Educational changes and achievements in the 30th anniversary of reform and opening up
“In the past thirty years of reform and opening up, school running conditions have changed greatly, dilapidated school buildings have been transformed into buildings, and modern media classrooms have appeared. In the thirty years of reform and opening up, There has been a big change in teachers’ salary, with monthly salaries ranging from tens to thousands, and medical insurance being greatly improved.” This is the way old teacher Mao Juguan used poetry to express the gratifying results of my country’s education development in the past 30 years. Today, the author uses this to describe Tonghua Education. It’s not an exaggeration.
Looking back on the past, Tonghua’s education industry 30 years ago was developing slowly and was struggling. Since the first new school was established in the 32nd year of Guangxu (1906), in 1949, there were only 5 teaching classes in municipal middle schools and 54 municipal primary schools in Liaodong Province with 145 students and 72 teaching staff. The conditions for running a school were simple. In 1977, the college entrance examination was resumed across the country. As for our city’s education 30 years ago, in 1978, it happened to catch up with the country’s reform and opening up. The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party was a great turning point. The country re-established respect for knowledge, respect for talents, and respect for the work of teachers. According to the concept, the academic system, teaching materials and teaching time have been arranged, the teaching order has been rectified, normal colleges have been restored, in-service teachers have been trained and furthered, and the Young Pioneers organization and the *** Youth League organization of middle schools have been restored. Since then, our city’s education industry has also entered the track of recovery, adjustment and development, with hundreds of industries waiting to flourish. In those days, education was undergoing a process of "rectifying chaos" and "overcoming thorns and thorns." The scale of education at all levels and the conditions and environment for running schools, such as school buildings, teaching facilities, and instruments, were at a backward and weak stage. Compared with now, it is really a world away. Don't.
Looking at today, 30 years later, our city’s education industry will be prosperous and fruitful! The reform of education and teaching at all levels and types continues to deepen, quality education develops in depth, the quality of education and teaching improves year by year, and the education industry shows a scientific and healthy development trend. At present, preschool education and basic education compete for prominence, state-run education and private education go hand in hand, and vocational education and adult education are booming. There are 1,017 schools at all levels and types, with 304,177 students and 30,204 faculty and staff, an unprecedented scale, achieving a huge leap in history! As an educator, how can we not be excited and cheer for it!
Tonghua Education 30 years later will insist on educating people and moral education first, comprehensively improve the universalization of nine-year compulsory education and comprehensively improve the quality of compulsory education. The work of dropout control has achieved remarkable results, and the college entrance examination scores have improved year by year. In the fall of 2004, all schools at all levels of compulsory education entered the new curriculum, and in the fall of 2007, all ordinary high schools in the city entered the new curriculum. It attaches great importance to education and scientific research and undertakes a large number of major national and provincial scientific research projects. Municipal middle schools have basically eliminated “blind spots” in information technology and opened the Tonghua Education Information Network. The city has built 143 campus networks, the number of microcomputers in primary and secondary schools in the city has reached 18,778, and the computer-student ratio has reached 1:13. The modern distance education project for rural primary and secondary schools has been basically completed, with a coverage rate of 100%. Organize nearly 10,000 people to carry out the "Teacher Education Network Alliance Project" and teacher training at all levels and types, implement the "Three Projects", and focus on "double-qualified" teacher training and professional course teacher training, aiming to improve teacher quality and teacher ethics level.
In Tonghua Education 30 years later, vocational education has a good momentum of development and secondary vocational schools have grown stronger. Accelerate the adjustment and development of the level and layout structure of vocational education, and deepen the reform of the school running system. Since 2005, the city's vocational education has added a new construction area of ??27,647 square meters. At the end of 2007, our city became the first in the province to have all public secondary vocational schools ranked among the top 100 in the province. school area. New breakthroughs have been achieved in vocational enrollment and employment, with the graduate employment rate exceeding 90%. In 2006, the Municipal Education Bureau was rated as an advanced collective in vocational education in the province. Intensify the renovation and renovation of weak and remote schools. During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, the city invested 400 million yuan to renovate 430 weak schools and renovate 130,000 square meters of school buildings, gradually improving the overall level of school running. Actively support and develop ethnic education. In recent years, more than 20 million yuan has been invested in the construction of teaching buildings, comprehensive laboratory buildings, international student apartments, student canteens, dormitory buildings, etc., and the conditions for running schools have been fundamentally improved. Early childhood education and special education have also developed healthily.
Tonghua education 30 years later will focus on people’s livelihood and effectively solve students’ practical difficulties. Through the "Hope Project" and other poverty alleviation projects, we will conscientiously implement the "two exemptions and one subsidy" policy to ensure that every student in compulsory education will not drop out of school due to poverty.
