Shenzhou belongs to Liao Dynasty in Voludo County and is a minority regime established by nomadic people. The ethnic composition in the territory is complex, and the economic structure, lifestyle and social development of all ethnic groups and regions are different. In particular, as a ruling nation, Qidan has many characteristics in life customs and social development. Therefore, both the political and economic system and the management system of Liao Dynasty are different from the Han Dynasty in the Central Plains and some dynasties established by ethnic minorities in previous dynasties. For example, the administrative system is divided into state and county system and tribal system; In the central ruling institutions, it is divided into northern official system and southern official system; Another example is the Voludo system, the four seasons system and so on.
Polygonum cuspidatum in the wind and rain altar in Shenhe District
Liao adopted the local administrative system of the Tang Dynasty, and implemented state-county management in areas where Han people and Bohai people lived. These counties are mainly distributed in the southeast of China and Yanyun. Most counties in Northeast China were established through immigration policies. Yanyun mainly follows the transformation of Yuanzhou County. By the end of Liao Dynasty, there were 156 states and 209 counties. However, the states are different. They are divided into thrifty states and secretariat states. The frugal state has frugality and its status is higher than that of the secretariat state. There are also observation state and defense state. In addition, the Liao Dynasty also had a special system that the army was subordinate to the state. The state under the head is also called the state under the head, the state under the head It is a special organizational form in local construction in Liao Dynasty, which is different from ordinary counties and counties generally subordinate to the state. It is a "private city" built by the Khitan nobles by using their privileges.
Polygonum cuspidatum in the wind and rain altar in Shenhe District
The slave owners and nobles, headed by Yeluboji, distributed a large number of prisoners to the Qidan nobles in the constant looting war and placed them on the edge of the grassland. According to the method of counties and counties in the Tang Dynasty, they built cities to make them live and engage in agriculture and manual production for their owners, thus forming large and small cities belonging to individual slave owners. This is said in the Preface of Liao History and Geography: "The land in front of the state was built by conquering prisoners, and most of them were enslaved and placed in the state because of the name of their former residence." However, not all tribal chiefs and nobles can build such a state city. Only "kings, uncles and princesses can build state cities, and they can't build battlements themselves in the future." Moreover, battlements built by imperial clan, consorts and princesses can only become formal military states after "the imperial court grants the county a sum of money".
In addition, there were some counties in Liao Dynasty that belonged to Fuludo. Voludo, also known as "Wolong" and "Woer", means "central" in Qidan and "palace", "palace tent" and "palace guard" in Chinese. Voludo was also a special political system in Liao Dynasty. According to "History of Wei Zheng in Liao Ying", "The law of Liao State, Tian Zi practiced Gong Wei's post, divided counties into states, analyzed tribes, set up a government, registered accounts, and prepared military forces. If it collapses, it will be attached to the imperial concubine's palace account to serve the mausoleum. If there is a transfer, Ding Zhuang will join the army and stay behind. " That is, when a new emperor ascended the throne, he should establish his own Funudo (i.e. Gong Wei), and each Funudo was in charge of several counties of Khitan Shilie, Wali, Han people and Bohai people, as well as several departments responsible for dispatching Gong Wei's armed forces. Voludo is a political and economic entity, which not only undertakes the safety of the emperor's palace account, but also provides the emperor with the needs of economic life. In wartime, young people and middle-aged people had to follow the expedition. After the death of the emperor, Frodo still existed, accompanying the empresses and taking charge of the security and supply of the mausoleum. In the Liao Dynasty for more than 200 years, the General Political Department set up thirteen flowers, one for each of the nine emperors who went to Tianzuo Emperor in the last years of the Liao Dynasty, one for the Queen Regent and one for the Empress Dowager, one for Lu Ye Qin Long, the younger brother of Emperor Xiaowen, and the other. Every Oulu has a Khitan name and a China name.
