1. What is the Internet?
The Internet is an abbreviation for Computer Interactive Network, also known as inter-network. It is the use of communications equipment and lines to the world's different geographic locations in the function of relatively independent of tens of millions of computer systems interconnected to a well-functioning network software (network communications protocols, network operating systems, etc.) to realize the network resources * * * * enjoyment and information exchange of the data communications network.
2, the origin and development of the Internet
The earliest origin of the Internet in the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) predecessor ARPAnet, which was put into use in 1969. Thus, ARPAnet became the symbol of the birth of the modern computer network.
From the 1960s, ARPA provided funding by ARPA, joint computer companies and universities *** with the development of the development of the ARPAnet network. Initially, ARPAnet is mainly used for military research purposes, it is mainly based on the guiding principle that the network must be able to withstand the test of failure to maintain normal work, in the event of war, when a part of the network due to attack and lose the ability to work, the rest of the network should be able to maintain normal communications. IP protocol cluster development and utilization. As the early backbone of the Internet, ARPAnet experiments and laid the foundation for the existence and development of the Internet, and better solved a series of theoretical and technical problems of interconnecting heterogeneous machine networks.
In 1983, ARPAnet split into two parts, ARPAnet and purely military MILNET. at the same time, the emergence of local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs) and the development of the Internet played an important role in the further development of the Internet. The most notable one is the NSFnet established by the National Science Foundation (NSF), which set up computer WANs by regions in the United States and interconnected these regional networks and supercomputer centers. The NFSnet completely replaced the ARPAnet in June 1990 as the backbone of the Internet.
The NSFnet's greatest contribution to the Internet was to open it up to society as a whole, rather than just to computer researchers and government agencies as was the case previously. (Advanced Network & Science Inc.) The purpose of ANS was to build a nationwide T3 backbone network capable of transmitting data at 45 Mbps. By the end of 1991, the entire backbone of NSFnet was connected to the T3 backbone provided by ANS.
The second leap of the Internet is attributed to the commercialization of the Internet. As soon as business organizations stepped into the unfamiliar world of the Internet, they quickly discovered its enormous potential for communication, data retrieval, customer service, and so on. So countless businesses around the world flocked to the Internet, bringing about a new leap in the history of Internet development.
3, Internet in China's development process and the current situation
About China's public data communication network China has established four major public data communication network, for the development of China's Internet to create the conditions.
(1) China's public packet-switched data communication network (ChinaPAC). The network was opened in September 1993, and by the end of 1996, it had covered cities above the county level and some towns in developed areas, and interconnected with 44 data networks in 23 countries and regions in the world.
(2) China's public digital data network (ChinaDDN). The network was opened in 1994, and by the end of 1996, it covered 3,000 cities and towns above the county level. Most of the backbones of China's four major Internet networks use ChinaDDN.
(3) China Public Frame Relay Network (ChinaFRN). This network has set up nodes in the capital cities of 8 regions in China to provide high-speed data and multimedia communications to the society.
(4) China's public computer Internet (ChinaNet). The network was interconnected with the Internet in 1995, and the physical nodes cover more than 200 cities in 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions), and the business scope covers all the areas accessible by telephone.
(4) China Public Computer Internet (ChinaNet): The network was interconnected with the Internet in 1995, and the physical nodes cover more than 200 cities in 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions), and the business scope covers all the areas accessible by telephone. In July 1998, the second phase of ChinaNet backbone project was launched, expanding the backbone bandwidth between eight regions to 155M, and replacing all the node routers of the eight regions with gigabit routers.
In the second half of 2000, China Telecom utilized n*10Gbps DWDM and Gigabit router technology to carry out a large-scale expansion of ChinaNet. At present, the routing relay between ChinaNet's network nodes has been upgraded from 155M to 2.5Gbps, with a speed increase of 16 times. By the end of 2000, ChinaNet's total domestic bandwidth had reached 800Gbps, and the total international export bandwidth had exceeded 3Gbps by March 2001.
About the Development Stages of the Internet in China
The development of Internet in China can be roughly divided into three stages:
The first stage is 1986.6-1993.3 is the research and experimentation stage (E-mail Only)
During this period, some Chinese scientific research departments and institutions of higher learning began to study Internet networking technology and carried out scientific research and scientific and technological cooperation. The first phase of the network is to be used in the Internet. This stage of the network application is limited to a small range of e-mail services, and only a small number of institutions of higher learning, research institutions to provide e-mail services.
