement supervision and public participation, and building a city with high economic, social and ecological harmony.
The goal of eco-city construction is to create a clean, beautiful and quiet city and realize all-round sustainable development. Build an efficient ecological industry and an ecological landscape where people's needs and desires are satisfied, and harmonious ecological culture and functions are integrated, so as to realize the organic combination of nature, agriculture and human settlement.
3.2 Eco-city construction countermeasures
Eco-city construction is the symbol of human civilization and progress, and it is also the inevitable direction of urban development. It involves not only the ecological construction and restoration of urban material environment, but also values, lifestyles, policies and regulations. As a developing country, China lags far behind developed countries in comprehensive national strength, scientific and technological level, population quality and ideology. In view of China's poor environment, weak foundation and large population, the following countermeasures for eco-city construction are put forward.
3.2. 1 Change ideas and improve environmental protection and ecological awareness.
From the concept of unsustainable development to the concept of sustainable development. Its connotation includes: from pursuing short-term direct economic effect to pursuing long-term indirect economic effect; From the pursuit of single economic benefits to the pursuit of high efficiency of economic and ecological integration. This is the ideological basis of eco-city construction. Without this change, there can be no sense of urgency, crisis and responsibility. This is especially important for decision makers and entrepreneurs. Because the decision makers' thoughts have a great influence, entrepreneurs affect an enterprise, and enterprises are often big environmental polluters. At present, the cadre system in China is tenure system, and the performance evaluation during the term of office is mainly economic performance. It is easy for cadres to have the idea of quick success and instant benefit. To complete this ideological change, we must take the merits and demerits of environmental and ecological protection during the term of office of cadres as one of the contents of performance evaluation.
To improve the public's ecological awareness is to make people realize their position and environmental responsibility in nature, respect history and culture, change traditional consumption patterns, enhance their self-regulation ability, and maintain the high-quality operation of urban ecosystems. To improve the public's ecological awareness, in addition to strengthening publicity and education in various forms, we should also: (1) let citizens feel the benefits brought by environmental and ecological protection; (2) make citizens form the concept that "there is a price to pay for natural resources, and so does pollution"; (3) Create a social moral environment and standardize irregular environmental behaviors.
3.2.2 Accelerate theoretical research and formulate an eco-city index system.
Sustainable development is being talked about everywhere now. However, if there is no economic theory and specific evaluation index that can guide the practice of sustainable development, how can we know that decision-making and practice are conducive to sustainable development? For a long time, the theory and policy of urban construction have always been centered on resource development, with the development of the national economy as the main line, taking into account the basic living requirements of citizens. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a set of scientific theory and index system of eco-city construction suitable for China's national conditions.
(1) Eco-cities should adopt holistic system theory and method to comprehensively and systematically understand the interaction among urban environment, economy, politics, society and culture. The research content of environmental economics includes the environmental effect and ecological effect of economic activities. It also has a good social foundation and is accepted by many people. The government should actively support and organize environmental economists and experts and scholars in related fields to discuss and study, so as to expand the research field of environmental economics and develop it into a multi-scientific, multi-level, multi-branch and interdisciplinary comprehensive discipline including the "new wealth theory". Its fields include industrial economics, agricultural economics, forest economics, marine economics and ecological economics theories in these fields. Environmental economics and urban ecology simultaneously guide the construction of eco-city and the development of national economy. This is an opportunity, and China should be at the forefront of the world.
(2) The goal of eco-city construction is diversified. Divided into population, economy, society, environment, ecological goals, structural optimization goals and efficiency and fairness goals. These objectives should be decomposed into stage objectives according to the stages of eco-city construction (primary, transitional and advanced stages) to form an evaluation index system. It is used to measure the speed, changing trend, capacity and coordination of urban ecology in various stages of construction. The designed indicators should be highly sensitive and comprehensive, including sustainability indicators, coordination indicators and monitoring and early warning indicators. The principle of selecting indicators should pay attention to the comprehensiveness, representativeness, hierarchy, rationality and reality of factors. Under the guidance of eco-city evaluation index system, urban planning regulations, machinery city construction regulations and urban management regulations have been compiled.