The population of Orudo mainly comes from two aspects: one is the tribal members who are mainly Khitans through "analyzing tribes"; Second, through "sub-counties", it was placed under the ownership of Han and Bohai people. The former is a household that directly constitutes Voludo, so it is called a palace household or a palace household, also known as the main household; The latter are scattered all over the country, known as Zhou Ligong county households. Because most of them are transformed from Han people and Bohai people, it is also called Fan to Han people. Most of these scattered counties in Gongli House were established on the basis of Han and Bohai people plundered by Liao Taizu and Taizong. The nature of these counties in Gong Li is basically the same as that of military counties built by kings, consorts and princesses. They all belong to the master's "department" and are responsible for paying taxes to the master and providing corvee. Because most of them are plundered Han Chinese, in order to make them feel at ease in production and keep their original families, these people are often recorded as "households" in history books, but neither the first household nor the multi-households in Fulu are registered in the state. The difference is that the military state under the head was established by the king and his consorts through plundering the population in the process of external expansion. Most of these counties were established shortly after being expropriated and plundered. Whoever created them belongs to his private city. Although the counties belonging to Voludo were established on the basis of the plundering of the population by the emperor in the early days of the People's Republic of China, not all counties were established at that time. Some counties belonged to the state at first, and later to Urudo; There are also quite a few emperors who directly broke away from the former Frodo and switched to other Frodos. This kind of situation is more common after the holy zong dynasty.
China belongs to Gong Li. "Liao History Geography" records that Shen Zhou "transferred Yongxing Palace at the beginning, then Dunmu Palace, and transferred military affairs to Tokyo Deployment Department". Yongxing Palace, which means "the country is a land of flowers" in Qidan, was designed by Yeludeguang, Emperor Taizong of Liao Dynasty. In Dunmu Palace, the meaning of Qidan is "a red man is better than this model", and Qin Long, the younger brother of Emperor Xiaowen, bought it. Shen Zhou was built for Emperor Taizong, and belonged to Yongxing Palace of Emperor Taizong, and later to Dunmu Palace. "Liao Shi Wei Yingzhi" records that the eldest brother of Emperor Xiaowen, Dunmu Palace, belongs to "Wednesday: Lou, Shen and Yan". Yanzhou is a subordinate state of Shen Zhou. Geography of Liao Dynasty: "Yanzhou, Bai Yanjun, Xiaxia, Secretariat, Baiyancheng in Bohai Sea, Taizong assigned it to Shen Zhou. First transfer to Changning Palace, and then transfer to Dunmu Palace. Tongxian county 1: Baiyan county. Bohai Home. " Shenzhou and Yanzhou do not include the number of households, which is different from state-owned counties. This is the proof that the number of households in counties of Gong Li does not enter the national household registration.
Shenyang Chongshou Temple Tower
The trace from the ruins of Shenzhou in Liao Dynasty to Shenzhou City is in Shenyang today, which has been confirmed by the unearthed stone carving documents. For example, in 1953, a stone letter was unearthed from the underground palace of Liaota in Nanzhuowangshan, Shenyang (now Mozishan, Hunnan), which was engraved with the words "A clean light tower was built on Nanzhuowangshan, Liaodong, the Great Khitan Shenzhou", and the mountain was located in the south of Shenyang. 1985, the cultural relics department found a stone letter in the underground palace when it was repairing the Tawan Clean Body Pagoda. The inscription on the top of the stone letter shows that the tower is located in the east of Fengren Village in the northwest of Shenyang, and the Tawan Tower is located in the northwest of the old city of Shenyang. There used to be a Liao temple tower dedicated to longevity between Xiaobeimen and Dabeimen in northern Shenyang. Due to serious damage, it was demolished in the 1950s. A stone letter was unearthed in the underground palace, which lasted for seven years (1 107). The inscription reads: "Dinghai in seven years, the best in April, the eleventh day of Dingmao, and the new city was selected in front of the temple on the Sanqidao Road in the north of the state. These stone carvings prove that Shenzhou City in Liao Dynasty was generally located in the old city of Shenyang. However, the site of Shenzhou City is buried deep underground in modern Shenyang City, and the specific location is still difficult to determine. In the 1970s, the cultural layers of Liao Dynasty were discovered in the underground of Donggong Road in Shenyang and Shenhe Branch of the Public Security Bureau, indicating that these places were all in Shenzhou City of Liao Dynasty. Archaeological data prove that the circumference of drug rehabilitation centers in Liao Dynasty is about 2000 meters, and the city is divided into four squares. According to this calculation, the location of Shenzhou City in Liao Dynasty was generally within the old city of Shenyang in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the scale was similar. Of course, to really find the exact location of the wall around Shenzhou City, we have to wait for the discovery of archaeologists.