1986 : Dial up (Terminal)
1990 : X.25 (1989.11: CNPAC, 1993.9: CHINAPAC)
1993.3 : Leased Line (DECnet) (Email Only)
The second phase was 1994.4 : DECnet, which was the first phase of the network. p> The second stage is 1994.4 to 1996, is the beginning stage (Full Function Connection)
In April 1994, Zhongguancun area education and scientific research demonstration network project to enter the Internet, to realize and Internet TCP / IP connection, thus opening the Internet full-function service. From then on, China was officially recognized internationally as a country with Internet. After that, ChinaNet, CERnet, CSTnet, ChinaGBnet and other Internet projects were launched nationwide, and the Internet began to enter the public life and rapid development in China. by the end of 1996, the number of Internet users in China had reached 200,000, and the number of businesses and applications utilizing the Internet gradually increased.
The third stage from 1997 to the present is the rapid growth stage.
The number of Internet users in China has basically doubled every six months since 1997. Growth to today, Internet users have more than 20 million. According to the statistical report published by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), as of June 30, 2001, China **** has about 10.02 million Internet computers, of which leased-line Internet computers: 1.63 million, dial-up Internet computers: 8.39 million, and Internet users are about 26.5 million people, of which the number of users with leased-line Internet access is 4.54 million, and the number of dial-up users is 17.93 million. 17.93 million, and the number of users using both leased lines and dial-up was 4.03 million. The number of users using other devices (mobile terminals, information appliances) besides computers to access the Internet is 1.07 million. 128,362 domain names are registered under CN, 242,739 WWW sites, and the international export bandwidth is 3,257 Mbps.
For more details, please refer to "Chronology of China's Internet Development" by China Internet Information Center (CNNIC). China now has ten commercial Internet backbone units with independent international entrance and exit lines, and non-profit Internet backbone units for education, science and technology, economy and trade. There are now more than 600 Internet access service providers (ISPs), of which about 200 operate across provinces.
In terms of network infrastructure, in recent years, China has commissioned several international fiber optic cable systems. The ones that have been completed and put into use are; China-Japan, China-Korea, Global Submarine Cable System, Asia-Europe Land Cable System; the ones under construction are: Asia-Pacific 2 Submarine Cable, China-US Submarine Cable, Asia-Europe Submarine Cable. 1999*** There are 13 domestic trunk cables that are put into use or trial operation. The total length of fiber optic cable is 1 million kilometers. The domestic Internet backbone network is fully expanded for the original channel, and the relay circuit is mainly 155M. With Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology widely used in the construction of optical communications, the Internet backbone network bandwidth of up to 2.5G-40G.
According to the deputy general manager of China Telecom Group Corporation Leng Rongquan, China's Internet backbone network from 1996 to the present has gone through three phases: before 1996, most of the use of 64K to 2M transmission channel; 1997 to 1999, mostly 2M to 115M. In 1997, most of the channels were 2M to 115M; from 2000 to 2001, it jumped from 115M to 2.5G; from 2002, it will gradually enter the 10G era.
On January 11, 2002, China Telecom Shanghai-Hangzhou 10G IP over DWDM was completed and opened, and the long-distance wavelength-division multiplexing transmission system constructed for this channel used Cisco's long-distance wavelength-division multiplexing system and a series of high-speed Internet routers. This system has been used by large telecom operators around the world to build large-scale, fast and stable "IP+Optical" networks, and has been proved to have good stability, reliability and advancement. The opening of the nation's widest data communication channel marks the entry of China's Internet backbone transmission network from 2.5G into the 10G era, and signifies that the data transmission capacity of China Telecom has reached the international advanced level, and that China Telecom's data network has become a real high-speed data network and massive bandwidth network.
