First, the historical evolution of the concept of development
Development is a broad historical category, and human understanding of its essence has gone through a gradual deepening process. The first is the "growth first development view", which holds that industrialization is the only way for a country's economic development, and the growth of gross domestic product (GDP) is the main feature of economic development, leading to "growth without development". Secondly, the concept of sustainable development, the basic requirement of which is to attach importance to both intra-generational and intergenerational fair development, and establish the concept of circular economy on this basis. Now, the "people-oriented" Scientific Outlook on Development we put forward regards development as a process in which people's basic needs are met, people's abilities are developed and people's self-realization is realized. The development view of giving priority to growth is a traditional development view based on the development experience of western developed capitalist society formed after the war. This concept of development had a considerable impact on the modernization strategy of post-war developing countries, and prevailed all over the world in the 1950s and 1960s. It is characterized by emphasizing industrialization, putting economic growth first, regarding economy as an activity to produce as much material as possible with limited resources, taking the growth of gross national product as the main goal and taking it as the only criterion to measure social civilization. However, the irrational pursuit of economic growth has brought a series of increasingly serious problems. The population explosion, food shortage, energy shortage, resource destruction and environmental pollution are becoming more and more serious, which leads to the gradual aggravation of "ecological crisis", the decline of economic growth rate, social unrest in some areas and even threats to human survival. These problems can be summarized into three categories: first, it intensifies the contradiction between people and resources; Second, with predatory exploitation and waste of resources, it has caused serious environmental pollution and other ecological problems; The third is to cause serious social inequality. This forces human beings to re-examine their position in the ecosystem and strive for long-term survival and development. 1987 The World Commission on Environment and Development expounded the concept of sustainable development for the first time in its report Our Common Future, which was widely recognized by the international community. Sustainable development means that development can meet the needs of modern people without damaging the ability of future generations to meet their needs, that is, the coordinated development of economy, society, resources and environmental protection. They are an inseparable system, which not only achieves the goal of developing economy, but also protects the natural resources and environment such as atmosphere, fresh water, ocean, land and forest on which human beings depend, so that future generations can develop sustainably and live and work in peace. The core of sustainable development is development, but it requires economic and social development under the premise of strictly controlling population, improving population quality, protecting environment and sustainable utilization of resources. It abandons the single, one-sided and abnormal development view, is more comprehensive, comprehensive and progressive than the development view of giving priority to growth, and pursues the coordinated development of man and nature and society with high quality and high level. It can be said that the concept of sustainable development has completely changed people's traditional concept of development and way of thinking. Scientific Outlook on Development is the product of China, and it is the further deepening and development of the idea of sustainable development on the basis of summing up the development experience of other countries and China. The connotation of Scientific Outlook on Development is extremely rich, involving economic, political, cultural and social fields. The basic orientation of Scientific Outlook on Development is the coordinated development of society, economy, population, resources and environment and the all-round development of human beings. It includes two meanings: the coordinated development of the relationship between man and nature; Harmonious development of interpersonal relationship. Scientific Outlook on Development pursues "reasonable development" and pays attention to the significance of development, that is, the core issues such as "for what development" and "what kind of development is good development". These problems are very important for human survival and sustainable development. The traditional development view regards economic growth itself as the purpose and the only value measure. Man is only regarded as a means or tool of development, thus reversing the relationship between purpose and means. When people only regard development as the improvement of material life, the growth of productive forces and the progress of industrialization, it actually obscures the value and ethical examination of development: regardless of what kind of development it is, why it is developed, for whom it is developed, and what is the ultimate value of development, it is related to the significance of people, life and society, so development is equal to economic growth, and the process of industrialization is environmentally friendly and will inevitably lead to development. People-oriented development view holds that people are the essence of social development, and the ultimate value of development is not unilateral economic growth and simple kindness to the environment, but the all-round development of people and the happiness of all people. People-oriented development conforms to the ultimate goal and value standard of social development, because all aspects of social development are meaningful only if people's own development is regarded as the fundamental goal of social development. As a development view based on scientific value judgment, Scientific Outlook on Development is a pluralistic unity of people-oriented value orientation.
