Five Middle East wars
The so-called "Middle East wars" refer to the large-scale wars fought in the Middle East between Arab countries and Israel between 1948 and 1982, which were the longest wars after World War II. The Arab countries are countries with a majority of Arab nationalities, mainly in the Middle East region of Asia and northern Africa. Israel is a state founded by Jews. The dispute between the Arab world and Israel has a long history. Historically, both the Arab and Jewish peoples have established states in the region of Palestine (located between the Mediterranean Sea, the Dead Sea, and the Jordan River). In the 30th century B.C., the Canaanites, who were originally from the Arabian Peninsula, moved to settle in the coastal and plain areas of Palestine. In the 13th century B.C., the Hebrews, the ancestors of the Jews, conquered the Canaanites and established the Hebrew Kingdom in Palestine. Since then, Palestine has been conquered by foreign peoples such as the Persian Empire, Greece, Rome and Turkey, and the Jews were forced to be exiled to different parts of the world. at the end of the 19th century, the Zionist movement emerged, advocating that the Jews dispersed all over the world should return to Palestine and set up a predominantly Jewish state. at the time of the British occupation of Palestine in 1917, there were 660,000 Arabs in the area, and only 90,000 Jews. However, the British and the Americans, in order to control the Palestinian areas and the Suez River, did their utmost to support the Zionist movement. On November 29, 1947, the General Assembly of the United Nations, which was manipulated by the United States and Britain, adopted a resolution deciding to establish an Arab State and a Jewish State in Palestine, with Jerusalem to be governed by the two States, which was widely rejected in the Arab world. On May 14, 1948, the Jews declared the establishment of the State of Israel in Palestine, and on May 15, 1948, the Arab countries entered into the first Middle East war with Israel, which resulted in the defeat of the Arab countries and the signing of armistice agreements with Israel by Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon. After the end of the war, many problems were left behind, which gradually triggered the second, third, fourth and fifth wars in the Middle East. It was not until 1989 that the "State of Palestine" was finally established and the Middle East question, especially the question of Palestinian statehood, came to an end.
Vietnam War The Vietnam War (1961-1975), also known as the Second Indochina War, or as the War of Resistance against the United States and for the Salvation of the Nation, as it is now called by the Vietnamese government (Vietnamese: Chi?n Tranh Ch?ng M? C?u N?c), was fought for the new democracy of the Vietnamese Democratic **** and the State of North Vietnam and the "Vietnam Southern National Liberation Front". (North Vietnam) and the "Southern National Liberation Front" (the so-called Viet***) against the United States and its puppet regime, the Viet*** and the State of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The Vietnam War was the war in which the U.S. fought with the largest number of participants and had the most significant impact after World War II, and it was also the war in which the U.S. lost (although the U.S. government claimed it was an "honorable retreat"). The Vietnam War was a "hot war" in the Cold War, in which the National Liberation Front, the southern anti-government army that wanted to reunify Vietnam, supported by North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh, opposed the South Vietnamese government of Ngo Dinh Yen. The United States sent troops to help South Vietnam. The first U.S. president to support South Vietnam was Dwight David Eisenhower; John Fitzgerald Kennedy began supporting the war in Vietnam; and Lyndon Johnson expanded the war. Under the administration of Richard Milhous Nixon (Richard Milhous Nixon), the U.S. gradually withdrew its troops from Vietnam due to the anti-war wave at home. The North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and the South Vietnamese **** Army (SNVA) eventually defeated the South Vietnamese government forces and unified all of Vietnam.
British-Arab War on the Isle of Man
Britain occupied the Western Isles in 1832 and the Eastern Isles the following year. Since then Britain and Argentina have had many negotiations over the sovereignty of the Isle of Man, and the war broke out in 1982 when negotiations between the two sides broke down. From April 2, Argentina sent troops to occupy the Isle of Man, until June 14 was recaptured by the British, the war ended, lasted 74 days.
The British-Argentine Battle of the Isle of Man, which lasted 74 days, from April 2 to June 14, 1982, was an undeclared war that diplomats called the "Armed Conflict" and militarists called it the "Isle of Man War," the first modernized war of the twentieth century. It was the first war of the 20th century that could be considered modern.