About China's Top 10 Internet in Brief
At present, there are 10 network operators (i.e., the top 10 Internet units) in China, and there are about 200 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) with the qualification of inter-provincial operation. The ten major Internet units are:
(1) China's public computer Internet (CHINANET) (2) China Science and Technology Network (CSTNET)
(3) China Education and Scientific Research Computer Network (CERNET) (4) China Jinqiao Information Network (CHINAGBN) (merged into Netcom)
(5) China Unicom Internet (UNINET) (6) China Netcom Public Internet (CNCNET)
(7) China Mobile Internet (CMNET) (8) China International Economic and Trade Internet (CIETNET)
(9) China Great Wall Internet (CGWNET) (10) China Satellite Group Internet (CSNET)
There are four of these non-profit units: the China Science and Technology Network (CSTN), the China Education and Research Computer Network (CERCN), the China International Economic and Trade Internet (CIET) and the China Great Wall Internet (CGWI). These ten major Internet units all have independent international outlets. The survey shows that as of September 30, 2001, the total international export bandwidth of China has reached 5724M (see the following chart, excluding the international export bandwidth data of China Great Wall Internet), compared with 2799M announced by CNNIC in its Internet statistical survey report in January 2001, the international export bandwidth of mainland China has increased by 2925M in just 9 months, an The increase was 105%. Among them, 4,023M (70.3%) were connected with the United States, 314M with Japan, 251M with South Korea, 749M with Hong Kong, China, and 14M with Macao, China, as well as with Australia, the United Kingdom and other countries. In addition, the connection bandwidth between these ten major Internet units and the National Internet Exchange Center (NAP) also reaches 3,558 M. For the number of interconnection bandwidths between China's ten major Internet units, as well as the number of connection bandwidths between some of China's ISPs and the ten major Internet units, and the situation of international export bandwidths, please refer to China's Internet Connection Bandwidth Flash Chart.
4. Opportunities and Challenges Brought by the Internet
The Internet has brought extraordinary opportunities to the world. Human beings have experienced the agricultural society, industrial society, and are currently moving into the information society. Information as a material, energy after another important strategic resources, its effective development and full utilization, has become an important driving force for social and economic development and economic development of the important factors of production, it is changing the way people produce, work, live and learn.
First, the network shortens the distance between space and time, greatly accelerating the transmission of information. It makes all kinds of resources of the society to be **** enjoy.
Secondly, the network creates more opportunities, can effectively improve the productivity of traditional industries, a strong pull on consumer demand, thus promoting economic growth. Promote the progress of productivity.
Third, the network also provides a good platform for cultural exchange at all levels.
The Internet has indeed created a miracle, but behind the miracle, there are increasingly prominent problems, giving people a great challenge. For example, the information gap between the rich and the poor began to expand, the distribution of wealth appeared unequal; the openness of the network and globalization, promoting human knowledge **** enjoyment and economic globalization. However, it has also made network security and information security a very serious problem; competition in the network has become a competition for high technology and talents among countries and enterprises; the network has brought about a global flow of information and intensified cultural penetration, and countries are working hard to defend their own network culture. China has a long history of culture, how to make this heavy culture on the network can be extended, this problem is particularly prominent.
5. Characteristics and Trends of the Development of Internet
The development of Internet has gone through three stages, namely, research network, operation network and commercial network. So far, no one in the world can know the exact size of the Internet, the Internet is with the original people did not expect the amazing speed of forward development, today's Internet has been from all aspects of people's work and life gradually changed. People can always learn the latest weather information, news and travel information from the Internet, can see the day's newspapers and the latest magazines, can not leave home at home speculation, online shopping, send and receive emails, to enjoy the remote medical and tele-education, etc.
The Internet is the only way for people to know the exact size of the Internet.
The significance of the Internet does not lie in its size, but in the fact that it provides a new global information infrastructure. Today's world is moving towards the era of knowledge economy, the information industry has developed into a new pillar industry of the world's developed countries, and become a new source of impetus to promote the high-speed development of the world economy, and widely penetrated into various fields, especially in recent years the development of the Internet and its applications, fundamentally changing people's mindsets and ways of production and life, and promote the development of all walks of life, and to become one of the important symbols of the era of knowledge economy, the Internet has become the most important symbol of the world economy. Internet has constituted the prototype of global information highway and the blueprint of future information society. Throughout the history of Internet development, it can be seen that the development trend of Internet is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
1) Industrialization of operation
The rapid rise of Internet operation as an industrial enterprise, starting from May 1995, many years of funding for Internet research and development of the U.S. Science Foundation (NSF) withdrew from the Internet, and put NFSnet in the hands of the Internet. Starting from May 1995, the NSF withdrew from the Internet and transferred the operation of NFSnet to the three largest private telecom companies in the United States (i.e., Sprint, MCI, and ANS), which was a major turnaround in the history of the development of the Internet.
2) Commercialization of Applications
With the opening up of the Internet to commercial applications, it has become an excellent electronic business medium. Numerous companies and enterprises not only use it as an important means of marketing and customer support, but also as a fax, courier and other means of communication as a cheap alternative to the formation of a global customer to maintain contact and reduce daily operating costs. For example: e-mail, IP telephony, network fax, VPN and e-commerce and so on the growing importance of people is the best example.
