Basic Laboratory-Class I Biosafety Level [1]
This kind of laboratory is suitable for those who have determined that it will not cause any disease to adults immediately or pose minimal danger to laboratory personnel and laboratory personnel (CDC, USA, 1997). This laboratory can handle a variety of common pathogens, such as canine infectious hepatitis and non-infectious Escherichia coli, and cultivate non-infectious bacteria and tissues. At this level, the measures needed to prevent the biological damage of the problem are minimal, gloves and some facial protection. Different from other kinds of special laboratories, this kind of laboratory does not necessarily need to be separated from public transportation, but only needs to open the experimental platform and follow the technical specification for microbial operation (GMT) of this kind of laboratory. Generally, contaminated materials are left in open (but separately labeled) waste containers. In addition, this type of post-experiment cleaning procedure is similar to our preventive measures for microorganisms in modern daily life (for example, washing hands with antibacterial soap, cleaning all exposed surfaces in the laboratory with disinfectant, etc.). ). All materials used by cells and/or bacteria in the laboratory environment must be sterilized by autoclave. Laboratory personnel must be supervised by scientists trained in general microbiology or related science, and must be trained in laboratory operating procedures in advance.
Basic Laboratory-Biosafety Level II
This kind of laboratory is similar to biosafety level 1, but its pathogen is moderate, which is potentially dangerous to people and the environment. This kind of laboratory can handle many kinds of bacteria, and bacteria only cause minor diseases to human beings, or it is difficult to survive in aerosol in the laboratory environment. The pathogens suitable for it include all kinds of bacteria and viruses, which only cause slight diseases to human beings, or are difficult to coexist with aerosols in the laboratory environment, such as Clostridium difficile, most chlamydia, A; B is different from hepatitis C, influenza A, Lyme disease, salmonella, mumps virus, measles virus, HIV, scrapie and drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus because it is different from VRSA. BSL-2 BSL- 1:
The experimenters and those who deal with pathogens should be specially trained and advanced trained scientists.
Limit contact with specific people during the experiment.
Take extreme precautions to prevent and control pollutants; In biosafety cabinets or other physical containment devices can be created.
When making gas-melting glue or spray that may cause infectious diseases, it must be carried out in a secondary biosafety cabinet.
Protective Laboratory-Biosafety Level III
This level is suitable for clinical, diagnostic, teaching, scientific research or pharmaceutical production facilities, which deal with local or exotic pathogens that may cause serious or potentially fatal diseases through inhalation. These pathogens include all kinds of bacteria, parasites and viruses, which may lead to serious fatal diseases of human beings, but there are currently treatments including anthrax, tuberculosis, Leishmania, Chlamydia psittaci, West Nile virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, SARS coronavirus, typhoid Bacillus, Rickettsia bainite, Rift Valley fever virus, Rickettsia and yellow fever virus.
Laboratory staff must receive special training on pathogenic and potentially fatal or pathogenic pathogens, and must be supervised by qualified scientists with experience in this field. This is considered a neutral or warm zone.
All operations involving infectious materials are carried out in biosafety cabinets, specially designed fume hoods, or by personnel equipped with other physical suppression devices/wearing appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment. The laboratory has special engineering and design features. Although the above facilities are considered necessary, some existing facilities may not all meet the recommendations of biosafety level 3 (for example, double-door access area and sealed penetration). In this case, routine procedures (such as diagnostic procedures, classification, drug allergy test, etc. Related to the identification of pathogens and human transmission) can be carried out in the biosafety level II (P2) facility, which provides the filtered exhaust gas in the laboratory to be discharged to the outside, and the ventilation balance in the laboratory provides directional airflow into the room. Personnel entering the laboratory are restricted during the work, and the recommended practices and special practices of standard microorganisms are strictly followed, and biological facilities are equipped. However, the decision to implement the proposed revision of biosafety level 3 can only be made by the laboratory director.
The highest protection laboratory-level 4 biosafety research level
This level needs to deal with dangerous unknown pathogens, which may cause aerosol-borne pathogens or cause high personal risks. At present, there is no known vaccine or treatment for this pathogen, such as Argentine hemorrhagic fever and Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Lhasa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, smallpox and other hemorrhagic diseases. It is necessary and compulsory to use positive pressure protective clothing with independent oxygen supply when dealing with this biohazard pathogen. The four entrances and exits of the biological laboratory will be equipped with multiple shower equipment, vacuum chamber and ultraviolet lamp room, and other safety precautions aimed at destroying all traces of biological hazards. Multiple airtight locks will be widely used and electronically protected to prevent two doors from being opened at the same time. All air and water services will undergo disinfection procedures similar to those in biosafety level 4 (or P4) laboratories to eliminate the possibility of accidental leakage. When a pathogen is suspected or may develop drug resistance, it must be treated in BSL-4 laboratory until there is enough data to confirm that it must continue to work in this standard laboratory or be handed over to a lower level laboratory. Laboratory staff must have received special and in-depth training in dealing with extremely dangerous infectious diseases, and understand standards and special measures, suppression equipment and design features. They will be supervised by trained and qualified scientists and deal with these pathogens on the spot, and the access to the laboratory will be strictly controlled by the laboratory director. The factory is a single building or building in the control area, which is completely isolated from other buildings in the area. Moreover, the laboratory must establish an agreement to prevent pollution, often use negative pressure equipment and compile or adopt a specific equipment operation manual, so that even if the laboratory is damaged, the outbreak of pathogens transmitted by aerosols will be seriously suppressed, and all activities in the work area are limited to Class III biosafety cabinets or Class II biosafety cabinets, and only personnel equipped with life support systems and positive pressure ventilation can use them.