The Iran-Iraq War The Iran-Iraq War, also known as the First Persian Gulf War, was an eight-year border war between Iran and Iraq. The war broke out on September 22, 1980, and lasted until August 20, 1988, when it ended. The two countries are adjacent to each other, *** with a border that stretches for 1,200 kilometers, and the Shatt al-Arab River, which is about 100 kilometers long, is the natural border between the two countries in the south. The two countries have long had border disputes and frequent armed conflicts. In addition, religion is also an important reason for the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war.
Gulf War
Gulf War, January 17 to February 28, 1991, the United States-led multinational coalition under the authorization of the United Nations Security Council, to restore the territorial integrity of Kuwait and war against Iraq.
The Gulf, short for Persian Gulf, is located in central West Asia. The countries surrounding the Gulf are the world's main oil producing areas, and the strategic position is outstanding. in August 1990, this region broke out in the post-war world's largest local war - the Gulf War. This war had a profound impact on the establishment of the new international order after the Cold War. At the same time, the new situation and new characteristics of combat under modern high-tech conditions it demonstrated brought numerous revelations on issues such as military strategy, battle tactics and army construction.
Kosovo War March 24, 1999-June 10, 1999
On February 6, 1999, under U.S. and NATO pressure, Serbian and Kosovo Albanian representatives met in Rambouillet, near Paris, for peace talks based on a program drafted by U.S. Special Envoy Hill.
The main elements of the program were: respect for the territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, a high degree of autonomy for Kosovo, the withdrawal of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia troops from Kosovo, the disarmament of the "Kosovo Liberation Army", the formation of a new police force to maintain law and order in accordance with the population of the local inhabitants, and the dispatch of NATO's Multinational Force in Kosovo to ensure the implementation of the agreement.
This program is difficult for both sides to accept, the ethnic Albanians insisted on the ultimate independence and do not want to be disarmed, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia does not agree that Kosovo to obtain the status of self-governing *** and state, but also opposed to the NATO forces in Kosovo. However, the U.S. and NATO, which presided over the negotiations, said that 80% of the program could not be changed and had to be accepted, or the party that refused would be punished, including, in the case of the FRY, a NATO military strike. After the negotiations stalled, there was a break, resumed on March 15, ethnic Albanian representatives signed the agreement on the 18th, but the Serbian side still refused to sign.On March 19, NATO issued an ultimatum to the FRY.On March 24, NATO launched air strikes against the FRY, and the war in Kosovo broke out.
In the NATO air strikes under great pressure, after Russia, Finland and other countries mediation, the FRY eventually softened its position, June 2, FRY President Milosevic accepted by the Russian special envoy Chernomyrdin, Finnish President Ahtisaari, the U.S. undersecretary of state Talbot *** with the development of a peace agreement, which adheres to the original Rambouillet program of the basic content of the same time. It emphasized the need to solve the problem through the United Nations mechanism and made specific provisions for it. According to this agreement, the multinational force in Kosovo will be established in the spirit of the United Nations Charter, the exact nature of the future autonomous status of Kosovo will be decided by the United Nations Security Council, and the arrangements for the return of refugees to their homes will be implemented under the supervision of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
On June 3, the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Serbia*** and State, passed a resolution accepting the above agreement.On June 9, NATO and Serbian representatives signed an agreement in Macedonia on the specific arrangements for the withdrawal of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia forces from Kosovo, and the withdrawal of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia forces from Kosovo began thereafter.On June 10, NATO formally announced the suspension of air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On the same day, the UN Security Council adopted a resolution on the political settlement of the Kosovo issue with 14 votes in favor and 1 abstention (China). The two-and-a-half-month war in Kosovo came to an end.
Iraq War March 20, 2002-April 15, 2002
Start of the war. The U.S.-British coalition launched a massive air and ground offensive against Iraq on March 20 (Iraqi time), code-named Operation Decapitation and Operation Shock and Awe. In a televised address to the nation after the start of the war, George W. Bush announced the start of the war to overthrow Saddam's regime, emphasizing that the war would be "fast and furious". At this stage, the United States and British coalition forces have dropped more than 2,000 precision-guided bombs of various types, including 500 Tomahawk cruise missiles, on more than a dozen cities and ports in Baghdad, Basra, Najaf, Mosul, Kirkuk and Umm Qasr. At the same time, Saddam also addressed the nation, calling on the Iraqi people to resist American aggression and defeat the American and British coalition forces.