Stone Letter Unearthed from Chongshou Temple Tower in Shenyang
Liao porcelain toys unearthed from the Forbidden City in Shenyang
Shen Zhou in Liao Dynasty governed the first state: Yanzhou; County 2: Lejiao and Lingyuan. Lejiao County was originally named Sanhe County and later changed to Lejiao County. This is the state that Guo Yi County is in China, which is in the same city. Liao Dong Zhi in Ming Dynasty: "Lejiao County is in the northeast corner of Shenyang." However, some people think that the site of Lejiao County is located in Bajiazi Village in the east of Shenyang.
Lingyuan County was originally named Yuyang County, and later changed to Lingyuan County. There is an ancient city site in Gucheng Village, Masanjiazi Township, Yuhong District, Shenyang, near Puhe River. Some people think this is the former site of Lingyuan County. In the 14th year of Liao Dynasty (1045), the relic stone letter unearthed in the underground palace of Liaota in Wangzhuoshan contains the words "Na Wei Zheng Shilang, who took an examination of the Prince's accent, kept the main book of Shen Zhou Yuyang, knew the county commandant and flew the commandant Wang", indicating that Yuyang County was not renamed Lingyuan County in 1045. Yanzhou is a secretariat state. "Liao History Geography" records: "This Baiyan Town in Bohai Sea, Emperor Taizong enfeoffed Shen Zhou. ..... Tongxian No.1 Middle School:
Baiyan county Bohai home. "Yanzhou, the white rock city built by Koguryo, said it was wrong to build the Bohai Sea. Baiyancheng site is located in Shicheng Mountain, Xidayao Township, Dengta County, Liaoyang City. It has been well preserved so far and is a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit. The city is a mountain city, built on the mountain, facing the Taizi River, with a dangerous terrain and a circumference of about 2500 meters. In the 19th year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty (AD 645), Emperor Taizong made an expedition to the East, where he fought fiercely with North Korea. Yanzhou is far from Shenyang and near Liaoyang. Why did Emperor Taizong of Liao give Yanzhou to Shen Zhou instead of Liaoyang is not recorded in the history books. Today, we might as well speculate that Ye Luduang relied on his mother's support to get the throne that should belong to his brother Ye Lubei, and "took Dongping as Nanjing, moved here twice, and moved its people as much as possible." "I also arranged guards to wait for movement." Liaoyang is the state capital of Dongdan, and the whole of Liaodong belongs to the territory of Dongdan. However, he regards Shen Zhou as his own territory, and puts Yanzhou, a place where the terrain is dangerous and the military has always been a battleground, under the jurisdiction of Shen Zhou, which may have the purpose of monitoring and preventing his brother. In this case, King Yelubei of Dongdan said to the left and right: "I gave the world to the Lord, but now I am suspicious. It is better to adapt to other countries and become the name of Wu Taibo. " So, he went to the later Tang Dynasty by boat, set up a wooden sea and carved a poem: "The hills overwhelm the mountains, and the mountains are weak." I am ashamed to meet my hometown people and have since invested overseas. " The origin of Shen Zhou's name In the past, it was traditionally said that Shen Zhou came from Shenshui, meaning Hunhe River, and some people said that Shenshui was Wulihe River. However, according to previous studies, Shenzhou was first built in Lou's hometown, Bohai Sea, and there is divine water in the county. Thus, Shen Zhou in Bohai Sea really originated from diving. Shen Zhou in Liao Dynasty originated from Shen Zhou in Bohai Sea. It was named Shen Zhou because Shen Zhou in Bohai Sea moved to Shenyang today, not because there was flooded water there. In addition, before the Yuan Dynasty, there was no river called Shenshui near Shenyang. Before the Tang Dynasty, the Hunhe River was always called "Liao Water" or "Little Liao Water", and it was called "Gui Duan Water" in the Tang Dynasty, and it has been called Hunhe River since the Liao Dynasty. The earliest name of Hunhe River is "Yuan Yi Tongzhi": "Hunhe River, on Shenyang Road, rises in the northeast of Feigui Dezhou, passes through fifteen miles south of Shenzhou, southwest of Liaoyang West, joins Taizi River, south of Liaohe River and flows into the sea. Formerly known as Shenshui. The current is swift and the sediment is mixed, hence the name Hunhe. Now that the water is crystal clear, it will be turbid when it rises. " As for Wuli River (Wanquan River), it is a small river and the old road of Hunhe River. There are even fewer records about it in Historical Records, and only the records of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty began to call it Xiaoshenshui. Therefore, China in Liao Dynasty should come from Shen Zhou in Bohai Sea, not Hunhe River.