The World Bank's ranking of the proportion of people aged 65 and over shows that among more than 200 countries and economies in the world, China's population is aging faster than the international average.
An obvious data is that the proportion of people aged 65 and above in China has increased from 5% to 10%, which took 35 years in Japan, at least 100 years in Italy, and only 30 years in China.
This shows that the rate of population aging in China is much higher than that in other aging countries.
The birth rate and death rate are very low.
One of the reasons why China's population is aging so fast is the declining birth rate.
Since the 1980s, the birth rate in China has been declining, and it has remained as low as that in developed countries since the 20th century.
With the development of national economy and the continuous improvement of medical level, the mortality rate has remained stable since 1970s, and now the life expectancy of China people is getting higher and higher, reaching 76 years.
3. With the aging of population, there are three related trends.
With the aging, the population structure of China is still facing three trends.
(1) The first trend is the rapid rise of wages.
The wage level of working people in China has shown a rapid upward trend from 1984 to 20 15. One of the reasons behind it is aging, and there is a gap in the working-age population, so the labor cost is increasing.
(2) The second trend is that the education level has improved significantly.
From 1982 to 20 15, thanks to the popularization of compulsory education administration and the reform of higher education, the education level of our people has been continuously improved, and the number of graduates with bachelor degree or above has reached 7 million every year, which has created favorable conditions for China's industrial upgrading.
But at the same time, the working years of workers in the labor market have been shortened.
People who used to be able to go out to work at the age of 65,438+08 now enter the university at the age of 65,438+08, and may have to apply for postgraduate studies or participate in other studies after graduation at the age of 22.
Therefore, behind the improvement of education level is the increase of education time, and the corresponding time to participate in labor will be reduced.
(3) The third trend is that the life expectancy of the population has greatly increased.
The national life expectancy has reached 76 years.
Nowadays, the elderly are healthier and live longer than before, but at the same time, it also brings greater burden to society and families.
Especially now most of them are only children, and a couple may have to support four old people, which is a very heavy burden for the family.
Two. Consequences of Population Aging in China
1, the burden of providing for the aged is gradually increasing.
The dependency ratio of the elderly population is rising.
1953, an average of 100 laborers supported 7.4 elderly people.
By 20 15, the data reached 14.4.
It has basically doubled, and the proportion of pension expenditure in GDP is also increasing.
2. Population mobility has aggravated the imbalance of population structure between provinces and between urban and rural areas.
With the aggravation of the aging problem, the imbalance of population structure between provinces and between urban and rural areas is also increasing.
Due to the migration of working-age labor force to developed coastal cities, the population aging in inland and rural areas is becoming increasingly serious.
These inland cities are short of labor, but there are more and more elderly people to support, the fiscal deficit is getting bigger and bigger, and economic development is also restricted.
3. Aging has increased the medical burden of the government and families.
With the continuous increase of the elderly population, families and governments pay more and more medical care expenses for the elderly.
The elderly have many common health problems, such as daily behavior disorder, partial or total physical disability, chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes, and senile diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. The treatment and management of these health problems require high cost and energy.
4. Aging will have an impact on the labor market.
The old-age burden of the existing labor force is getting bigger and bigger.
They not only have to support their own elderly people, but also need to pay social security to support other elderly people.
In this way, for themselves, they have less and less disposable property and time.
The reduction of working hours has pushed up labor costs.
Three. The Countermeasures of Population Aging in China
An aging society will bring all kinds of problems, and we can refer to Japan for details. The grim reality makes our country have to come up with various countermeasures.
1, two-child policy
Since 2065438+0665438+1 October1,China has changed its family planning policy, so that all couples can have two children, aiming at alleviating the aging population by increasing the birth rate.
2. Expand the demographic dividend
First of all, the flexible retirement age system is implemented to increase the labor force by extending the working years.
The second is to attach importance to vocational education.
Although the education level of China people has been greatly improved, there is a problem of over-education.
It is obviously unnecessary for some government administrative positions to require doctoral knowledge, but on the other hand, enterprises can't recruit suitable industrial workers with salary increases.
Overeducation not only wastes individual youth, but also wastes national education and human resources.