Stalemate phase of the war. Due to the supply line is too long and the Iraqi side of the resistance, the United States and the British coalition forces "quick war" goal could not be achieved, the ground attack was once blocked. The Iraqi army in central Iraq, Karbala, Hilla, Hindiyeh and other places and the U.S. and British coalition forces to start a fierce battle. At the same time, hundreds of Iraqis were returning to Iraq every day from Jordan and other countries to join the fight against the U.S.-British coalition.
The turning phase of the war. The U.S. and British coalition forces, with air superiority and mechanized forces, launched a powerful offensive in several directions, and successively captured the southern Iraqi Basra and other important cities and strategic sites, and formed a siege of Baghdad, thus making the war show a one-sided situation. 8 April, the U.S. Army from the north and south of the two directions to advance to Baghdad, and seized the Rashid military airport in the southeast of Baghdad. U.S. tanks rolled into Baghdad and captured Saddam City. In the face of the U.S. drive into Baghdad and Tikrit, the Iraqi leadership called on the army and people to carry out "death-defying" attacks on the U.S.-British coalition forces.
The closing stages of the war. The U.S. military announced on April 15 that major military operations in the Iraq war had ended and that coalition forces "have taken control of all of Iraq". According to U.S. officials, the number of U.S. troops killed in the Iraq war was 128, of whom 110 were killed in action and 18 died in accidents. Thirty-one British soldiers died. The war has cost the United States about $20 billion.
Also the Sino-Vietnamese War
The war was fought in three phases by China's two combat directions, Yunnan Province on the western front and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region on the eastern front, respectively. The Yunnan Province campaign was commanded by Yang Dezhi, a temporarily reassigned commander of the Kunming Military Region who was familiar with Vietnamese fighting methods; the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region campaign was commanded by Xu Shiyou, then commander of the Guangzhou Military Region. The General **** utilized 29 infantry divisions from 9 armies (11th, 13th, 14th, 41st, 42nd, 43rd, 50th, 54th, 55th and 58th divisions of 20th Army, independent division of Guangxi Military Region, independent division of Yunnan Military Region, 2 border regiments of Guangxi Military Region, and 5 border regiments of Yunnan Military Region respectively), 2 artillery divisions (Artillery Division 1, Artillery Division 4), 2 anti-aircraft divisions (65th and 70th), as well as a number of other divisions (including the 1st and 4th), and a number of other divisions (including the 3rd and 4th). The PLA force of nearly 560,000 troops (e.g., in the pre-war preparations, all A and B infantry divisions were expanded to a combat strength of over 12,000 men), as well as railroad, engineering, and communications troops, launched a surprise attack on Vietnam along a front of about 500 kilometers, in which the Vietnamese launched a surprise attack on the country with six infantry divisions (the 3rd, 36A, 37, 38, 35, 35, and 36 Divisions), 16 local regiments (the 1st, 2nd, 2nd and 3rd Divisions), and 16 local regiments (the 1st, 2nd and 2nd Divisions), and a total of 5,000 troops. Sixth), 16 local regiments and four artillery regiments, totaling about 100,000 men, responded to the battle.
The Chinese PLA's battle deployment: the 41st Army, 42nd Army, 43rd Army, 54th Army, 55th Army and the 50th Army (owed to the 149th Division) as the eastern front corps under the command of Xu Shiyou, attacking from the direction of Guangxi, and the 11th Army, 13th Army, 14th Army and the 149th Division of the 50th Army as the western front corps under the command of Yang Dezhi, attacking from the direction of Yunnan.
On Feb. 17, 1979, the More than 100,000 people from 5 armies of the PLA Eastern Front entered Vietnam in 14 directions. 3 hours later, the Northern Group broke through Molong, annihilated the enemy's independent battalion, and advanced to Tonong, while the assisting forces were fighting with the enemy in the direction of Cao Linh and were in a state of stalemate, and the first-line sharpshooting troops were caught in a bitter battle. On the same day, the western line of five armies of about 100,000 people under the command of Yang Dezhi, from the Yunnan border into Vietnam.
