0 1 alopecia
Hair loss is one of the most common adverse reactions of chemotherapy, and the incidence is between10%-100% [1]. This symptom will lead to the decline of patients' quality of life, treatment confidence and compliance, and the loss of self-esteem.
counter-measure
Scalp cooling method: ice cap is used before or during chemotherapy, the temperature is generally set at 0~ 15℃, and the time is controlled from 10~30 minutes before chemotherapy to 90 minutes after treatment.
Use a wig for beauty decoration. If you wear it every day, you should clean your wig every 10~ 14 days. If you feel that wearing a wig hurts or itches, you can use a headscarf (hat) or scarf instead.
Avoid contact with high temperature environment (such as opening the oven door).
Choose a cotton hat with a soft lining and outward seams.
Shampoo: It is suggested that the temperature of shampoo should not be too high and avoid using some irritating products (such as ethanol and perfume); When blowing hair, avoid blowing at high temperature for a long time.
02 nausea and vomiting
Nausea and vomiting are the most common adverse reactions of tumor patients during chemotherapy, which will have psychological and physical adverse effects on patients, such as loss of appetite and fear of chemotherapy. Even serious electrolyte disorder will lead to the failure of chemotherapy and affect the curative effect.
counter-measure
Young patients, patients with a history of vomiting during pregnancy, gastrointestinal tumors, etc. Diazepam, promethazine, dexamethasone, metoclopramide and other drugs can be given according to the doctor's advice before chemotherapy.
Patients such as orange peel and ginger. Prepare at the bedside, or put it on the nose, with appetizing snacks such as plum in your mouth, and take deep breaths often to reduce the occurrence of nausea and vomiting.
It is recommended that patients eat 2-3 hours before taking the medicine and stop eating 30 minutes before chemotherapy.
03 peripheral neuropathy
The most common symptom of peripheral neuropathy is numbness of hands and feet, and drugs that can cause numbness of hands and feet, such as oxaliplatin and paclitaxel, etc.
counter-measure
The most important thing in the process of medication is to avoid cold, wear gloves, and avoid contact with metal objects and bed bars, so as to avoid numbness of limbs caused by cold stimulation. Warm water should be used when washing, and fruits should be heated before eating.
It is suggested that patients should try not to blow fans and air conditioners in summer, and pay attention to keeping warm in winter, especially hands and feet, wearing thick socks and gloves.
04
Skin blackening
Cancer patients who use chemotherapy drugs may find that the skin in a certain part of the body is getting darker and darker, which is caused by pigmentation.
Many chemotherapeutic drugs can cause pigmentation, such as fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, bleomycin, hydroxyurea and cytarabine. But don't worry, pigmentation only affects the appearance, and it will recover after stopping taking medicine for a while.
counter-measure
Reduce sunlight exposure, such as using sun protection clothes and umbrellas, and applying non-irritating sunscreen on exposed parts of the body.
Eating fruits and vegetables (such as tomatoes) containing vitamin C can inhibit the production of melanin, and also have redox effect.
05
anaphylactic reaction
The allergic reaction of paclitaxel may occur during the medication, mostly about 2- 10 minutes after the first medication, and occasionally 2- 12 hours after medication.
Patients with mild allergic reaction mainly show skin flushing, rash and ants crawling away, which can generally be relieved and disappeared without treatment. Severe allergic reactions are mainly manifested as hypotension, tachycardia, chest tightness and dyspnea.
counter-measure
Before chemotherapy, dexamethasone tablets 10 mg were taken orally/2 hours and 6 hours, and antiemetic drugs, antiallergic drugs and antihistamines were taken according to the doctor's advice half an hour before taking the medicine.
Once you feel flustered, short of breath and have difficulty breathing, immediately notify the doctor and cooperate with the doctor's treatment.
06
Bone marrow suppression
Chemotherapy can play the role of systemic prevention and treatment, but in the process of chemotherapy, bone marrow suppression, white blood cells drop sharply, thrombocytopenia, anemia, easy to be complicated with multiple system infections, endangering patients' lives.
counter-measure
Choose foods with high protein, high calorie and rich vitamins to enhance nutrition;
Avoid contact between relatives suffering from infectious diseases such as colds and patients.
Chemotherapy can destroy cancer cells and inhibit their growth and reproduction. However, while chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells, they also have adverse effects on normal cells, resulting in a situation of "killing one thousand enemies and losing 800" and triggering various adverse reactions.
