What is the domain name? Yes. St domain name is the top-level national domain name of Sao Tome and Principe's national network domain name, and it is also a common domain name.
There are many network domain names applicable to industries, including entity, laptop, stone and Shentong, and they are very commercialized, which makes many enterprises see its value and register st domain names to protect and build official website. It can be seen that st domain name may be the second best choice for your network domain name.
Moreover, the activation of st domain name can better publicize and enhance the local image of your enterprise. There are no strict restrictions on the registration of st domain names, and there are no countries and places.
Individuals or enterprises in the area can register for use.
What is an Internet domain name? Simply put, a domain name is a web address. Technically speaking, domain name is a method to solve the problem of address correspondence on the Internet. It is the name of a server or network system on the Internet. There are no duplicate domain names in the world. A domain name consists of several English letters and numbers separated by ".".For example, 100 10.com is a domain name.
What is a domain name? A domain name can simply be interpreted as an address that links to your website. Domain name is also called: domain.
Domain name is a kind of logo of websites on the Internet, which is used to locate computers during transmission.
Domain names and IP addresses are mapped to each other through the domain name system.
Domain names can be divided into a series of characters+.suffixes.
A domain name consists of two or more groups of characters in ASCII or national language, and each group of characters is separated by dots.
The rightmost character group is called top-level domain name or first-level domain name, the penultimate group is called second-level domain name, the penultimate group is called third-level domain name, and so on.
What is a domain name? Domain name, website name and website address are Internet terms that we often hear. How much do you know about domain names? So what is a domain name? Let me tell you, welcome to read.
1. What is a domain name?
1. Domain name is the name of a computer or computer group on the Internet, which consists of a series of names separated by dots. It is used to identify the electronic location of the computer in the process of data transmission (sometimes it also refers to the geographical location and geographical domain name, and refers to the local area with administrative autonomy). A domain name is an IP address with a mask. The purpose of domain name is to facilitate the storage and communication of addresses of a group of servers (website, email, FTP, etc.). ).
2.url is a concise representation of the location and access methods of available resources on the Internet, and it is the address of standard resources on the Internet. Every file on the Internet has a unique URL, which contains information indicating the location of the file and how the browser should handle it.
3. The website name consists of server name and domain name.
4. The difference between 4.url and domain name
Url is the extension, supplement and specific designation of domain name, and they belong to each other.
For example:
Is the domain name of the house at rulejian Station;
It's the url of the house where rulejian stood.
The difference between the two is that the domain name ends in. There are a lot of other characters behind the URL, which can refer to a column or an article.
Second, the amortization of the value of network domain names.
"General Principles of Enterprise Finance" stipulates: "Intangible assets shall be amortized evenly within the prescribed time limit from the date of use; If there is no specified time limit, it will be amortized in installments according to the estimated service life or the period of not less than 10 years. " The author believes that this provision and its accounting treatment method are worth discussing for the special intangible assets of domain names for the following reasons:
① Inconsistent domain name cost. The cost of registering a domain name differs from the cost of outsourcing a domain name by dozens or even hundreds of times. The former is based on "input value", while the latter is based on "output value" to determine its sales price, that is, the cost of domain name.
② The phenomenon that the value of domain name gradually decreases during its use is far from the actual situation. If the domain name is recognized by consumers, it will bring more and more benefits to enterprises. At this time, the actual value of the domain name may increase with the passage of time.
(3) Amortization of domain name cost by term will make the book value of domain name less and less, thus relaxing management. When the enterprise property right changes, if the domain name is not evaluated, it will only be priced according to the book value, or it will be evaluated according to the book value, which will give away a lot of intangible wealth and cause asset loss.
Based on the above reasons, the author believes that the domain name, an intangible asset, may not be amortized in installments after the resources are utilized. Different methods can be used to handle domain names from different sources.