Second, Scientific Outlook on Development is the new development and concrete embodiment of Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents under the new historical conditions, which meets the needs of building a well-off society in an all-round way.
Comrade Deng Xiaoping's incisive exposition on a series of development issues, such as "development is the last word", is an important part of Deng Xiaoping Theory, and is the guiding ideology with the greatest influence and the most remarkable effect in promoting socialist modernization since China's reform and opening up. Since Deng Xiaoping put forward in the late 1970s to shift the focus of the Party's work to the track of economic construction, and put forward in 1992 that development is the last word, China has made remarkable development. 4%, ranking in the forefront of the world, the total GDP has jumped to the sixth place in the world, and the per capita GDP has exceeded 1000 US dollars. The characteristics of Deng Xiaoping's development theory are as follows: firstly, it is a development view of bringing order out of chaos, and its purpose is to reverse the upside-down relationship between politics and economy, thus inevitably highlighting the decisive role of economy. Secondly, it is the development view of the period when food and clothing have not been completely solved, with the aim of entering a well-off society through rapid development. The main contradiction at that time was economic underdevelopment, let alone comprehensive and coordinated development. Scientific Outlook on Development is a significant development and further deepening of Deng Xiaoping's development theory, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: paying more attention to the purpose of development, that is, putting people first, and the purpose of development is to meet the growing needs of people's material and cultural life and realize the all-round development of people; Pay more attention to the coordination of development and coordinate the development between urban and rural areas, between regions, between economy and society, between domestic development and opening up; Pay more attention to the sustainability of development and the harmonious development between man and nature, which is the world trend and the inherent requirement of China's development; Pay more attention to the comprehensiveness of development, such as the all-round development of economy, society and people. Therefore, Scientific Outlook on Development is the concrete application and further development of Deng Xiaoping's development theory, and it is the guiding ideology to adapt to the new situation at home and abroad and guide China to achieve better and faster development. "Theory of Three Represents" is an interrelated whole, which regards the development of advanced productive forces, advanced culture and the realization of the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people as a complete value goal of our party. Scientific Outlook on Development is a holistic and systematic concept of contemporary social development, the unity of material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization, and the unity of economy, society and people. Scientific Outlook on Development is the implementation and practice of Theory of Three Represents. The first "representative" of "Theory of Three Represents" represents the development requirements of advanced productive forces. Scientific Outlook on Development not only requires us to develop productive forces, but also requires us to use them scientifically under the new historical conditions. Productivity can be said to be a kind of destruction of nature to some extent, and its ability to destroy nature is as great as it may be. When the productive forces develop to a certain extent, we should make scientific use of them. In the case that human beings have a very strong ability to transform nature, if we do not make scientific use of productive forces and blindly pursue the growth rate to meet the endless possession of material materials by human beings, it may lead to disastrous consequences. Some disasters may happen now, and some disasters may happen in future generations. Scientific Outlook on Development emphasized that while attaching great importance to the development of productive forces, we should make scientific use of them. Adhere to the concept of harmony between man and nature and universal harmony to choose China's social and economic development path. Culture has a very important influence on politics, economy, military affairs and science and technology. The connotation of Scientific Outlook on Development is not only to develop productive forces and economy, but also to consider the influence of China's advanced culture on economic development when examining and planning the future society. We should consider promoting China's advanced culture and our values all over the world. China's traditional culture has an incentive to restrain people's endless possessiveness of materials. Only through the promotion of culture and the adjustment of values can people's possessiveness of material be controlled and a highly civilized and harmonious society be established. The traditional culture of the Chinese nation advocates "diligence and thrift", which is the traditional virtue of the Chinese nation and the tradition of the * * * production party. Under the new historical conditions, we should give it a new concept: "diligence" means diligence, that is, developing productivity, science and technology, education