When an earthquake happens, it is very important to keep a clear head and a calm attitude. Only by keeping calm, it is possible to judge the size and distance of the earthquake by using the knowledge of earthquake prevention that you usually learn. Recent earthquakes often start with ups and downs and then swing from side to side. The teleseism is not so bumpy, but it is mainly shaking from side to side, with clear voice and small vibration. Generally, small earthquakes and distant earthquakes do not have to flee. It can be seen that although the earthquake cannot be completely avoided and controlled at present, as long as we can master the skills of self-help and mutual rescue, we can minimize the disaster. Summary has the following points:
1. It is very important to keep calm in the earthquake. It is observed that many innocent people died not because their houses collapsed, but because of mental breakdown, thus losing the hope of survival, shouting and killing themselves in extreme fear. This is because yelling will accelerate metabolism, increase oxygen consumption, and reduce physical strength and tolerance; At the same time, yelling is bound to inhale a lot of smoke and dust, which is easy to cause suffocation and increase unnecessary casualties. The correct attitude is to keep calm in any harsh environment, analyze the environment, find a way out and wait for rescue.
2. Hemostasis, fixed crush injury and crush injury are common injuries in earthquakes. Open wounds and external bleeding should stop bleeding first, raise the affected limb and call for help at the same time. For open fractures, site reduction should not be performed to prevent tissue injury again. Generally, clean gauze should be used to cover the wound surface and simple fixation should be carried out before operation. Fractures in different parts should be fixed according to different requirements. They were classified according to different injuries and sent to the hospital for further treatment.
3. When properly handling the crush injury of the wound, try to relieve the heavy pressure as soon as possible. If you encounter a large area of trauma, keep the wound clean and wrap it with clean gauze. If you suspect tetanus and aerogenes infection, you should immediately contact the hospital for timely diagnosis and treatment. For large-scale trauma and severe trauma, oral sugar salt water can be taken to prevent shock.
4. Preventing fires and earthquakes often causes many "secondary disasters", and fire is a common one. When a fire breaks out, you should leave the scene of the fire as soon as possible, take off your burning clothes, or cover yourself with wet clothes, or roll on the ground, or splash water directly to put out the fire. Don't beat the flame with your hand, or you will burn your hand. After being bandaged with sterile gauze or clean cloth, they are sent to the hospital for further treatment.
5. At the same time, it is necessary to prevent tetanus and gas gangrene, bury the body as soon as possible, pay attention to the hygiene of diet and drinking water, and prevent a post-disaster pandemic.
School shock absorption
1. When you are in the playground or outdoors, you can squat down in place, cover your head with your hands, and pay attention to avoid tall buildings or dangerous objects.
Don't go back to the classroom
3. evacuation should be organized after the earthquake.
4. Never jump off a building! Don't stand at the window! Don't go to the balcony
Tips for family shock absorption
1. Take time to avoid danger urgently. If you feel that the shaking is very light, it means that the source is far away, so hide next to solid furniture. The shaking process from the beginning to the end of a major earthquake takes only ten seconds to dozens of seconds, so it is most important to seize the time to prevent earthquakes, so don't delay the time.
2. Choose a suitable shockproof space. The safer indoor earthquake-proof space is: the root and corner of the load-bearing wall; There are water pipes and warm air pipes. The most unfavorable places for shock absorption in the house are: unsupported beds; Under the ceiling and chandelier; On the floor without support around; Next to the glass (including the mirror) and the big window.
3. Do a good job of self-protection. First of all, you should be calm. After choosing the shelter, you should squat or sit down, face down and rest with your forehead on your arm. Or grab a solid object around you, such as a table leg, to avoid falling down during an earthquake or being injured due to out-of-control displacement of the body; Protect your head and neck, bow your head, and protect your head or back neck with your hands; Protect your eyes, lower your head and close your eyes to prevent foreign body injury; Protect your mouth and nose. If possible, cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel to prevent dust and toxic gases.
Self-help after the earthquake
If you are buried under the ruins during the earthquake, your surroundings are dark and there is only a very small space. Don't panic, be calm, build up confidence in survival, and believe that someone will come to save you and do everything possible to protect yourself.
After an earthquake, there are often many aftershocks, and the situation may continue to deteriorate. In order to avoid new injuries, we should try our best to improve our environment. At this time, if you carry an emergency kit with you, it will play a great role in getting out of danger.
In this extremely unfavorable environment, first of all, we should protect the smooth breathing, remove the debris from the head and chest, and cover your mouth and nose with wet clothes when you smell gas and toxic gases; Avoid weak collapsed objects and other falling objects above the body; Expand and stabilize the living space, and support the ruins with bricks and wooden sticks to prevent the environment from further deterioration after aftershocks.