The domain name that an enterprise applies for registration is always reflected in the subject of "intangible assets-domain name" at the actual cost during the service period, so that the book value of intangible assets will not be reduced during the use of domain names by enterprises, and it is also convenient for enterprises to strengthen the management of intangible assets.
At the same time, the domain name usage fee is paid every year. When an enterprise pays the domain name usage fee, it can first calculate it through "prepaid expenses", and the amortization of each period is included in the management expenses, which conforms to the matching principle (period matching).
Three. Measures for Reliable Management of Company Domain Names
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 This system is formulated to standardize the use and management of domain names of the company's computer information network, ensure the normal operation and healthy development of the company's information network, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of all parties concerned.
Article 2 All applicants, individuals, users and other relevant personnel of computer information network domain names of the company's headquarters and branches must abide by these Measures.
Article 3 The domain name of the top-level domain of the company's computer information network is.
Chapter II Domain Name Management
Article 4 The domain name of the company's computer information network shall be managed at different levels.
The top-level domain is managed by the Information Network Engineering Research Center of the Head Office (hereinafter referred to as the Network Center) in conjunction with the President's Office (hereinafter referred to as the President's Office).
Each subdomain at level 2 and below is managed by its applicant.
Article 5 Specific management measures and rules and regulations related to the planning, establishment, application, use, cancellation, service and management of domain names at and below the second level shall be formulated by the domain name service units according to the specific conditions, but their contents shall not violate the relevant provisions of these measures.
Article 6 A higher-level domain name management unit has the right to supervise and inspect the operation and management of lower-level domain names. Have the right to order the corresponding management unit to correct the existing problems.
Article 7 The superior domain management unit may directly manage the subordinate domains when it deems it necessary. At this time, the applicant of the managed subordinate subdomain is not responsible for the management result.
Article 8 Each unit may entrust other units to manage the subdomains it applies for.
The trustee in article 1 of this article is responsible for the trustee, and the trustee is responsible for the relevant management results of the trustee.
Article 9 Where a unit entrusts another unit to manage the domain name or domain name server it applies for, or borrows the host of another unit as its own domain name server, it shall first clarify the responsibilities, rights and obligations of both parties and sign a written agreement.
Chapter III Application and Registration
Article 10 A company that meets all the following conditions may apply for the domain name of the second-level domain of the company's computer information network (hereinafter referred to as the second-level domain) under the top-level domain of the company's computer information network:
1. Company branches, including:
2. At least 1 fixed domain name servers provide domain name resolution services through the network for 24 hours.
3. The domain name server must use the fixed network address officially assigned by the relevant administrator to connect to the network.
4. At least 1 computers in this domain provide other public information services except domain names through the network for 24 hours.
5. Have a fixed and competent on-the-job employee as the administrator of the applied domain name service.
6. There are corresponding technicians responsible for the management and maintenance of the application domain and its domain name server.
7. There is a management system for domain name server and domain name application and registration.
Units applying for second-level domain names must fill in the Application Form for Domain Name Service of Company Computer Information Network (hereinafter referred to as the Application Form for Domain Name Service).
In article 1 1, uppercase and lowercase letters in domain name spelling are equivalent. The spelling scheme of the second-level domain name is finally determined by the office of the Head Office (hereinafter referred to as the Head Office) according to the unified norms.
Article 12 After filling in the application form for domain name service, the management measures and rules and regulations related to domain name service shall be attached, and the applicant shall submit it to the information network engineering research center of the company (hereinafter referred to as the network center) for preliminary examination. The preliminary examination is generally completed within two working days.
Article 13 The application form for domain name service that has passed the preliminary examination shall be signed and stamped by the person in charge of the applicant, and then sent to the general office for examination and approval.
Article 14 The Application Form for Domain Name Service is approved by the Head Office. After the spelling of the domain name is confirmed and stamped with the official seal, the applicant takes it back, and configures the domain name server and other related servers for uninterrupted service according to the approved domain name.