and economy with a positive attitude. "frugality" means frugality, that is, taking simplicity as the moral norm and values to cultivate people's consumption concept and control people's endless possessiveness of material materials. "Festival" means the golden mean. We should save time, land, water, energy and resources. We should choose the development path of China based on the concept of harmony between man and nature, and build the development model of China's future society. "Covenant" means restraint. People should restrain people's behavior, the government should restrain the government's behavior, and the state should restrain the state's behavior. We should carry forward our own values and restrain the hegemonic behavior of hostile forces in the world political ecological system with the ideas of "Great Harmony" and * * * capitalism. Construct an institutional framework with the concepts of "people-oriented" and "serving the people" to constrain government behavior; We should build a new moral system and value system in the new era by affinity and absorption of the excellent culture of the Chinese nation, restrain people's social behavior, and cultivate and lay the foundation of a harmonious society. What are the fundamental interests of the broad masses of the people? The fundamental interests include not only the interests of contemporary people, but also the interests of future generations. We have consumed all the country's non-renewable resources and exchanged high energy consumption and high resource consumption for rapid growth. We soon became rich, in fact, we ate the food of our descendants. Scientific Outlook on Development wants to attract people's attention: don't eat children's meals, but enrich contemporary people. We must have a clear understanding of the shortage of water resources, land resources, energy and rich mineral resources in China. This problem can be recognized not only by the makers of national development plans, but also by governments at all levels and all the people. The whole Party and people should establish Scientific Outlook on Development and adhere to Scientific Outlook on Development. Only in this way can the fundamental interests of the people and the Chinese nation be guaranteed.
Thirdly, some thoughts on adjusting China's economic and social development strategy with Scientific Outlook on Development.
(a) to further change the concept of development, establish a correct view of political achievements, and maintain stable and sustainable development.
At present, there is still a big gap between the development concept existing in the minds of leading cadres in some regions and departments and the requirements of Scientific Outlook on Development. Some also simply understand "development is the last word" as "growth is the last word", while others also understand "taking economic construction as the center" as "taking speed as the center", and simply measure political achievements with GDP as the standard. These circumstances show that the task of changing the concept of development is still very arduous. GDP represents the final result of all production activities (including products and services) of all permanent units and individuals in a certain period of time in a country or region. It is the balance of the total social product value after deducting the intermediate input value, that is, the total value of newly created wealth (tangible and intangible) in the current period. For a country, it is called GDP, and for a region, it is called regional GDP or GDP. It is true that GDP is the most important indicator in all concepts of macroeconomics, but the defects of GDP are also very obvious: it cannot reflect social costs; Can not reflect the way of economic growth and the price paid for it; Can not reflect the efficiency, benefit and quality of economic growth; Can not reflect the total accumulation of social wealth; Social distribution and social justice cannot be measured. Therefore, GDP is only a statistical concept to describe economic growth. Therefore, we should attach great importance to it, but we should not be too serious, let alone just look at its growth rate, and do not set GDP targets for local governments. We should pursue comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development with a stable attitude and establish a correct view of political achievements. Because political achievements are created for development and people's interests, we should look at political achievements from a comprehensive and practical perspective. The so-called comprehensive view of political achievements means that we should not only look at economic indicators, but also look at social indicators, humanities indicators and environmental indicators; It depends not only on the changes of cities, but also on the development of rural areas. It depends on both the current development and the sustainability of development; It depends not only on the growth of economic aggregate, but also on the benefits that the people get; It depends on both economic development and social stability; It is necessary to look at both "outstanding achievements" and "potential achievements"; It depends on both subjective efforts and objective conditions. The so-called pragmatic view of political achievements is to focus on doing practical things, doing practical things and seeking practical results. All political achievements must stand the test of practice and history.
(2) Take major strategic measures to build a strategic system and a new mechanism for sustainable development.