07
hepatotoxicity
The hepatotoxicity caused by most anti-tumor chemotherapy drugs is usually caused by specific reactions, with a low incidence, which is generally observed 1-4 weeks after administration. Hepatotoxicity is often manifested as drug-induced hepatitis, increased bilirubin and increased transaminase.
counter-measure
During chemotherapy, liver function should be checked regularly according to the doctor's advice, and problems should be handled in time.
Use liver-protecting drugs before or during chemotherapy.
When patients show signs of hepatotoxicity, they should stop taking drugs or reduce the dose in time under the guidance of a doctor. After the indicators return to normal, we can consider changing chemotherapy drugs or continuing to use drugs.
08
anaemia
The widespread use of cytotoxic drugs, especially platinum drugs, is an important factor in anemia of tumor patients. Clinical manifestations are fatigue, palpitation, shortness of breath, anorexia, no obvious specificity, often covered by the primary disease, easily ignored by doctors or patients!
counter-measure
Patients should eat high-quality protein, essential trace elements (iron), folic acid and vitamin B 12, such as animal liver, blood products, fish and shrimp, eggs, bean products, auricularia auricula, black sesame seeds, red dates and fresh fruits and vegetables.
Proper exercise, adequate sleep and reasonable diet can not only enhance physical fitness and improve mood, but also enhance immunity and improve anemia to some extent.
09
diarrhea
Chemotherapy-related diarrhea can lead to weakness, electrolyte disorder, renal failure, hypovolemia, shock and even life-threatening, thus delaying treatment, increasing hospitalization expenses, increasing patients' psychological burden, reducing compliance, and even making treatment give up halfway, affecting the completion of the whole chemotherapy plan.
counter-measure
Avoid eating foods or drinks that will accelerate intestinal peristalsis before and after chemotherapy, such as dairy products, juices, fruits, vegetables, peppers, spicy foods, etc.
Eat foods with high protein, high calorie and low residue to avoid stimulating the diet of gastrointestinal tract; Avoid eating gas-producing foods, such as sugar, beans and carbonated drinks.
High-grade liquid should be used when severe diarrhea stops, and it should be gradually changed to semi-liquid after diarrhea stops until general food is eaten.
Patients with severe diarrhea after chemotherapy should stay in bed and keep their abdomen warm. Hot compress can be used to weaken intestinal movement, reduce the frequency of defecation, and help relieve symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain.
10
Hand-foot syndrome
Hand-foot syndrome is usually a skin toxic reaction caused by chemotherapy drugs. Most patients have symptoms of touching objects, and the palms and soles of their feet usually have tingling pain. Within a few days, erythema, bulge, even peeling and ulcer may appear one after another.
counter-measure
Applying ice packs to wrists and ankles during chemotherapy can significantly reduce the incidence and severity of hand-foot syndrome [1].
Avoid contact with hot things such as sunshine and hot water; Wear loose clothes and comfortable and breathable shoes and socks; Avoid unnecessary pressure on the skin [2].
When sitting or lying down, raise your legs as high as possible.
1 1
renal toxicity
Most chemotherapy drugs are excreted through renal metabolism, which leads to nephrotoxicity mainly including serum muscle fatigue and urea nitrogen increase. It can be manifested as foam urine and tubular urine, and in severe cases, azotemia's disease, renal insufficiency, acute renal failure and uremia can occur.
counter-measure
During the use of chemotherapy drugs, renal function should be tested regularly according to the doctor's advice.
Drink plenty of water before and after chemotherapy to ensure that there is enough urine to promote drug excretion and reduce renal toxicity.
In severe cases, the dosage of the drug should be reduced or stopped under the guidance of a doctor, and the drug should be restored or replaced after the situation is relieved.
12
imprudent
As a common complication of chemotherapy patients, rash can lead to life-threatening in severe cases. The main types are acne-like drug eruption, measles-like drug eruption, dermatitis-like drug eruption and erythema-like drug eruption.
counter-measure
In order to prevent patients from scratching their skin unconsciously, patients should trim their nails regularly and put on gloves before going to bed.
Keep the indoor temperature at about 22 and the humidity at about 50%. Avoid using irritating lotion and take good care of your skin.
Excessive water temperature will aggravate the rash, so the bath water should avoid excessive water temperature.
Patients with skin defects should keep themselves and their surrounding environment clean, wipe indoor items and floors with disinfectant, and use clean sheets and quilts.