3.2.3 Establish a new mechanism for eco-city environmental protection.
Environmental quality is the foundation and condition of eco-city construction. Environmental protection is an important and direct means of urban ecological construction, ecological restoration and maintaining ecological balance. Establishing a new environmental protection mechanism with government leading, market promoting, law enforcement supervision and public participation is the guarantee of eco-city construction.
The main responsibility of the city government is to plan, build and manage the city well. We should concentrate on planning, building and managing cities. Strengthen the construction of various public facilities and comprehensively manage the environment. From the perspective of social subject, social behavior can be divided into government behavior, enterprise behavior and public behavior. These three behaviors determine the development of human society. However, unsustainable development or sustainable development depends on these three behaviors. In the past development model, the behavior of the government, enterprises and the public did not take into account the finiteness of the natural environment and its constraints on economic activities, and did not bring the natural environment into the economic system, which led to the increasing depth and breadth of human influence on the ecological environment.
The government should become the leading force in the construction of eco-cities, and should increase efforts to effectively guide, stipulate, maintain and encourage the whole society to protect and build the ecological environment: (1) The state should enhance the functions and status of the national environmental protection department. Substantive participation in national economic decision-making activities, major projects should seek the opinions of the State Environmental Protection Administration from the initial program formulation; (2) Strengthen the construction of ecological environmental protection supervision team, improve the system, strengthen the strength, and improve the quality and professionalism of personnel; (3) Establish the national, provincial and municipal governments' eco-city construction and management coordination agencies to coordinate and supervise the management functions among government departments, so as to promote the implementation of eco-city construction planning; (4) Emphasize the position and responsibility of the city government in the social behavior of ecological environment protection. Formulate and implement relevant policies for eco-city construction.
Marketing means introducing values into environmental protection and establishing and popularizing market mechanism. By means of taxes, fees and environmental property rights, we can clarify the relationship between man and nature, and between enterprises and nature, so as to improve the environmental awareness and contract awareness of the public and enterprises through publicity and education, curb environmental abuse, promote the public and enterprises to understand the use value, ecological value and life support function of the environment, and reduce resource consumption and pollution. However, the government should adjust the market price through policies to achieve the purpose of environmental protection and take care of the public's affordability.
Under the circumstances that the public's awareness of environmental protection is generally low and the idea of quick success and instant benefit for enterprises is still widespread, it is difficult to curb the situation of "destruction while building" and "pollution while controlling" by relying on publicity and education. The government should strengthen law enforcement supervision. The premise of effective law enforcement and supervision is to have a complete, rigorous and operable legal comprehensive system to adapt to urban ecological development, so as to legalize and institutionalize urban ecological development; Have a high quality, strong sense of responsibility, fair and honest law enforcement team.
Public participation in environmental protection and ecological construction is a right given to citizens by law, which is clearly stipulated in the laws of western countries. Moreover, the content of citizens' environmental rights has been enriched with the development of society, and now it includes the right to know about the environment, the right to discuss the environment and the right to claim environmental compensation. Article 6 of the Environmental Protection Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates that "all units and individuals have the obligation to protect the environment and have the right to report and accuse the units and individuals that pollute and destroy the environment". With the continuous improvement of environmental law theory and public environmental awareness, public participation in environmental protection and ecological construction will have theoretical basis, legal basis and mass basis at the same time. This is an inevitable trend in history.
Public participation should be embodied in environmental decision-making, environmental supervision, environmental investment and personal environmental behavior. To really let the public participate, we must: (1) amend the law, clarify citizens' environmental rights, and let citizens know their legal rights and obligations; (2) Revise the decision-making procedure to let the public participate in the decision-making process; (3) Cultivate social mechanisms suitable for eco-city construction.
3.2.4 Grasping the Key Link-Eco-city Construction Planning
The overall planning of eco-city should comprehensively study the economic, social and ecological environment of the city. People-oriented, formulate strategic blueprints and plans that can guide and control the construction and development of eco-cities. It must be scientific, comprehensive, predictable and operable. The overall planning of eco-city should take ecological construction, ecological restoration and ecological balance as mandatory contents. Once the eco-city construction plan is approved, it must have legal authority, and any changes must be carried out in strict accordance with the procedures.