Article 15 Unless otherwise agreed, in the configuration of domain name servers, it is strictly forbidden to transmit the e-mail of this domain name through our company or other domestic servers.
"Otherwise agreed" in Article 1 of this article means that the above transfer behavior has been agreed by the owner and manager of the server and a written agreement has been signed. This written agreement must be submitted to the network center for filing as an attachment to the domain name service application form.
Article 16 All domain name servers must use dns as their host name or dns as one of their host aliases.
Article 17 After completing the configuration of uninterrupted service of the domain name server and other related servers in the application domain, the applicant shall submit an application form for domain name service approved by the General Office and relevant attachments to the network center for technical review.
The network center puts forward improvement requirements to the domain name administrator designated by the applicant for the problems found in the technical review.
The technical review shall be completed within 15 working days after the last improvement.
Article 18 The network center shall complete the application for domain name registration in the top-level domain within two working days after the domain name application has passed the technical review. After normal operation, the network center shall issue a written notice to the domain name applicant to use the domain name of the company's computer information network. After that, the applied domain name can be used normally.
Article 19 A computer that meets all the following conditions can apply for a domain name in a top-level domain as a host:
1. provides information services on behalf of the head office or provides management services for the computer information network of the whole company.
2. Fixed competent personnel are responsible for the management and maintenance of the system.
3.24 hours online operation.
4. There are corresponding rules and regulations.
To apply for a domain name for a host of a top-level domain, you must fill in the Application Form for a Host Domain Name of a Company's Computer Information Network (hereinafter referred to as the Application Form for Domain Name).
Article 20 After the domain name application form is completed, the management measures and rules and regulations related to the host computer shall be attached and submitted to the network center for approval.
After receiving the domain name application form and its attachments, the network center shall examine and approve the relevant contents as soon as possible, and inform the applicant of the existing problems as soon as possible for improvement.
Article 2 1 The network center shall make a decision to approve or reject the corresponding application within 10 working days after receiving the domain name application form.
If the application is rejected, the decision and reasons for rejection shall be filled in the corresponding domain name application form, and this form shall be returned to the original applicant.
If the application is approved, fill in the approval decision in the corresponding domain name application form, which will be retrieved by the applicant, signed by the person in charge of the directly affiliated institution, stamped with the official seal of the directly affiliated institution, and sent to the network center for filing.
Article 22 After receiving the approved and stamped domain name application form, the network center shall complete the application for domain name registration in the top-level domain within 3 working days. After normal operation, the network center shall issue a written notice to the domain name applicant to use the domain name of the company's computer information network. After that, the applied domain name can be used normally.
Twenty-third subordinate units of the second-level domain name management unit (such as departments, offices, etc.). ) you can apply for a third-level domain name for your computer and network interconnection equipment in the second-level domain managed by its second-level domain name management unit. And so on.
Twenty-fourth domain names should generally reflect the corresponding domain name characteristics, service types and main functions of the host, and must meet the following conditions:
1. Official information services for companies or society should use official English abbreviations, Chinese abbreviations and commonly used English names as domain names.
2. Without the formal approval of the relevant state departments, domain names with the words china, Chinese, cn, national, China, China and country shall not be used.
3. Do not use the names of other countries or regions, foreign place names and international organizations known to the public.
4. Without the approval of the corresponding local government, the full name or abbreviation of the name of an administrative division at or above the county level shall not be used.
5. Without the approval of the corresponding authority, the name of the administrative organ shall not be used.
6. Trade names or generic names of commodities shall not be used.
7. Do not use the enterprise name or trademark name that others have registered in China.
8. It shall not harm the national, social and public interests.
9. Don't infringe others' intellectual property rights.
10. Don't use vulgar or indecent names.
1 1. It should not be exaggerated or mystified.
Article 25 The principle of "priority in use" shall be followed in domain name registration. If the applied domain name has been used by others, the applicant shall change the spelling of the applied domain name.