3) Interconnection and globalization
Although the Internet has been thirty years of development history, but in the early days is mainly limited to the United States within the scope of scientific research institutions, government agencies and its allies to use. Now it is not the same, as countries have put forward suitable for their own national conditions of the information superhighway program, has rapidly formed a worldwide information superhighway construction boom, each country are in the fastest speed access to the Internet.
4) Interconnection broadband
With the improvement of the network infrastructure, user access to the use of new technologies, access to the diversification of ways and the improvement of the operator's service capabilities, access to the network. Operators to improve service capabilities, access to the slow rate of the formation of bottlenecks will be further improved, the Internet will be faster, the bandwidth bottleneck constraints will be eliminated, the interconnection is bound to broadband, thus promoting more applications on the Internet to achieve, and to meet the user's multi-faceted network needs.
5) Multi-service integrated platform, intelligent
With the development of information technology, the Internet will become the image, voice and data "triple play" multimedia business integrated platform, and with e-commerce, e-government, e-government, e-medicine, e-learning and other cross-fertilization. Within ten to twenty years, the Internet will exceed the influence of newspapers, radio and television, gradually forming the "fourth media".
In summary, with the telecom, TV, computer "three networks convergence" trend of strengthening the future of the Internet will be a true multi-network, multi-service integrated platform and intelligent platform, the future of the Internet is a mobile + IP + broadcasting multimedia network world, which can integrate all of today's communications business, and can promote the rapid development of new services. And can promote the rapid development of new services, to the entire information technology industry to bring a revolution.
1. History of Internet development in China
History of Internet development in the world
※1961: Leonard Cranrocker of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Dr. Leonard Kleinrock of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) published a paper on packet-switching technology, which later became the standard method of communication on the Internet.
*1969: The U.S. Department of Defense initiates ARPANET, a nuclear-resistant computer network development program.
※1971: Ray Tomlinson, an engineer at BBN Technologies in Cambridge, USA, developed the ARPANET. Ray Tomlinson, an engineer at BBN Technologies in Cambridge, developed e-mail. Since then, ARPANET's technology has spread to universities and other research institutions.
*1983: ARPANET announces the transition from the old communication protocol, NCP (Network Control Protocol), to the new protocol, TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
※1988: Steve Dona, a student at the University of Illinois, USA (at the time), introduced a new protocol called "TCP/IP" (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Steve Dorner, a student at the University of Illinois, began developing the e-mail software "Eudora.
※1991: Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN (European Institute of Particle Physics), started to develop the e-mail program "Eudora. Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN (European Institute of Particle Physics), developed the World Wide Web. He also developed an extremely simple browser (browsing software). Since then, the Internet has become popular with the general public.
※1993: Mark Andresen, a student at the National Center for Supercomputer Applications at the University of Illinois, developed the Internet. Mark Andreesen, a student at the National Center for Supercomputer Applications at the University of Illinois, and others developed Mosaic, a real browser. The software was later marketed as Netscape Navigator. Since then, the Internet has exploded in popularity.
*It was through the adoption of TCP/IP, a scalable communications protocol, that it was possible to interconnect different networks. For this reason, Vinton G. Joseph, a student (at the time) at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), who developed the TCP/IP protocol, was able to develop the TCP/IP protocol. Vinton G. Cerf, who developed the TCP/IP protocol at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), is now even known as the "Father of the Internet".
History of Internet development in China
*In 1987, Prof. Qian Tianbai of Peking University sent the first e-mail to Germany. At that time, China had not yet joined the Internet.
※In October 1991, at the annual Sino-US conference on high-energy physics, US spokesman Wyatt Torkey proposed a cooperative program to include China in the interconnected Internet.
*In March 1994, China was finally authorized to join the Internet, and in May of the same year, all Chinese networking was completed.
*In May 1995, Zhang Shuxin founded the first Internet Service Provider (ISP) ---- Terra Nova, and the general public in China began to access the Internet.
※ April-July 2000, China's three major portals Sohu, Sina, NetEase successfully listed on the NASDAQ .
※In the second quarter of 2002, Sohu took the lead in announcing a profit, announcing that the spring of the Internet had arrived.
2. Current Situation of China's Internet Development
According to the survey data released by CNNIC, China Internet Network Information Center, as of June 30, 2003, China's Internet users have reached 68 million, an increase of 8.9 million in six months.