We will do a good job in providing national scholarships for municipal secondary vocational education so that students from poor families can receive funding. Take effective measures to seriously solve the problem of education for migrant workers and poor children. Implement the "one-fee system" in compulsory education across the country, improve the "three limits" policy for public high schools to recruit selective students, and strictly enforce examination style and discipline to ensure fairness and transparency in education. In 2005, it took the lead in implementing sunshine projects such as "Sunshine Classification and Sunshine Classroom" in the province, which were widely praised by all walks of life.
“The sun always comes after the storm.” Over the past 30 years, education has undergone tremendous changes, with a new look and a new look. Over the past 30 years, education has continued to receive honors, but there is still a long way to go. The Municipal Education Bureau has received more than 20 commendations, awards and honors at the provincial and ministerial levels every year. It has been awarded the "National Model Group for National Unity and Progress" by the State Council, and the "National Modern Science and Technology for Primary and Secondary Schools" by the Ministry of Education and the Central Institute of Education. Educational Excellent Experimental Zone" and so on, Tonghua City was rated as "National Advanced City for Comprehensive Reform of Urban Education" by the Ministry of Education.
Today, Tonghua Education will comprehensively promote the sustainable, healthy and coordinated development of all types of education at all levels, actively implement the strategies of "rejuvenating the country through science and education" and "strengthening the country with talents", and promote education and technological innovation, economic construction, culture The close combination of prosperity and social progress will lead to the revitalization of the old industrial base in Tonghua and the acceleration of the process of building a moderately prosperous society, and we will write a new chapter!
. What changes have occurred in China’s compulsory education system and policies since the reform and opening up?
In May 1985, the Chinese government's "Decision on the Reform of the Education System" proposed that "the responsibility for the development of basic education should be handed over to local governments and a nine-year compulsory education should be implemented in a step-by-step manner. The implementation of basic education should be carried out by The principle of local responsibility and hierarchical management. "As for the division of local responsibilities, in principle, it is determined by each province (municipality, autonomous region). During implementation, various localities basically adopt the approach of “county-run high schools, township-run junior high schools, and village-run primary schools”. This policy places the responsibility for rural compulsory education on township governments. ?
After the promulgation of the "Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China" in April 1986, each province (municipality, autonomous region) successively formulated local regulations for the implementation of the compulsory education law. With the gradual deepening of reform and opening up, China's education investment system has undergone major changes, and compulsory education funding has changed from a single source to a diversified source. Analyzing the actual situation, the source of compulsory education funding is unreasonable. From 1994 to 2001, 78% of China's compulsory education funds were borne by townships, about 9% by county finance, 11% by provincial finance, and very little by the central government, less than 2%. Townships and towns are basically responsible for "food" finance. The actual consequence is to shift some of the burden of rural compulsory education onto farmers. This was a prominent issue in rural compulsory education at that time. ?
In order to comprehensively solve the difficulties of rural compulsory education, the State Council issued the "Decision on the Reform and Development of Basic Education" in 2001 and began to implement a "county-based" rural compulsory education management system to enable The situation of compulsory education in rural areas has improved. However, because the state has not divided the specific investment responsibilities of the central, provincial, municipal and county governments, the problem of funding difficulties for rural compulsory education has once again become prominent. The 2003 National Audit Office statistical report showed that among the 50 counties surveyed, the debt for compulsory education was 2.384 billion yuan at the end of 2001. By the end of June 2003, it had risen to 3.898 billion yuan. In some counties, more than 80% of primary and secondary schools are in debt. ?
2005 was a year of important changes in China’s compulsory education system. The Ministry of Education put forward "Several Opinions on Further Promoting the Balanced Development of Compulsory Education", and then the State Council issued the "Notice on Deepening the Reform of the Funding Guarantee Mechanism for Rural Compulsory Education", requiring a full understanding of the importance of promoting the balanced development of compulsory education in building a harmonious society. play an important role in effectively curbing the increasing educational gap between urban and rural areas, between regions and between schools; focusing on regional promotion, giving priority to solving the problem of balanced compulsory education within counties, and clearly proposing to promote the balanced development of compulsory education Measures: "Clear responsibilities at all levels, central and local government responsibilities, increase financial investment, improve the level of guarantees, and organize and implement step by step", gradually include rural compulsory education in the scope of public financial guarantees, establish central and local governments A funding guarantee mechanism for rural compulsory education that is divided into projects and proportionally shared.
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In 2006, the Chinese government exempted all primary and secondary school students from compulsory education in rural areas in the western region from tuition and miscellaneous fees; the central government also arranged public funding subsidies for primary and secondary schools in rural compulsory education in the western region to improve the level of public funding guarantees. ; Launched a new mechanism to guarantee funding for the maintenance and renovation of primary and secondary school buildings in rural compulsory education across the country. ?
