(1) Semen volume: normal ≥2ml. Too much when it is more than 7ml not only reduces the sperm density, but also easily flows out of the vagina, resulting in a decrease in the total number of sperm, which is common in seminal vesiculitis; Less than 2ml means too little semen, but usually less than 1ml. At this time, the contact area between semen and female reproductive tract is small, or because of its viscosity, it is not conducive to sperm entering the woman's cervix, leading to infertility, which is common in severe accessory gland inflammation, low testosterone level, ejaculatory duct obstruction, retrograde ejaculation and so on.
(2) Color: usually grayish white or light yellow. Milky white or yellow-green suggests inflammation of reproductive tract or accessory gonad; Microscopically, pink, red and red blood cells are bloody semen, which is common in inflammation of accessory gonads and posterior urethra, and occasionally seen in tuberculosis or tumors.
(3) pH value: The normal pH value of semen is 7.2 ~ 7.8. Less than 7 2 is seen in ejaculatory duct obstruction or urine pollution; More than 7.8 is found in seminal vesicle inflammation or old specimens.
(4) Liquefaction time: After normal semen is injected, it becomes gelatinous under the action of seminal vesicle coagulase and liquid 15 ~ 30 minutes under the action of prostatic liquefaction enzyme, which is semen liquefaction. It is abnormal that semen is not liquefied after 30 minutes of ejaculation.
(5) Stickiness: The glass rod comes into contact with the liquefied semen and is gently lifted to form semen filaments, the length of which is generally less than 2 cm.
(6) Sperm count: generally expressed by the number of sperm per milliliter of semen. Normal count ≥20× 10? 6/ ml. Below this value, there are too few sperm, which can be seen in the dysfunction of spermatogenesis caused by various reasons, which can lead to low fertility or infertility due to the decrease of the chance of sperm entering the uterine cavity and fallopian tube. If the sperm count is greater than 250× 10? 6/ml means that there are too many sperm, which will also lead to infertility because the motility of sperm is affected.
(7) Sperm morphology: Sperm with normal morphology ≥50%, otherwise it may lead to infertility.
(8) Viability: Sperm moving in a straight line is ≥50%.
(9) Survival rate: Generally, it means that the live sperm is ≥50% when examined within after ejaculation 1 hour. The common reasons leading to the decline of sperm motility and survival rate are hypogonadism, varicocele, ciliary stagnation syndrome caused by chronic respiratory infection, the existence of anti-sperm antibodies in semen or improper preservation of specimens.
(10) white blood cells: white blood cells in normal semen < 1× 10? 6/ ml. Leukocytosis indicates that there is infection in reproductive tract or accessory gonad.