[edit] Phase 1: February 17, 1979 - February 26, 1979
The Chinese government claimed that the Chinese border defense forces in Yunnan and Guangxi launched a war of self-defense against the Vietnamese army; and wiped out the Vietnamese border guard militia based in the Cao Binh and Lao Cai areas of Vietnamese territory. However, the Chinese PLA suffered heavy casualties, with over 4,000 killed in action on February 17 and 18 alone. [source request]
* The war began with a surprise attack on Vietnam on February 17, when China captured the town of Mang Guan.
* February 18, the occupation of Thanh Shui, the Vietnamese troops in the Cao Binh front with pitched tunnels recalcitrant resistance, Lang Son, Dong Dang around the area of the missile positions were destroyed, both sides in the Lao Cai fierce battle, Lai Chau Viet Cong retreated to the south bank of the Black River.
* On February 19, China raided and occupied Truong Bac Mountain in Ha Lu District and the Chinese Air Force bombed the sea defenses.
* February 20, captured Lao Cai and Dong Dang, both sides in Bao Le fierce battle, the Vietnamese air force bombed the Chinese reinforcements west of Ha Kou.
* On February 21, the PLA occupied Cao Binh.
* On February 22, the PLA captured Bao Lac, the Vietnamese began to draw back their elite regular troops from Cambodia and Laos, and two divisions defending Hanoi attempted to attack Cao Binh, which was counterattacked by the Chinese forces in Lai Chau, but to no avail.
* On February 23, a fierce offensive and defensive battle erupted on Cao Ma Son near Lang Son, with Chinese troops occupying Ha Giang. Two other divisions, covered by the air force, attacked Mang Cai and Loc Binh.
* On February 24, the Viet Cong counterattacked and engaged in fierce street battles with Chinese forces at Cao Binh and Lao Cai. The Viet Cong tried to infiltrate into Chinese territory but were defeated. The Chinese occupied Kampong Tang.
* Starting from February 25, the battle was a stalemate, with the Vietcong forces defending the border stronghold of Lang Son.
[edit] Phase 2: February 27, 1979 - March 5, 1979
According to the Chinese government, the Chinese army captured Lang Son City, a military stronghold in Vietnam, and wiped out the Vietnamese army in the Sabah area.
* March 1, Lang Son outbreak of fierce fighting, the Vietnamese army from Hanoi to reinforce the elite capital defense force 308th division to Lang Son launched counterattacks, and the use of chemical weapons. 42nd army was forced to retreat, China urgently rear artillery divisions to the front line of the suppression that is to say, the bayonet (PLA artillery the so-called bayonet refers to the close to the front line, rather than the real sense of the bayonet), both parties suffered heavy losses. 9:30 March 1, 300 artillery guns were concentrated to the front line at 9:30 p.m., and the Chinese government said that the Chinese military had taken over the military fortress of Vietnam; annihilated Vietnamese forces in the Sabah area. At 9:30 a.m. on March 1, the PLA concentrated 300 artillery pieces and tens of thousands of rounds were fired in 30 minutes. Xu Shiyou was so furious that he personally ordered that "after the attack at dawn, not a single house will be left in Langshan". The newest addition to the list is the newest addition to the list, the newest addition to the list, the newest addition to the list.
* On March 4, the 308th Vietnamese Division was repulsed by a flanking attack by two Chinese divisions, and the PLA captured Lang Son.
* On March 5, China announced that it had achieved its goal and began withdrawing its troops from Vietnam. Vietnam declared a national mobilization order, vowing to resist to the end, the Vietnamese army from Cambodia and Laos to draw back the regular troops officially arrived, has been prepared for the war posture. The Soviet Union begins to increase its troops along the Sino-Soviet border, and a war between China and the Soviet Union is imminent. Eastern European ****producing countries set off a sound of denunciation of China's aggression.