In 2007, the central government decided to waive tuition and miscellaneous fees for compulsory education in all rural areas across the country; and continued to provide free textbooks and subsidized boarding living expenses to students from poor rural families. It was also decided to exempt urban compulsory education from tuition and miscellaneous fees starting from the spring semester of 2008.
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Looking back 30 years ago, the education industry in Juntang Town was developing slowly and was struggling. The school buildings were simple, one-story bungalows, brick structures, and dilapidated; teaching The equipment and facilities are backward, the school environment is poor, and the school running conditions are very simple. It is in an outdated and weak stage.
Since the reform and opening up, great changes have taken place in all walks of life, and education has also moved forward. "In the past thirty years of reform and opening up, school running conditions have changed greatly, dilapidated school buildings have been transformed into buildings, and modern media classrooms have become more prominent. In the past thirty years of reform and opening up, teachers' salary has changed greatly, with monthly salaries ranging from tens to more than a thousand, and medical security has been improved." This is a person. The old teacher used poetry to express the gratifying changes and achievements of my country's educational development in the past 30 years.
With the development of production and the advancement of science and technology, the masses' desire for knowledge has become increasingly strong and urgent. It is seen that the old school building can no longer adapt to the development of modern education. Riding on the east wind of reform and opening up, 22 primary and secondary schools in Juntang Town, with the help of relevant departments at higher levels and the strong support of enthusiastic people from all walks of life and overseas Chinese, raised funds from multiple aspects, channels, and levels, setting off time and time again The climax of school running. During the 30 years of reform and opening up, all schools have built new school sites or new school buildings. The total area of ??all schools in the town is 157,779 square meters, and the school building area is 38,809 square meters. The school equipment, facilities, and school scale have been improved day by day. The school is changing with each passing day.
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From the popularization of nine-year compulsory education to the popularization of high-quality high school education, Kunshan has built an increasingly perfect national education system and a high-quality education system. A total of 103 high-quality schools at the national, provincial and Suzhou municipal levels have been built in the city, accounting for 91.15% of the total number of schools. The city's primary school enrollment rate and junior high school enrollment rate have increased from about 90% in 1985 to the current high school enrollment rate of 98.7%. The admission rate of high school graduates to the college entrance examination is also increasing. In 1979, only 241 people were admitted to colleges and universities above high school. This year, 3,659 people in the city were admitted to colleges and universities. The college entrance examination admission rate was 95.71%, of which the undergraduate admission rate was 65.08%. Nearly one-third of the city's The number of candidates admitted to undergraduate colleges and universities has reached a record high.
Teaching model: from "Yiyantang" to quality education
Zhou Xiangdong is a Chinese teacher at Chengbei Middle School. He started working in 1988 and had many emotions about teaching reform. "I remember that when I first started working, teaching was very simple. I just imparted knowledge. I just had to explain the lessons in more detail and the students would master more. But that is no longer possible now. In addition to imparting basic knowledge, we also need to cultivate and improve students' various abilities. Ability in all aspects." Zhou Xiangdong smiled and told reporters, "With the current Chinese language examination questions, a college student who studied Chinese a few years ago may not do well."
In recent years, quality education has improved. was mentioned in an increasingly important position. Each school has put forward the work goal of being student-oriented and student-themed, and promoting the all-round development of students by mobilizing students' initiative and creativity. Paying attention to students' all-round development, respecting students' individual differences, and respecting students' individuality have become the focus of teachers' teaching. The reporter once had the honor to attend a primary school Chinese class. The classroom atmosphere was very active. The teacher's teaching content was vivid and interesting, which fully mobilized the children's enthusiasm for learning. The children were more participatory and interactive during the class.
Vice principal Zhang Fengliang of Bailu Experimental Primary School told reporters that more and more teachers now use heuristic education. For a text, the teacher first asks a question and then asks the students to find the answer together with the teacher. . After class, teachers, like students, must rely on online searches, library inquiries, discussions among colleagues, etc., and finally find answers that everyone can agree on through discussions with students in class. Students' abilities have also been exercised and improved in this series of participation activities.
Such educational concepts and teaching models are completely different from those 10 or 20 years ago. Classroom teaching at that time was more about the teacher's "one-note" education. The whole class was listening to the teacher, which made the class boring and boring. After class, the teacher would also assign a lot of homework for the students to digest by themselves. It is common for students to stay up late and memorize exam content before exams. Nowadays, a brand-new educational method has completely replaced the past "one-word classroom" education, making teaching full of vitality.