Try to get out of danger. If you can't find a way out of danger, try to save your strength, hit something that can make a sound with a stone and send out a distress signal. Don't cry, don't be impatient, don't act blindly, it will consume a lot of energy and physical strength. Try to control your emotions or close your eyes and wait for rescuers to arrive. If you are injured, try to dress it to avoid excessive bleeding.
Sustain life. If you have been buried under the rubble for a long time, rescuers have not arrived, or you have not heard the distress signal, you must find ways to maintain your life. Water and food in the earthquake-proof bag must be stored, and ways should be found to find food and drinking water. Your urine can also quench your thirst if necessary.
If you are in the tripod area, you can protect yourself with things beside you to avoid being hurt by aftershocks again, then reach out your hand and chest and clean up the rubble in front of you so that you can breathe and wait for someone to save you.
Mutual rescue after earthquake
After the earthquake, it is impossible for the external disaster relief team to rush to the disaster relief site immediately. In this case, in order to let more people buried under the rubble get precious lives, people in disaster areas actively participate in mutual rescue, which is the most timely and effective way to reduce casualties, and also embodies the lofty virtue of "saving people from danger".
Timely rescue time, the greater the hope of being rescued. According to relevant data, the survival rate of the rescued personnel within 20 minutes after the earthquake is over 98%, and the survival rate of the rescued personnel within 1 hour after the earthquake is reduced to 63%. Among those who could not be rescued within two hours after the earthquake, the number of people who died of suffocation accounted for 58% of the deaths. They died not because the building collapsed in the earthquake, but because of suffocation. If they can be rescued in time, they can completely get life. Hundreds of thousands of people were buried in the ruins in Tangshan earthquake, and most of them were reborn through self-help and mutual help. The mutual aid action of the people in the disaster area has played an irreplaceable role in the whole earthquake relief.
A way to save lives
According to the actual situation of the post-earthquake environment and conditions, effective rescue methods should be adopted in order to safely rescue the buried people from the ruins. Through understanding and searching, it is determined that there are buried people in the ruins, and then the buried position is judged, and the rescue signal is transmitted by shouting or knocking on the ruins. During the rescue, special attention should be paid to the safety of the buried personnel. First, the tools used (such as iron bars, hoes, sticks, etc.). ) should not hurt buried personnel; Second, don't destroy the supporting conditions around the space where the buried personnel are located, causing new collapse and making the buried personnel in distress again; Third, communicate with the closed space of buried personnel as soon as possible, so that fresh air can flow to people. If the dust is too large during excavation, water should be sprayed to reduce dust to avoid suffocation of buried personnel; Fourth, if you are buried for a long time and it is difficult to rescue for a while, you can try to deliver drinking water, food and medicine to the buried people to maintain their lives. Before the rescue operation, we should plan and step by step, and consider where to dig, where not to dig, where to use hoes and where to use sticks. In the past, rescuers acted blindly, stepping on the roof above the buried person and crushing the buried person to death. Therefore, in the process of rescue, scientific analysis and action are needed to get good rescue effect, and blind action often causes new harm to the rescued object.
Rescue and nursing
First of all, the head of the buried person is exposed from the ruins, and the dust in the nose and mouth is removed to ensure smooth breathing. For those who are seriously injured and can't leave the burial site by themselves, try to carefully remove the buried objects on and around them, and then carry the buried people out of the ruins without forcibly dragging them.
For those who are hungry and cold, injured and suffocated, and buried for a long time, cover their eyes with dark cloth after being rescued to avoid strong light stimulation. According to the severity of the injury, the injured person shall be bandaged or sent to a medical point for emergency treatment.
Main points of shock absorption
Whether to run or hide during an earthquake, most experts in China believe that it is a better way to avoid the earthquake and evacuate to a safe place quickly after the earthquake. To reduce vibration, choose a small, supported place, an open and safe place, under a solid indoor object, where you can cover your body. The posture that the body should take: squat or sit down, curl up as much as possible and lower the center of gravity. Grab a solid object, such as a table leg. Protect your head, neck and eyes, and cover your mouth and nose. Avoid crowds, don't crowd around, and don't light open flames casually, because there may be flammable and explosive gases in the air.
How to save yourself after a strong earthquake
1. After the earthquake, you should actively participate in the rescue work. You can stick your ear to the wall and listen to the voice of the survivors.
2. Expose the head of the injured person first and keep breathing smoothly. If suffocation occurs, give artificial respiration immediately.
3. Once buried, try to avoid the weak collapsed objects above your body and try to support the rubble with bricks and sticks. To strengthen the environment.
Earthquakes happen in an instant, so anyone should save himself before saving others. First save the easy, then save the difficult; First save near, then save far.