Article 26 Persons with special needs may apply for registration of the required domain name with special permission from the competent department of the company and the network center.
Twenty-seventh anyone who applies for or uses a domain name beyond the administrative affiliation, network jurisdiction and service scope must report to the network center for approval in advance and obtain permission before implementation.
Article 28 Where a subordinate unit of a company needs to register a domain name of a non-corporate computer information network in the name of the company or its subordinate institutions, it must apply in advance in accordance with these Measures for the application of second-level domain names, and it can only be implemented after approval.
Article 29 If the networked computers of the company's computer information network need to register the domain name of the non-company computer information network, they must apply in advance in accordance with these Measures for the application of the domain name of the top-level domain host, and can be implemented only after approval.
Chapter IV Domain Name Services
Article 30 the network center provides domain name services for the whole company through the top-level domain and its sub-domains at all levels.
Each unit provides domain name services for the company through the applied subdomain and its subordinate subdomains.
Article 3 1 If it is necessary to provide domain name services across directly affiliated units, a written application with the official seal of directly affiliated units must be submitted to the network center in advance, or it must be clearly put forward in the domain name service application and approved by the network center before implementation.
Article 32 All domain names of the company's computer information network, their mapping objects and related information of domain name management units are public service information, and the network center and related management units will release them to the public as needed.
The domain name applicants and service providers mentioned in Article 1 of this article must sign relevant written agreements in advance.
Article 33 Each domain name management unit shall ensure that the domain name servers it manages are connected to the Internet continuously, continuously, safely, effectively and stably for 24 hours, monitor, record, stop, investigate and prevent people or things that violate the relevant rules and regulations concerning domain name servers, and timely discover and eliminate all kinds of faults and hidden dangers that affect the security and normal operation of the system as soon as possible.
Thirty-fourth domain name service management units and managers should try their best to protect the legitimate rights and interests of relevant units and personnel from infringement related to the domain name service and domain name server provided.
Article 35 If it is necessary to suspend the domain name service for some reason, it shall at least arrange the time for network use as far as possible, and notify users in accordance with relevant regulations.
Thirty-sixth domain name users should pay the relevant fees on time according to the requirements of the superior management unit or relevant agreements.
Article 37 The network center conducts a comprehensive routine inspection of the secondary domain and the host of the top-level domain from June 5th to February the following year.
The network center checks all domain names in the company network at any time as needed.
For the problems found in the above inspection, the network center will issue a written correction notice to the corresponding domain name management unit.
Chapter V Change, Suspension and Cancellation of Domain Names
Article 38 When a domain name no longer meets the relevant administrative measures for some reason, the applicant of the domain name must apply to the domain name management unit at the next higher level for changing or canceling the corresponding domain name in accordance with these measures.
Article 39 When a company needs to change or cancel its original domain name for any reason, it may apply to the corresponding domain name management unit.
Article 40 An application for changing the second-level domain name must be made in a formal written form to the school office. After approval by the general office, the applicant will send it to the network center for implementation.
The application for revoking the domain name of the second-level domain or changing or revoking the host domain name of the top-level domain must be submitted to the network center in formal written form. It will be implemented after being approved by the network center.
Article 4 1 If an applicant for a top-level domain name wants to change the contents of other items other than the domain name reported in the corresponding application form, he/she must report to the network center for implementation and filing in a formal written form.
Article 42 The change and revocation of the top-level domain name and related parameters shall generally be completed within 10 working days after its application is approved.
The cancellation of the domain name of the second-level domain and the host domain name of the top-level domain may be suspended at the request of the applicant.
Article 43 When the domain name management unit needs to suspend the domain name service for some units or hosts according to the regulations, it must notify the corresponding units at least five working days in advance.
Forty-fourth domain name management units in accordance with the provisions of the suspension of domain name services to some units or hosts, must be 30 working days in advance written notice to the corresponding units.
Chapter VI Responsibility
Article 45 The responsibilities related to domain name spelling shall be borne by the designated unit.