The lack of water resources in the north and land resources in the south is the bottleneck of China's economic development. In order to lay a solid foundation for China's sustainable development, it is necessary to build a strategic system and a new mechanism for sustainable development in the cross-century economic reform and social change. (1) Strengthen and improve people's awareness of sustainable development. Publicize the related issues of sustainable development through various forms, so that people can deeply and systematically understand the scientific connotation of sustainable development from the concept and understanding. At the same time, encourage and guide the public to actively participate in sustainable development through various forms. (2) Strengthen legislation and implementation related to sustainable development. To implement the strategy of sustainable development, there must be corresponding system and mechanism guarantee, and the system and mechanism rely on the law as a guarantee. In the legislation and implementation of sustainable development, it is necessary to establish and improve the legal system of sustainable development and take effective measures to strengthen law enforcement. (3) Adapting to the development of market economy, the effective use of market mechanism to protect the environment includes three aspects: speeding up economic reform, reducing and canceling subsidies to state-owned enterprises with large resource consumption and low economic benefits; Establish a natural resource price system based on market supply and demand; Implement environmental taxes. (4) In line with economic growth, the focus of public investment is inclined to the field of environmental protection, guiding enterprises to invest in environmental protection. The government should play a leading role in investment in clean energy, water resources protection and water pollution control, urban public transportation and large-scale ecological engineering construction, and guide other funds into the field of environmental protection through reasonable fees and enterprise management.
(C) the establishment of export-oriented economic structure of strategic adjustment and strategic shift
China is rapidly developing into a world economic and trade power. The influence of external environmental changes on China is further deepened, and the influence of China on the world economy is also obviously increased. At present, the constraints and contradictions of resources and energy in China's domestic development are more prominent, and the improvement of opening level brings new opportunities and challenges to domestic development. Coordinating domestic development and opening to the outside world is an urgent need to solve the outstanding contradictions in economic and social development and successfully realize the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way. China's factor structure is unbalanced, with a large population and few land, and its capital formation ability is poor. Per capita resources are far below the world average, and it is more necessary to make good use of external opportunities and conditions than other countries. Some important domestic resources are in short supply, so it is urgent to increase the utilization of external resources. Domestic processing and production capacity is great, and it is urgent to expand exports. The production capacity of many industries is far greater than the capacity of the domestic market. If they don't export, many enterprises will find it difficult to survive. At the same time, the contradiction of urban employment in China is increasingly prominent, and it is urgent to promote the development of labor-intensive manufacturing and service industries with large employment capacity through opening up to the outside world, expand the export of labor services, and create more jobs for the society. Therefore, in the new stage of development, we must adapt to the deepening of economic globalization and the new situation of China's accession to the WTO, participate in international economic and technological cooperation and competition in a wider scope, in a wider field and at a higher level, and improve the level of opening up. We should adhere to the combination of "bringing in" and "going out", make overall use of the international and domestic markets and resources, and better promote China's modernization. To this end, (1) speed up the formulation and implementation of overseas resource utilization strategies. All the world powers attach great importance to the development and utilization of resources around the world and have implemented different forms of global resource strategies. To ensure the supply of some important resources in China, we must speed up the formulation and implementation of overseas resource utilization strategies, adhere to the combination of "bringing in" and "going abroad", comprehensively use various forms such as trade, foreign investment and foreign aid, actively carry out transnational operations, and improve the ability to utilize overseas resources. (2) Pay more attention to saving resources and protecting the ecological environment in the process of opening up. To achieve sustainable development, we must learn to save resources and protect the ecological environment in the process of opening up. Our country not only lacks some important resources, but also has low utilization efficiency. Therefore, improving the efficiency of resource utilization is equivalent to creating new resources. (3) Turn from importing to going abroad, and transfer resource-based and energy-consuming industries overseas.
(d) Actively respond to the trade boycott that has occurred and may be more serious.