[edit] Phase 3: March 6, 1979 - March 16, 1979
The Chinese government claimed that during this phase, the Chinese army withdrew to Chinese territory on March 16, 1979, using alternating cover and retreating while purging. During this period, the Chinese PLA transported a large number of people's livelihood, industrial and mining materials back to China (including a large number of materials that China had supported Vietnam free of charge), and since then Vietnam's industrial and mining industries have been basically paralyzed.
* On March 7, China formally withdrew its troops and began transporting previously supported industrial and mining materials back to China in supply vehicles. Multiple Vietnamese industrial and mining facilities were paralyzed.
* On March 13, China continued to withdraw its troops, laying mines along the withdrawal route and covering the withdrawal with rockets and long-range artillery fire. No large-scale pursuit by the Viet Cong.
* At 2220 hours on March 15, the last military vehicle returned to Chinese territory.
* On March 16, China announced the completion of the withdrawal operation and the end of the war.
Chinese officials have not released casualty figures. Vietnam has also not officially released the number of casualties, but only listed in the official People's Daily the items of large-scale destruction that the Chinese army had done to the towns and cities it had captured during the retreat. These include infrastructure, factories and mines.
[edit] Results
On tactics: There were no winners or losers. The Vietnamese regular army was in Cambodia at the time, so there were no official corps to fight against. When the Vietnamese elite returned to Lang Son, the PLA retreated. So there is no final word. According to the Kunming Military District Logistics Department prepared by the "summary of self-defense counterattack against Vietnam", February 17, 1979 to March 16, Guangxi, Yunnan, the PLA, the militia **** sacrificed 6,954 people, wounded more than 14,800 people; February 17 to February 27 killed 15,000 people in the Vietnamese army, February 28 to March 16 killed 37,000 people in the Vietnamese army.
According to "50 Years of the Vietnamese People's Army (1944-1994)," edited by the Military History Institute of the Vietnamese Ministry of Defense (available in Chinese translation at the Military Translation Press), on Feb. 17, China mobilized more than 600,000 troops, hundreds of tanks and armored vehicles, and thousands of artillery pieces to launch a large-scale offensive against Vietnam along the entire northern border from Quang Ninh to Lai Chau. After 30 days and nights of fighting (February 17 to March 18), Vietnam eliminated and severely wounded 18 battalions of 3 Chinese regiments, destroyed and wounded 550 military vehicles (280 tanks and armored vehicles), destroyed 115 artillery pieces and heavy mortars, and captured a large number of weapons. The Vietnamese side claimed that China wounded more than 60,000 and killed 20,000 more.
[edit] China's post-war summary
* During the war, the Chinese army had an unrecognizable rank and file system, which led to a serious disruption of the command system; after the war, the Chinese army fully restored the pre-Cultural Revolution rank and file system.
* The Vietnamese Army made good use of the mines that had caused a large number of casualties among American troops, which once again resulted in heavy Chinese casualties[2].
* The intensity of the Vietnamese resistance exceeded expectations, and the Chinese side's lack of experience in coordinated operations between combat vehicles, infantry, and artillery resulted in heavy casualties during the war.
* Poor communications on the front line and the artillery was unable to provide full support due to frequent misfires against friendly forces.
* Type 59 and Type 62 tanks were not suitable for use in mountainous and jungle areas, and were often attacked by Vietnamese soldiers with anti-armor weapons, resulting in heavy losses. 62 tanks were too thinly armored and had insufficient defensive power.
* Infantry lacked the ability to be transported by armored personnel carriers (APCs) or infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), and relied on foot to fight.
* Insufficient medical equipment and personnel, resulting in a high percentage of deaths.
* Inadequate engineering equipment and technology, especially the lack of modern river crossing tools, affecting the speed of attack.
* Insufficient air support and lack of night fighting capability.
* Frontline commanders were unable to adapt to modern warfare and still used old-fashioned tactics, resulting in heavy casualties.
* Inadequate logistical supplies and a shortage of supply vehicles, often relying on manpower to carry supplies.
* Inadequate training of the troops, and lack of training in mountain and jungle warfare and night battles; with the Vietnam **** army, which has been fighting with the U.S. army in the mountains for many years, it is very difficult to engage in the battle.