In terms of the characteristic structure of Internet users, the proportion of Internet users who are male, unmarried, under 25 years old, junior college or below, and with a monthly income of less than 2,000 yuan (including no income) continues to occupy a relatively dominant position in the data on the characteristics of Internet users; in terms of occupations, students, professionals and technicians continue to be the main body of Internet users; in terms of industries, education, manufacturing industry, public **** management and social organizations, wholesale and retail trade, IT industry are the main industries of Internet users. Retail industry, IT industry is the main distribution of Internet users industry; but at the same time can be seen, Internet users in the characteristics of the structure of the gap is gradually narrowing.
In terms of Internet access, home is still the main place for Internet users to access the Internet; Internet access equipment is mainly desktop computers, but the number of Internet users using other Internet access equipment is increasing; dial-up Internet access is the main way for Internet users to access the Internet, but other Internet access methods such as private lines and broadband continue to develop, with the number of broadband (ADSL, Cable Modem, etc.) users reaching 9.8 million, further diversifying Internet access methods. The number of broadband (ADSL, CABLE MODEM, etc.) Internet users reached 9.8 million, further diversifying Internet access.
In terms of Internet users' online behavior, 8:00pm and 9:00pm are still the peak hours for Internet users to access the Internet; the weekly Internet access time of Internet users is 13.0 hours and 4.1 days respectively, showing an increasing trend; the majority of Internet users actually spend less than 100 RMB per month on Internet access, with a proportion of 68.0%, but the proportion has decreased compared with the past; the average number of e-mail accounts owned by Internet users has basically remained unchanged compared with the past; and the number of Internet users who own e-mail accounts has basically remained unchanged compared with the past. The average number of e-mail accounts owned by Internet users remains basically unchanged compared with the past, with the total number of e-mail accounts and the number of free e-mail accounts being 1.5 and 1.3 respectively; the number of e-mails sent and received by users per week has decreased compared with that in January 2003, reaching 7.2 and 5.3 respectively, but the number of spam e-mails received continues to show an increasing trend, amounting to 8.9 e-mails/week; the purposes of Internet surfing are mainly to obtain information and to have leisure and recreational activities, with a proportion of 46.9% and 28.0%, respectively. 46.9% and 28.6% respectively, Internet users' online purposes are beginning to diversify.
Unit: 10,000
Currently, China's Internet is showing ten new trends:
*Trend 1: From playing to using the Internet, the concept of Internet users has undergone a sudden change, and the growth of Internet users has entered into an "avalanche" period.
*Trend 2: Portal has been profitable, the "eyeball economy" let the applause again.
*Trend 3: industrial websites and industrial websites have emerged, and the Internet economy is expected to break out of the inflection point after a long period of hovering in the doldrums.
※Trend 4: network broadband construction, distribution and storage of rapid development, network bottlenecks to beat.
*Trend 5: From resource depletion to information ocean, online information sources are growing rapidly, and the era of "content is king" is coming.
*Trend VI: network charges to start a comprehensive, pragmatic step towards the website business, the Internet "era of charges" has arrived.
*Trend 7: the wave of informationization to stimulate huge demand, the Internet has become a new point of national economic development.
*Trend 8: The capital market has returned, and the second wave of investment favors pragmatic enterprises.
※Trend 9: The Chinese Internet is on the eve of a major merger.
※Trend 10: building the industry chain, creating an ecosystem, the network economy is expected to stand out in the local.
3. The future of China's Internet development
The United States and other countries are taking the lead in initiating research into the construction of the next-generation Internet. Compared with the current Internet, the next-generation Internet will be:
Faster: The next-generation Internet will increase its transmission speed by 1,000 to 10,000 times compared with the current network.
Bigger:The next-generation Internet will gradually abandon IPV4 and enable the IPV6 address protocol, so that the original limited IP addresses will become infinitely rich, so big that it can be equipped with an IP address for every grain of sand on the earth, so that everything in your family can be assigned an IP address to really make the digital life a reality.
More secure: A large number of hidden dangers currently plaguing computer network security will be effectively controlled in the next generation of the Internet, and will not be as helpless as they are now.
In the next generation of the Internet, the real digital era will come, every object in the family will be possible to assign an IP address, will enter the network world, all can be regulated through the network, it brings to human beings, not just a change, but a qualitative change.
I hope my answer can help you
Good luck!