While transforming classroom teaching methods, schools are also paying more and more attention to students’ extracurricular activities. The study of coursework is no longer the only learning content. There are more and more activities that help to cultivate students' comprehensive quality, such as visits and inspections, inter-school exchanges, etc., which all enrich students' knowledge to a certain extent. The forms of physical education, music, and art classes are becoming increasingly diversified, and various special interest classes provide students with opportunities to cultivate their interests.
“As young people born in the 1980s, we are a very happy generation. With the deepening of reform and opening up, the voice of reducing the burden on primary school students has become louder and louder, and I have caught up with such a good At that time, the entrance examination for elementary school to junior high school was cancelled, and I went to a middle school nearby. During this period, in addition to participating in interest classes in subjects such as Mathematical Olympiad and English which were very popular at that time, I also participated in interest classes in painting and other arts, which became more and more selective. The bigger." said Yang Xiaoling, who just started working last year.
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Faced with the challenges brought about by educational reform and educational modernization, the quality of Kunshan’s teaching staff is also constantly improving. The continuing education situation of primary and secondary school teachers has become a factor in the school’s annual assessment. Rigidity indicator. In 1987, 57.09% of the county's high school teachers had a bachelor's degree or above, 65.35% of junior high school teachers had a junior college degree or above, and 68.97% of primary school teachers had a secondary normal school or high school diploma or above. By 2007, 79.56% of junior high school teachers had a bachelor's degree or above, and 84.65% of primary school teachers had a college degree or above.
Teaching facilities: from chalk and blackboard to modern multimedia
A piece of chalk, a blackboard, and a textbook are the three major teaching aids that teachers have used in class for decades. Even 10 years ago, there were still teachers who used chalk to write on the blackboard. When the entire blackboard was full, they would erase it with a blackboard eraser and write again. After a class, it is normal to have a layer of white chalk dust on your mouth, hair, and clothes. Teachers at that time dealt with chalk dust every day. No one probably thought that one day chalk and blackboards would be replaced by slides, projectors, and multimedia.
“Twenty years ago, small blackboards were used for word problems and small cards were used for math problems; 10 years ago, slides were used for classes; now computer multimedia is used for classes. From chalk and blackboard to slides, and then to physical projections Instruments, multimedia, over the past 30 years, more and more modern teaching equipment has begun to enter schools and classrooms," Su Jueqing, who has been teaching for nearly 20 years, told reporters.
“I remember when I was studying, every time I had a math class, the teacher would bring one or two small blackboards to the classroom. When examples were discussed, the teacher would hang up the small blackboards, and sometimes Use white paper to cover up part of the content. The English teacher likes to use small cards, write some words in advance, and let the students read them one by one. "It has been five years since Jiang Fengming graduated from college. I still remember the scene when I was studying.
These seemingly simple teaching tools are actually prepared by teachers to improve the efficiency of classroom teaching. It was only in the 1990s that small blackboards and cards were gradually replaced by slides. At that time, in some urban primary and secondary schools, classrooms began to be equipped with slide projectors. The content of the teacher's lesson preparation, exercises, etc. are all written on thin slides, arranged in order, and put up one by one according to the content of the lecture. However, slide teaching often gets messed up when the teacher slightly adjusts the order of the lecture. With the continuous deepening of educational reform, modern teaching tools have gradually entered students' sight. "Teaching courseware" is a term that is very unfamiliar to reporters, but it seems so common in the mouth of a primary school student who is less than 10 years old.
On September 9, the reporter came to Yufeng Experimental School. This is a new school built by the municipal government with an investment of nearly 80 million yuan in 2001. It is also a microcosm of the city's primary and secondary schools. Spacious classrooms, green lawns, well-proportioned buildings... Students are playing football and playing on the playground. The entire campus is modern and full of vitality.
In the classroom, the students who were in class were all paying attention to the LCD TV screen above the blackboard, which displayed the key points of the teacher's lecture. In the teacher's office, many teachers are using laptop computers to prepare lessons. "In the past, in order to obtain enough information, teachers would ask people to look for teaching aids everywhere. Nowadays, computers have everything you need. In the past, you had to write all the lesson preparation content on the blackboard bit by bit. Now, you can not only use computers to prepare lessons and create beautiful courseware, It can also be called up in class at any time. The modernization of teaching work has brought great changes to classroom teaching," said teacher Wang Xufang, who teaches primary school English.
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In the early days of reform and opening up, most of the school buildings in Kunshan were very simple, and bungalows were the mainstream classrooms of that era. However, after thirty years of development, especially in the past 15 years, Kunshan has increased its investment in education. In accordance with the work policy of "three-level linkage between cities, towns and schools, and overall regional advancement", from 1995 to 2007 alone, the city's The investment in education is about 2.5 billion yuan, including about 2.05 billion yuan for school building construction and about 450 million yuan for equipment acquisition. Currently, an average of 1.3 classrooms in the city have a set of multimedia equipment.