With the acceleration of world economic integration, traditional tariff and non-tariff barriers have become increasingly fragile. Developed countries have shifted the focus of trade barriers to protective measures-technical barriers to trade, which are more concealed, less transparent and more difficult to monitor and predict. The main characteristics of technical barriers to trade are universality, systematicness, legitimacy, duality, concealment and flexibility. In the current international trade, technical barriers have accounted for 30% of non-tariff barriers, and there is a growing trend. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) has become the primary non-tariff barrier to prevent China's export products from entering the markets of developed countries. With the increase of international environmental pressure and the implementation of some international conventions, technical barriers to trade are widely affecting the export of agricultural products, textiles, electromechanical products, toys and medical products in China. (1) It is necessary to organize special manpower and material resources to study the technical barriers to trade system, collect, sort out and track foreign technical barriers to trade in time, and establish a technical barriers to trade database. (2) Take environmental protection industry as the focus of upgrading the export industrial structure. The government should formulate preferential policies in finance, credit and taxation, support and encourage the development of environmental protection industry, regard the cultivation of environmental protection industry as the focus of upgrading the export industrial structure and a new economic growth point, and promote the development of the national economy. (3) Establish China's technical regulations system as soon as possible, actively adopt international standards, improve the certification system, and establish an effective and perfect domestic technical trade barrier system. (4) Make full use of the relevant provisions of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, especially the "exception clauses" of the Agreement. We should implement the principles of non-discrimination and national treatment in the product regulations, standards, certification and quarantine system stipulated in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, and prevent developed countries from applying double standards to China's goods.
(5) relying on science and technology to break through the resource and energy bottleneck constraints of China's economic and social development and greatly improve China's industrial competitiveness.
In the future, with the rapid development of China's economy, the demand for primary energy such as coal and oil, as well as non-ferrous metals, iron ore, wood and other resources will also increase substantially. At present, the international primary product market has formed the China market price plate, and the price continues to rise. If we do not rely on scientific and technological progress to greatly reduce energy consumption and resource consumption, and strive to open up new space for resource utilization, the economic growth achieved will be offset by the increase in international resources and energy prices. One of the ways to solve this problem is to rely on science and technology, actively develop alternative energy sources through theoretical research and technological innovation in resource exploration and development, and continuously expand the ability to obtain resources and energy; At the same time, we must establish a circular economy and an economical society by widely using energy and resource-saving technologies, and finally solve the bottleneck problem of resources and energy. With the acceleration of economic globalization, domestic and international market competition is becoming increasingly fierce. Improving the international competitiveness of China's industries is the premise and condition for effectively utilizing "two markets and two resources". At present, the ability of independent development and technological innovation of Chinese enterprises is seriously insufficient, which restricts the promotion of industrial competitiveness. Aviation equipment, precision instruments, medical instruments, construction machinery, petrochemical equipment and other high-tech and high value-added products mainly rely on imports, posing a potential threat to national economic security and national defense security. Based on institutional innovation and technological innovation, we will build a national innovation system, vigorously develop high and new technologies, and greatly improve China's industrial competitiveness.
(6) Resolving contradictions and ensuring national security.
National security is a prerequisite for national social and economic development. National security means that the country is in an objective state without danger, external threats and violations, and internal chaos and disorder. Generally speaking, contemporary national security mainly includes territorial security, population security, resource security, economic security, sovereign security, political security, military security, cultural security, scientific and technological security and information security. Population security is an area that has not attracted enough attention at present. Although human resources are the "first resource" that determines economic development, because the peaks of population, employment and population aging will come at the same time, "population congestion and its cost" will restrict the sustained economic growth of China. China is a large developing country with a population of 654.38+0.3 billion and abundant labor resources, even if the natural population growth rate is controlled at 0 in the next decade. Within 1%, there will still be a net increase of about100000 people every year. By the middle of this century, the population of China will continue to increase, and the peaks of total population, employed population and aging population will follow. More people, less resources, less employment and high supporting cost will become the main problems that restrict the economic growth of China, and the social problems brought by them will also be sharply placed in front of us. The contradiction between the requirements of population health and safety and the improvement of population quality and the insufficient investment in education and public health restricted by the level of social and economic development is also very prominent. The contradiction between population classes or groups formed by unbalanced regional economic development and widening income distribution gap has emerged. To solve the problem of population security, we can't just think about how to adjust the family planning policy. Even if the family planning policy is adjusted now, it will affect the social population composition in 20 years. Therefore, under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development, we must comprehensively examine all kinds of contradictions and problems that may occur in the social and economic development in the next 20 years, actively respond to them, choose policies consistent with the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way and building a harmonious society, balance and resolve contradictions, release negative energy that may affect social security and stability, and ensure that our country will walk well in the course of the next 20 years, which is very important for the future and destiny of the Chinese nation.