Forty-sixth in violation of article twenty-sixth of these measures, the spelling of the corresponding domain name shall be changed after confirmation.
Article 47 In case of violation of Article 16 of these Measures, the network center will immediately suspend the connection of its domain name server and issue a notice of correction within a time limit to relevant units and responsible persons.
The notice mentioned in article 1 of this article shall be filled out by two or more staff members of the network center.
Article 48 Relevant responsible units and personnel who violate Article 16 of these Measures must submit a written explanation with official seal to the network center within a time limit. This situation shows that after the approval of the network center, the network center will deal with the infringing units separately or jointly according to the actual situation as follows:
1. Warning
2. Order compensation for the losses of the infringed.
3. Suspend the networking of the corresponding domain name server for 7 to 93 days.
The unit mentioned in paragraph 1 of this article may investigate the corresponding responsibilities of the relevant responsible persons again.
Forty-ninth in violation of article 16 of these measures, has violated the criminal law or regulations on public security penalties, handed over to the public security organs.
Article 50 In case of violation of Articles 29 to 3 1, Paragraph 2 of Article 32, Article 33 and Article 35 of these Measures, the network center will make the following treatment according to the specific circumstances:
1. Warning
Step 2: Order Correction
3. After correction, suspend the networking of the corresponding domain name server for 3 to 93 days.
4. After correction, suspend the connection between the corresponding computer or relevant unit and the company's computer information network for 3 to 93 days.
Article 5 1 If the corresponding management unit refuses to make corrections without justifiable reasons after the network center issues a notice of correction according to Article 39 of these Measures, the network center will suspend its corresponding domain name service.
Fifty-second in violation of the provisions of Article 45 and Article 46 of these measures, the domain name management unit failed to notify the corresponding domain name users before stopping the domain name service. If the user makes a request, the domain name management unit must immediately resume the corresponding domain name service that it stopped first, and then deal with it in accordance with Articles 45 and 46 of these Measures.
Article 53 The network center shall resume the suspended domain name service within 3 working days.
Article 54 If the relevant units and responsible persons listed in Articles 50 and 52 of these Measures refuse to correct or refuse to accept the punishment, the network center will deal with the infringing units separately or jointly according to the actual situation as follows:
1. Make corrections within a time limit
2. Suspend the networking of the directly affiliated units of the infringing unit 1 to 30 days.
3. Suggest that the unit where the responsible person belongs give him administrative and disciplinary sanctions.
The unit mentioned in item 3 of paragraph 1 of this article shall adopt the suggestion of the network center, give corresponding punishment to the responsible person, and notify the management unit of the result in writing.
Fourth, the domain name system (DNS)
1. Internet naming mechanism
Internet uses IP address to identify the host, which is not easy to remember. It is easy to read and remember the host by using character strings (the birth of domain name system). The problems to be solved are: host name management and host name -IP address mapping.
The naming mechanism follows the following principles:
Global Uniqueness: A specific host name is unique on the Internet.
Names are easy to manage: names can be easily assigned, confirmed and recycled.
Efficient mapping: There is a mapping requirement between IP address and domain name. Efficient naming can efficiently map.
Naming method:
(1) Non-hierarchical naming mechanism:
A simple string with no further structure. It can only adapt to the small internet where the host is not changed frequently. This mechanism has actually been eliminated.
(2) hierarchical naming mechanism
Add a structure to the name. This structure is hierarchical. Specifically, the host name is divided into several parts, and there is a hierarchical relationship between each part. The hierarchical naming mechanism is very beneficial to the management of names, similar to the tree structure.
(3)TCP/IP Internet domain name
The hierarchical name management mechanism implemented in TCP/IP Internet is called Domain Name System (DNS). The naming mechanism of domain name system is called domain name (DN). A complete domain name consists of an ordered sequence of node identifiers on the path from one node to the root node. Where node identifiers are separated by ".".