In order to do a good job in eco-city planning, the following countermeasures should be taken: (1) Amend the existing urban planning regulations. Fully embody the concept of urban sustainable development. (2) Improve the management mechanism of urban planning, and change the situation that the proponent, planner, decision-maker and operator of construction projects belong to the same system, so that every link can be effectively controlled. (3) Establish a new urban planning process program to achieve a truly comprehensive overall view. (4) Emphasize the scientificity and independence of expert argumentation, and avoid "slapping the head project", "achievement project" and "chief executive's will". (5) Establish normal channels for public participation and improve the correctness of public decision-making. Representing the best interests of citizens and social equity in ecological construction.
In addition to the routine content, eco-city planning should also pay attention to the following issues:
(1) To build an eco-city, we must first determine the urban population carrying capacity. Population carrying capacity does not refer to the maximum capacity of a city, but refers to the maximum population limit on the premise of satisfying people's healthy development and ecological virtuous circle. We should not only consider the possibility of future population growth, but also consider the rationality of population size that meets a certain quality of life; We should not only consider the fixed and static population distribution law, but also consider the dynamic population distribution and fluctuation law between cities, between rural areas and cities, and between urban commercial areas and residential areas.
(2) Landscape pattern is the spatial layout of landscape elements and an important part of urban ecosystem. Urban landscape planning should follow the following principles: ① the principle of overall optimization; ② Functional partition principle; ③ the principle of landscape stability; ④ The principle of sustainable development; ⑤ The principle of activating the edge.
(3) The industrial structure of a city determines its function and nature, as well as its basic activity direction, content, form and spatial distribution. According to the principle of "* * *" in ecology, through the input and output of material and energy between enterprises, industries, residents and ecological subsystems, the industrial structure is optimized and the comprehensive balance of material and energy is realized.
(4) Improve the rational utilization efficiency of resources, accelerate the research and promotion of resource development and recycling, establish an efficient and harmonious urban regional logistics and energy supply network, realize the "closed cycle" of logistics, redefine the value of "waste" and reduce pollution.
3.2.5 Highlight the city's individual characteristics and establish the city's ecological fashion.
Each city has its own unique geographical environment, historical culture and construction conditions. We should respect, study and carry forward its own characteristics, adjust measures to local conditions according to its own characteristics, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, seize advantages from one or several aspects, and embody its personality. Formulate a feasible eco-city construction plan with its own characteristics. It integrates landscape city, garden city, garden city, garden city, forest city, sanitary city, healthy city and green city. It not only embodies the advantages of eco-city construction, but also gives people a striking image.
In order to benefit the construction of eco-city and the protection of achievements, managers should establish systems, advocate good public environmental behavior, and form rules and customs of eco-city. Such as: ① restricting or even refusing motorcycles to enter the city; (2) limiting the growth of the number of cars, promoting buses and using environmentally-friendly cars; (3) advocate using bicycles as a means of transportation to and from work, or use footsteps instead of cars; ④ Advocating the use of cloth bags, baskets and lunch boxes and rejecting "white pollution"; ⑤ Advocate "green hotels" and "green hotels" and prohibit the hotel industry from providing disposable articles; ⑥ Advocating the combination of shops and manufacturers to provide green services for goods; ⑦ Advocate green life, green consumption and green family; 8. Conditional cities should limit the height of buildings and advocate the use of clean energy.
3.2.6 Pay attention to the cooperation between cities and regions.
Cities and regions are inseparable. The city is the core of the region, and the region is the foundation of the city. They are interdependent and complementary. There is a constant exchange of materials, energy and information between cities and regions. The more developed the city, the more frequent the communication and the stronger the interaction. The construction of eco-city should especially emphasize the division of labor, cooperation and coordinated development between cities and regions. We should not only pay attention to our own prosperity, but also ensure that the city's own activities do not harm the interests of other cities.
4 conclusion
Gradually realize the change of thought, the improvement of consciousness, the renewal of ideas, the deepening of theory and the unification of standards, and have a solid ideological and theoretical foundation; Then through the implementation of clear objectives, scientific planning, perfect system, coordinated monitoring, promoting market, public participation, creating fashion, urban cooperation and other powerful measures, the construction of eco-city will be carried out steadily and orderly. Although we still have a long way to go and face challenges, as long as we make unremitting efforts, a prosperous and harmonious eco-city will emerge in China.