(4) Internet domain name
As a large-scale Internet, the Internet provides a set of formal and universal standard symbols, forming a top-level domain name (such as the domain name of a country or organization). Then it is divided into secondary domain names, and so on. Top-level domain names are divided into organizational mode and regional mode. International organizations, military organizations
2. Domain name resolution
Domain name only provides users with convenient memory, so it is necessary to convert domain name mapping into IP address, which is called domain name resolution.
(1)TCP/IP domain name server and resolution process
Run a server software with the help of domain name server to complete the mapping from domain name to IP address. Save the domain name and IP address comparison table in the server. The software that requests domain name resolution service is called domain name resolver.
In TCP/IP Internet, corresponding to the hierarchical structure of domain names, domain name servers also form a certain hierarchical structure, and a top-down analysis algorithm is adopted. From the root node to the leaf node, you can definitely find the required name-address mapping.
There are two ways to resolve domain names: recursive resolution and repeated resolution.
Recursive parsing: all name-address conversions can be completed in one line.
Repeated resolution: request one server at a time, but not other servers.
(2) Improve the efficiency of domain name resolution.
The resolution starts from the local domain name server.
Most domain name resolution can be done on the local server. If it can be done directly on the local server, there is no need to traverse the domain name server from the root, which improves efficiency. Of course, if it can't be solved locally, you need to use other domain name servers.
Cache technology of domain name server
Domain name resolution from root to root increases the network burden and costs a lot. In the internet, cache can be borrowed to reduce the overhead of non-local domain name resolution; The so-called cache is to open a special memory area in the domain name server to store the recently resolved domain name and its corresponding IP address.
Once the server receives the domain name request, it first checks whether there is a corresponding relationship between the domain name and the ip address locally. If there is, solve it on the spot. Otherwise, it checks the domain name buffer. If it is a recently resolved domain name, it will report the result to the parser. Otherwise, it will send a resolution request to other servers.
In order to ensure the validity between the buffered domain name and the IP address, the following two strategies are adopted:
(a) When the domain name server reports the buffered information to the parser, it should indicate that this is an "authoritative" mapping. And gives the IP address of the domain name server that obtained the mapping. If accuracy is important, you can contact this server.
(b) Each mapping in the cache has a maximum life cycle, which specifies the maximum time that the mapping can remain in the cache. When time is up, the system will delete it.
Cache technology on the host computer: the host computer stores the corresponding relationship between domain name and IP address obtained by the parser in the cache, and then looks for the cache and the local domain name server.
3. Object types and resource records
(1) object type and category
In order to distinguish different types of objects, each item in the domain name system is given a type attribute, so that a specific name may correspond to several items in the domain name system. The domain name is also given a "category" attribute, which identifies the protocol category that uses the domain name object.
(2) Resource records
In the database of domain name server, the mapping relationship between domain name and ip address is put in the resource record. Each resource record usually consists of domain name, expiration date, category, type and specific values of domain name.
What is the domain name? What's the use? Domain Name (English: domain name), also known as domain name, is the name of a computer or computer group on the Internet. It consists of a series of names separated by dots, which are used to locate computers (sometimes referred to as geographical locations) during data transmission.
Because IP addresses are inconvenient to remember, and they can't display the name and nature of address organizations, people have designed domain names, and mapped domain names and IP addresses through the Domain Name System (DNS), which makes it easier for people to access the Internet without remembering the number of IP addresses that can be directly read by machines.
Generally speaking, the gTLD domain name management organization only formulates domain name policies and does not involve user registration. These agencies will authorize the registration to the top-level registrar who has passed the examination, and then the top-level registrar will entrust it to other second-and third-level agents.
The registration of ccTLD is more complicated. In addition to following the above specifications, some countries subcontract domain names to some companies for management (such as ws in Western Samoa), and there are also cases where the management organization is also a top-level registration organization (such as za in South Africa).